The document discusses case systems in different languages including Pitta-Pitta, Latin, and English. It provides examples of: 1) The case system in Pitta-Pitta which uses affixes to mark grammatical relations and has nominative, ergative, accusative, dative, purposive, locative, and other cases. 2) The complex case system in Latin involving three declensions marked by suffixes to indicate case, number, gender, and other categories. 3) The evolution of the case system in English from Old English to modern English, where it is largely restricted to pronouns and the genitive possessive marker.

1. Group 5 :
AnikWidyastuti
IzzatiGemi S.
NurulAdhalina
Rika Rahma A.
HamzaAabeed .K.
CASE
Many languages have a CASE SYSTEM. The case itself is a grammatical category of noun
or adjective showing its relationship with other words in a syntactic construction
(Ba’dulu, 2004: 78). The example of case system happens in some languages including
such as, Pitta-pitta, Latin, and English.
1. Pitta-Pitta
The example of case system is a set of affixes (almost always suffixes) that mark the
relations that NPs bear to their governors.CASE SYSTEM occurs in Australian Language,
Pitta-Pitta.Each case is represented by a single form.There is one complication.
The subject of an intransitive verb is unmarked.
The subject of a transitive verb is marked by a suffix –lu (the ergative case) that marks
instruments.
CASE SUFFIXES SUFFIXES SENTENCES
Nominative -Ø The dog ran away (INTRANSITIVE
SUBJECT)
Ergative / -lu The man hit the dog with a stick
instrumental (TRANSITIVE SUBJECT and
instrumental)
Accusative -nha The dog bit the man (direct object)
Dative / pergressive -ku The dog is fond of the man, The dog
swam through the flood

2. Purposive / possesive -nga The woman’s dog went for the paper
locative -ina The dog swam in the creek
allative -inu The dog went to the creek
ablative -inya The dog name back from the creek
causal -la The dog hid from the policeman
-Ø nominative
 The nominative is used for nouns in isolation and for the subject of an
intransitive verb.
 It characteristically expresses the role of neutral patient, including entities that
‘locomote’ (with ‘go’, ‘come’, etc).
 These might seem to have agent subjects, but the mover is also the moved and
the activity does not extend to an external entity.
karna karnta-ka
man go-past
The man went
-lu ergative / instrumental
 The ergative marks the subject of a transitive verb.
 It expresses the role of agent.
 It also encodes the role of instrument.
karna-lupithi-kapiyawarli-nhaparnkuparnku-lu
man-erg hit past dog-accwalking:stick-erg (insr)
The man hit the dog with a stick.
-nha accusative
 The accusative marks the direct object expressing the characteristics role of affected
patient.
karna-lupithi-kapiyawarli-nhaparnkuparnku-lu
man-erg hit past dog-accwalking:stick-erg (insr)
The man hit the dog with a stick.

3. -ku dative / pergressive
The dative function of –ku is restricted.
It marks the complement:
 yatha ‘to like’
 tiwa ‘be jealous of’
 wapa ‘to look for’
 wantili ‘to wait for’
karna yatha-ya piyawarli-ku
man like-pres dog-dat
The man likes the dog.
 The pergressive function:
‘through’
‘across’
‘along’
karna yurta-ka ngarraru-ku
man swam-past flood-dat (pergressive)
The man swam through the flood
-nga purposive / possesive
Exampe of purposive:
karna karnta-ka kupi-nga
man go-past fish-purp
The man went for (to get) fish
Example of possesive:
karna-nga piyawarli pantyi-ya
man-purp dog ail-pres
The man’s dog is sick
-ina locative
 It indicates location in general.

4.  Adverbs are used to give specific orientation of one entity in relation to another.
karna nhangka-y kunti-ina kukuina
man sit-pres house-loc behind
The man is (sitting) behind the house
-inuallative
It indicates destinations.
-inya ablative
It indicates ‘from’, i.e. source.
karnakarnta-ka Mount Isa-inyaDajarra-inu
man go-past Mt Isa-ablDajarra-allative
The man went from Mt Isa to Dajarra
-la causal
It marks causes ‘sick from (drinking) whisky, and entities that are to be avoided.
Example:
Bad spirits – not just bad whisky!
karnawilakana-yayampi-la
man hide-pres m:in:law-causal
The man is hiding from (sc. to avoid) his mother-in-law
2. Latin
Besides occuring in Pitta-Pitta language, case system also appears in European
language. Latin is one of European language that has case system. The Latin’s case
system is more complicated than others. It’s because in Latin, the suffix expresses case,
number, gender class, and irregularities.There are three declinsion in Latin:
- -ā-stemsis for almost all feminine gender
- o- stems is for almost all masculine but with a subclass of neuter nouns
- The consonant stems are for masculine, feminine and neuter and to differentiate
the gender is shown from the form of the agreeing adjective and determiner take.

