This document analyzes words and parts of speech from a lexical perspective. It identifies nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in sample text. It then performs morphological, etymological, semantic, and other lexical analyses. Key analyses include identifying word forms and their morphological composition, examining semantic shifts over time, categorizing lexical units by type and analyzing polysemy. Major lexical fields and subfields are also identified. The document provides an in-depth linguistic breakdown of vocabulary at the lexical level.
This document discusses various aspects of style and tone in writing. It defines style as the author's use of words, phrases, sentences, point of view, and text organization. When analyzing style, one should consider the point of view, formality, structure, complexity level, and overall tone. Tone refers to the author's attitude toward the subject, which can be inferred through word choices that reveal a positive or negative perspective. The document provides examples to illustrate analyzing style and tone.
This document provides guidance and a checklist for students on developing strong stylistic features in creative writing. It outlines various literary devices and language techniques students should aim to incorporate, such as metaphors, similes, personification, and sensory language. The checklist also emphasizes the importance of spelling, punctuation, grammar, vocabulary choice, and sentence structure. Students are provided with writing prompts and phrases to inspire their creative pieces and practice applying the discussed techniques.
This document provides a stylistic analysis of two works: "The Broken Wings" by Khalil Gibran and William Blake's poem "The Tyger". For Gibran's work, it analyzes his use of literary devices like similes, metaphors and hyperbole at the semantic level and alliteration at the phonological level. For Blake's poem, it examines themes of good vs evil, symbolism of the tiger and lamb, uses of metaphor, alliteration, synecdoche and the poem's meter and rhythm. The document concludes by summarizing Gibran's figurative style and poetic prose techniques.
This document defines and provides examples of various stylistic devices used in writing. It discusses devices that involve repetition like alliteration and anaphora. It also covers imagery devices such as metaphor, symbol, and personification. Other devices covered are antithesis for contrasting ideas, rhetorical questions, irony, tone, ambiguity, and satire. Many of the devices are used to make the language more vivid or persuasive, to emphasize a point, or to produce a humorous effect.
This document provides definitions and explanations of various English grammar terms across multiple categories, including:
- Parts of speech like nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. Examples and classifications are given for each.
- Other grammatical concepts like tense, voice, clauses, sentences, paragraphs are also defined. Diagrams show relationships between pronouns, adjectives, and parts of speech.
- The document serves as a reference for understanding foundational English grammar. It aims to explain terminology in a clear and accessible manner through examples and classifications. References are provided at the end for further reading.
Alliteration draws attention to phrases by repeating initial consonant sounds in neighbouring words. It is often used for emphasis. Metaphor compares two different things in a figurative sense by using descriptive language rather than "like" or "as". Synecdoche uses a part to represent the whole or vice versa in a figurative expression that is closely associated.
This document contains information from a presentation on lexical expressive means and stylistic devices in the English language given by Ekaterina Andreevna Volgina. It discusses various tropes or figures of speech such as metaphor, metonymy, irony, hyperbole, personification and epithets. It provides examples of each trope and discusses their semantic, structural and distributional aspects. It also lists sources that were consulted in preparing the presentation. The presentation aims to outline key tropes and analyze their functions in stylistic expression in English.
This document discusses various aspects of style and tone in writing. It defines style as the author's use of words, phrases, sentences, point of view, and text organization. When analyzing style, one should consider the point of view, formality, structure, complexity level, and overall tone. Tone refers to the author's attitude toward the subject, which can be inferred through word choices that reveal a positive or negative perspective. The document provides examples to illustrate analyzing style and tone.
This document provides guidance and a checklist for students on developing strong stylistic features in creative writing. It outlines various literary devices and language techniques students should aim to incorporate, such as metaphors, similes, personification, and sensory language. The checklist also emphasizes the importance of spelling, punctuation, grammar, vocabulary choice, and sentence structure. Students are provided with writing prompts and phrases to inspire their creative pieces and practice applying the discussed techniques.
This document provides a stylistic analysis of two works: "The Broken Wings" by Khalil Gibran and William Blake's poem "The Tyger". For Gibran's work, it analyzes his use of literary devices like similes, metaphors and hyperbole at the semantic level and alliteration at the phonological level. For Blake's poem, it examines themes of good vs evil, symbolism of the tiger and lamb, uses of metaphor, alliteration, synecdoche and the poem's meter and rhythm. The document concludes by summarizing Gibran's figurative style and poetic prose techniques.
