This document discusses various electronic equipment used in hospitals. It describes monitors like cardiac monitors, which display heart rate and rhythm, and digital sphygmomanometers, which measure blood pressure digitally. Electrocardiographs are discussed, which record the heart's electrical activity through electrodes. Powered medical equipment like electronic beds that adjust positions are also covered. The document concludes that electronic equipment has improved patient and doctor comfort while reducing diagnosis time.

1. CASE STUDY
ECE131 (BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING)
TOPIC NAME--- VARIOUS ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTS IN
HOSPITALS
Date of submission:
Submittedby:RegistrationNumber _______________ and Name __________________
Place of Visit: Date of Visit:

2. 1)INTRODUCTION
2)PURPOSEOF VISIT
3) INSTRUMENTSPRESENTIN HOSPITALS
4)MONITORS
5)DIGITAL SPHYGMOMANOMETER
6)ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHS
7)POWEREDMEDICAL EQUIPMENTS
8)INSTRUMENTSUSED IN LABS
9)CONCLUSION & BIBLOGRAPHY

3. INTRODUCTION
o What is a Medical Device?
An article, instrument, apparatus or machine that is used in the
prevention, diagnosis or treatment of illness or disease, or for
detecting, measuring, restoring, correcting or modifying the
structure or function of the body for some health purpose. The
purpose of a medical device is not achieved by
pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means.
o Purpose of Using Medical Devices
1. Diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment or alleviation of
disease,
2. Investigation, replacement, modification, or support of the
anatomy or of a physiological process,
3. Supporting or sustaining life,
4. Control of conception,
5. Disinfection of medical devices
6. Providing information by means of in vitro examination of
specimens derived from the human body

4. o Purpose of Visit
I visited the hospital as I had been assigned a case study on
the topic of various electronic types of equipment that are
present in hospitals. As a student of Electrical And Electronics
Engineer, I felt very excited and found a wonderful opportunity
which helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to
know about so many new things.
There were many electronic instruments which I have seen,
even I had never heard of some the devices that are used for
the curing of diseases
VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS PRESENT IN HOSPITAL

5. 1.MONITORS
There were many different types of LCD monitors were
present in the hospital some of them were known as Heart
rate(Cardiac) monitors, Breathing Rate Monitors, Blood
Pressure Monitors.
 CARDIAC MONITORS
The cardiac monitor is a device that shows the electrical and
pressure waveforms of the cardiovascular system for
measurement and treatment. The cardiac monitor continuously
displays the cardiac electrocardiogram (EKG) tracing.
Additional monitoring components allow cardiovascular
pressures and cardiac output to be monitored and displayed as
required for patient.
 Working Principle
The Cardiac Monitor is a electronic instrument recording of the
electrical activity of the heart. An electrical recording made
from one myocardial(SA node) muscle cell will record an action
potential The Cardiac monitor records the vector sum (the
combination of all electrical signals) of all the action potentials
of the myocardium and produces a combined trace.
At rest the potential difference across the membrane of a
myocardial cell is -90mv. This is due to a high intracellular
potassium concentration, which is maintained by the
sodium/potassium pump.
 Advantages of Cardiac Monitors

6. 1. By continuously tracking a patient’s heart rhythms, doctors are
more likely to discover whether an
arrhythmia is causing a patient’s symptoms, and then can
use the monitors to help manage the patient’s condition.
2. Because insert-able cardiac monitors are placed just under the
skin for long-term use, they are discreet
and do not require patients to deal with bulky monitors, sticky
recording pads or wires and that are visible under clothing.
Patients with insert-able cardiac monitors can continue with
normal daily activities—suchas swimming, bathing.
 Disadvantages of Cardiac Monitor
1. False aneurysm (a firm, pulsatile swelling)
2. Dye reaction - skin reactions, nausea and vomiting, transient
cortical disturbance)
3. Infection -
4. Loss of distal pulse(s).
5. Angina and myocardial infarction.
6. Arrhythmias(Irregular Heartbeat)
 Future Applications
Currently, a new miniaturized heart monitor – the Reveal LINQ™
Insert-able Cardiac Monitor – is
designed to help physicians more quickly diagnose irregular
heartbeats. It has the same battery life, and more data memory,
than other Instruments. It continuously and wirelessly monitors the
heart, and sends information to a patient’s physician to help them
make an accurate diagnosis and determine a treatment plan.
2.) DIGITAL SPHYGMOMANOMETERS