5. Note that there are separate Paradigm/Pattern for Plural words
Example:
First declension: ‘a girl’, ā stem
Case Singular Plural
Nominative puella puellae
Vocative puella puellae
Accusative puellam puellās
Genitive puellae puellārum
Dative puellae puellĩs
Ablative puellā puellĩs
Second Declension: ‘a slave’ (o stem)
Case Singular Plural
Nominative servus servĩ
Vocative serve servĩ
Accusative servum servōs
Genitive servĩ servōrum
Dative servō servĩs
Ablative servō servĩs
Third declension: ‘king’ (consonant stem)
Case Singular Plural
Nominative rēx rēgēs
Vocative rēx rēgēs
Accusative rēgem rēgēs
Genitive rēgis rēgum
Dative rēgi rēgibus
Ablative rēge rēgibus

6. In Latin, neuter nouns have the same form in the nominative, vocative and accusative.
For example, the word bellum (war) has the same form bellum in nominative, vocative
and accusative while in plural, it has bellafor these thress cases.
Casea are distinguished on the basis differentiation in a single paradigm. The vocative is
marked by separate form only in the second declension singular. Other than that there
is a SYNCRETISM (neutralization) between the nominative and vocative.
Case category in Latin:
Nominative : marks the subject
Vocative : used to address someone
Accusative : marks direct object and the object of some prepositions
Genitive : correspons to ‘s and of in English
Dative : marks indirect object of dare ‘to give’ and the complement of a
score or so of verbs that do not involve impingement on neutral patient.
(e.g: ignoscere ‘to pardon’, credere ‘to believe’)
Ablative :marks a number of distict roles, usually governed by an
appropriate preposition. For example:
‘from’ – ex Asiā
‘by means of’ – gladiō ‘with a sword’
‘agent’ – abArriō
‘accompanimen’ – cum amicō
‘in’ – in Italiā ‘in Italy’
Adjective and determiners agree with their head nouns in number, case and gender. For
example, the adjective used in the sentence bellow decline like puella, servus or bellum
according to the gender of the nouns they modify:
a. Rex bonus dat unum servum puellae
King good give:3s one:acc slave:acc girl:dat
The good king gives one/a slave to the girl
b. Regis servus itt ex Britaniā in Italiam
King slave go:past:3s from Britain:abl in Italy:acc

7. The king’s slave went down from Britain to Italy
c. Illa puella manet in Italiā cum amicis
That girl remain:3s in Italy with friend:abl:plur
That girl is staying in Italy with friends
3. English
Another Indo – European language that has case system is English but along the time,
there are some changing in the case system. It is once has a complicated case system
like Latin. Old English has almost identical case system like modern German. While
during the Middle English period that case system is disappeared, except for the sibilant
ending of the genitive but it is no longer a case marker. It becomes a derivational affix
that is added to noun phrases to produce possessive determiners. For example:
a. The dog’s bone
b. The man down the street’s dog
c. The man over there’s dog
Note that in English, possessive‘s is written with an apostrophe to distinguish it from
the plural.
There are two – way case distinction with pronouns: nominative and oblique (non –
nominative). The distinction between nominative and oblique is made suppletively by
using different stems. For example, Me supplies the oblique case of I, Him of He, etc.
For example:
Nominative Oblique
First person singular I me
Third person singular he him
She her
It it

8. First person plural we us
Second person plural you you
Third person plural they them
Note that there are also different uses of nominative and oblique. Nominative forms are
usually used for subject and oblique for all other function.
In English, nouns can be distinguished two cases, namely:
The Unmarked Common Case
Ex: girl (singular) and girls (plural)
The Marked Genitive Case
Example: girl’ s(singular) and girls’ (plural)
CASE GRAMMAR
A case grammar is an approach to grammar that gives emphasis on the semantic
relationships in a sentence.
In the case of grammar, verbs are considered as an important part of the sentence and
have some semantic relationship with the noun phrase. These relationships are called
the CASE.
Example:
- Smith killed the policeman with a Revolve.
- This revolver killed the policeman.
CASE CATEGORY
1. Agentive Case
It is the case on a noun or noun phrase that refers to people or animals who perform or
initiate action.

9. Example:
- John chew the candy.
“John mengunyah permen.”
John is in the agentive. But the subject of the verb does not need to always be in the
agentive case. In the sentence:
- John likes candy.
“John menyukai permen.”
John did not do an act, but his attitude toward the candy is called. John in this sentence
are not in the agentive case but in the dative case. It will be discussed in the next
category.
2. Benefactive Case
It is the case on the noun or noun phrase that refers to people or animals who have
benefited from the action verbs. In the English language is connected with the
preposition “for”.
Example:
- Tom did it for Huck.
“Tom melakukan itu untuk Huck.”
(Huck is in the benefactive case)
- John cooked a chicken for Louise.
“John memasak ayam untuk Luise.”
- John cooked Louise a chicken.
“John memasakan Louise ayam.”
(Louise is in the benefactive case)
3. Comitative case
It is a case in noun phrases that bear a conjunctive relationship with other noun
phrases in a sentence. In English associated with the preposition “with”.

10. Example:
- Tom ran away with Huck.
“Tom melarikan diri dengan Huck.”
- Tom and Huck ran away.
“Tom dan Huck melarikan diri.”
4. Dative Case
It is a case of the noun or noun phrase that refers to a person or animal that is affected
state or action verbs.
Example:
- Gregory was frightened by storm.
“Gregory ditakut-takuti oleh angin topan.”
- I persuaded Tom to go.
“Saya membujuk Tom pergi.”
Gregory and Tom are in the dative case. Both Tom and Gregory is influenced by
something. Gregory intimidated and Tom experienced persuasion. This case is also
called experiences case.
5. Factitive Case
It is a case in phrase or noun phrase that refers to something that is made or created by
the action verbs.
Example:
- Tony built the shed.
“Tony membangun bangsal.”
- The shed is in the case of factitive. On the other sentence:
Tony repaired the shed.
“Tony memugar bangsal.”

11. The shed is not located in factitive case because the shed had been there / standing at
the time of restoration was carried out. In the sentence, the shed is in the objective case.
Factitive Case is also called result/resultativecase.
6. Objective Case
It is the case in the phrase or noun phrase that refers to anyone or anything that has a
neutral relationship to the action verbs. Noun or noun phrase in the objective case no
action, do not act, nor is the instrument / equipment / means of action.
Example:
- Marry slided the onion with a knife.
“Marry mengiris bawang putih itu dengan pisau.”
- The onion sliced easily.
“bawang putih itu teriris dengan mudah.”
- The onion was thick.
“bawang putih itu tebal.”
The Onion is not the agent (such as Marry) nor instrument (such as a knife); but instead
is in the objective.
The notion of objective case had everything to do with the traditional sense of the
object. However, not everything that is in the objective case can be an object and not all
objects can be considered to be in the objective case.
7. Ergatif Case
It cases is causative, which refers to the syntactic relation that exists between a
sentence.
Example:
- The car moved.
“Mobil itu bergerak.”
- John moved the car.
“John menggerakkan mobil itu.”

12. 8. Instrumental Case
It is about an inanimate instrument which is the cause of an action or state expressed by
the verb, which in English by using the preposition “with”.
Example:
- Bella opened the door with the key.
“Bella membuka pintu itu dengan kunci.”
- The door was opened with the key by Bella.
“Pintu itu dibuka dengan kunci oleh Bella.”
- The key opened the door.
“Kunci membuka pintu itu.”
9. Locative Case
It is the case on a phrase or noun phrase that refers to the location / site of action verbs.
Example:
- Irene put the dictionary on the table.
“Irene menaruh majalah itu di atas meja.”
The table is in the locative case. In English, it can be seen by using of the preposition: on,
in, at, from.