7. A sphygmomanometer(blood pressure monitor or blood pressure
gauge) is a device used to measure blood pressure. It composed of
an inflatable cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the
cuff in a controlled manner, and a mechanical manometer to measure
the pressure. It is always used in conjunction with a means to
determine at what pressure blood flow is just starting, and at what
pressure it is unimpeded.
 Working Principle
Blood pressure monitor operation is based on the oscillometric
method. This method takes advantage of the pressure pulsations
taken during measurements. An occluding cuff is placed on the left
arm and is connected to an air pump and a
pressure sensor. Cuff is inflated until a pressure greater than the
typical systolic value is reached, then the cuff is slowly deflated. As
the cuff deflates, when systolic pressure value approaches,
pulsations start to appear. These pulsations represent the pressure
changes due to heart ventricle contraction and can be used to
calculate the heartbeat rate. Pulsations grow in amplitude until mean
arterial pressure (MAP) is reached, then decrease until they
disappear.
 Advantages of Digital Sphygmomanometers
1.)The equipment is contained in one unit, so less manual dexterity
is required than for systems with separate gauge and stethoscope.
2.) It's easy to use, minimizes human error and is good for people
with hearing or vision loss. Most units are very portable and have a
D-ring cuff for one-handed application.
3.) The cuff may fit around the wrist or arm. More expensive models
have automatic inflation and deflation systems; large, easy-to-read
digital display and error indicator, reading printouts.
 Disadvantages of Digital Sphygmomanometers

8. 1.)Mechanism is complex, fragile and sensitive. Device accuracy
must be checked first by comparing to a mercury device, then
during measurement on the user.
2.)The most accurate devices don't give accurate readings on
certain individuals. Body movements may influence accuracy.
3.)It can be expensive; requires batteries and an AC adapter for
large arm cuffs; may require factory repair and readjustment when
faulty.
4.)Requires careful cuff placement and arm positioning for
accurate operation, especially the wrist cuff model.
5.)Some models are designed for use on only the right or left arm.
3.) ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHS

9. Electrocardiography (ECG) is the process of recording the
electrical activity of the heart over a period of time
using electrodes placed on a patient's body.
 Working Principle
In a conventional 12 lead ECG, ten electrodes are placed on the
patient's limbs and on the surface of the chest. The overall
magnitude of the heart's electrical potential is then measured from
twelve different angles ("leads") and is recorded over a period of
time (usually 10 seconds). In this way, the overall magnitude and
direction of the heart's electrical depolarization is captured at each
moment throughout the cardiac cycle. During each heartbeat, a
healthy heart will have an orderly progression of depolarization that
starts with pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node, spreads out
through the atrium, passes through the atrioventricular node . This
orderly pattern of depolarization gives rise to the characteristic ECG
tracing.
 Advantages of Electrocardiographs
1.)ECG also require to detect the chest pain or discomfort ,
shortness of breath , weakness , anxiety, abdominal pain.
2.)The advantages of ECG also use to solve the underlying rate
and rhythm mechanism of the heart.
3.)The others advantages of ECG are noninvasive, safe,
inexpensive, and easy to perform, the necessary equipment is
widely available.
 Disadvantages of Electrocardiographs

10. 1.)A static picture and may not reflect severe underlying heart
problems at a time when the patient is not having any
symptoms.
2.)It don’t always permit an accurate diagnosis. It can be normal
despite a serious heart problem.
 Future Applications
1.) New handheld HeartCheck Pen does just that, it puts the
benefits of an ECG in the palm of your hand.
2.)The HeartCheck Pen would benefit any person interested in
monitoring their health due to heart disease. It could also be
used to determine potential heart disease by assessing
abnormal heart rhythms and muscle defects.
3.)The device makes sending and storing ECGs easy. Up to 20
ECGs can be stored on the device, and once you hit that mark
you can download the ECGs to your computer and print them
off.
4.) POWERED MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS(Electronic Beds)

11. A hospital bed which is a bed specially designed for hospitalized
patients or others in need of some form of health care. The
incoming of modern hospital bed has changed the level of
comfort of hospital patients. Now the beds has many features
that are electronic has two motors, one to raise
the head, and the other to raise the foot according to comfort
level of patient.
Raising the head (known as a Fowler's position) can provide
some benefits to the patient. The Fowler's position is used for
sitting the patient upright for feeding or certain other activities, or
in some patients, can ease breathing, or may be beneficial to the
patient for other reasons.
Raising the feet can help ease movement of the patient toward
the headboard and may also be necessary for certain conditions.
Raising and lowering the height of the bed can help bring the
bed to a comfortable level for the patient to get in and out of bed,
or for caregivers to work with the patient.
5.)ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS THAT ARE USED IN PATHALOGICAL LAB

12.  FULL AUTO ANALYSERS: Full Auto Analyser is a instrument which
has the ability to boost the amount of samples that can be
processed in the chemical testing laboratory.
 CENTRIFUGER: Centrifuger is a electronic instrument which
operates under an irregular filtration process and is perfect for
the separation of pharmaceutical products from bulk
chemicals.
CONCLUSION

13. In conclusion, I want to say that the electronic types of
equipment have changed the previous state of medical
sciences. These instruments have increased the comfort level
of patients as well as the doctors who are taking care of them.
These instruments have reduced the time which is required for
getting the result. Now, any normal person can check their
health report by sitting at home. These have also changed the
way of determining the samples that are tested in the
laboratories.
REFERENCES
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_monitoring
 http://www.who.int/medical_devices/full_deffinition/en/
 https://www.medicompinc.com/benefits-of-cardiac-monitoring/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometer#Pressure_s
ensors_in_digital_devices
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121444/
 http://www.egeneralmedical.com/adanddisodea.html
 http://www.hosco.in/pathology-laboratory-equipmen.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_bed