This document defines and provides examples of various stylistic devices used in writing. It discusses devices that involve repetition like alliteration and anaphora. It also covers imagery devices such as metaphor, symbol, and personification. Other devices covered are antithesis for contrasting ideas, rhetorical questions, irony, tone, ambiguity, and satire. Many of the devices are used to make the language more vivid or persuasive, to emphasize a point, or to produce a humorous effect.
This document provides definitions and explanations of various English grammar terms across multiple categories, including:
- Parts of speech like nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. Examples and classifications are given for each.
- Other grammatical concepts like tense, voice, clauses, sentences, paragraphs are also defined. Diagrams show relationships between pronouns, adjectives, and parts of speech.
- The document serves as a reference for understanding foundational English grammar. It aims to explain terminology in a clear and accessible manner through examples and classifications. References are provided at the end for further reading.
Alliteration draws attention to phrases by repeating initial consonant sounds in neighbouring words. It is often used for emphasis. Metaphor compares two different things in a figurative sense by using descriptive language rather than "like" or "as". Synecdoche uses a part to represent the whole or vice versa in a figurative expression that is closely associated.
This document contains information from a presentation on lexical expressive means and stylistic devices in the English language given by Ekaterina Andreevna Volgina. It discusses various tropes or figures of speech such as metaphor, metonymy, irony, hyperbole, personification and epithets. It provides examples of each trope and discusses their semantic, structural and distributional aspects. It also lists sources that were consulted in preparing the presentation. The presentation aims to outline key tropes and analyze their functions in stylistic expression in English.
This document provides an overview of consonant sounds in English, including their classification, place and manner of articulation. It discusses all major consonant categories such as plosives, fricatives, nasals, affricates and others. For each consonant, it provides details on voicing, place of articulation and common problems. It includes practice transcribing words containing different consonant sounds and provides sample sentences to demonstrate their usage in context.
The document discusses Stephen King's quote that "The road to hell is paved with adverbs" and analyzes the proper and improper uses of adverbs. It notes that while adverbs can be useful when used correctly, they are often overused and become "the paving stones on the road to hell." Specifically, adverbs of manner that end in "-ly" tend to be problematic, as they are frequently a sign that a more precise verb could be used instead. Removing unnecessary adverbs improves writing clarity and comprehension.
This document summarizes various stylistic devices that operate on different levels of language, including sounds, meaning, composition, and words/sentences. It discusses figures of speech and rhetorical devices such as alliteration, metaphor, simile, irony and more. Examples are provided to illustrate how each device is used. The document concludes by recommending students learn these devices for an exam and provides a link for additional reference.
1. Consonants are sounds that interfere with the flow of breath and can be classified based on voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.
2. The key consonants are classified as plosives [p, b, t, d, k, g], fricatives [v, f, θ, ð, z, s, ʒ, ʃ, h], and nasals [m, n, ŋ].
3. Common problems include insufficient nasal resonance, inadequate duration of sounds, and substitution of one sound for another. Precise articulation of consonants is important for clear diction.
The document discusses strategies for determining the meaning of words in English. It covers using context clues, definitions, comparisons/contrasts, explanations, synonyms, and illustrations. Specific examples are provided to demonstrate each strategy, such as using context to determine the meaning of "panorama" and "assassinated". The document also discusses analyzing word parts, like prefixes and suffixes, and using dictionaries to find a word's spelling, pronunciation, part of speech, definition, and other information.
The document discusses strategies for determining the meaning of words in English. It covers using context clues, definitions, comparisons/contrasts, explanations, synonyms, and illustrations. Specific examples are provided to demonstrate each strategy, such as using context to determine the meaning of "panorama" and "assassinated". The document also discusses analyzing word parts, like prefixes and suffixes, and using dictionaries to find spellings, pronunciations, parts of speech, definitions, origins, and related words.
Sufjan Stevens wrote an open letter to Miley Cyrus critiquing her grammar in the song "Get It Right". He notes that she uses the incorrect verb form "laying" instead of "lying" when she sings the line "I been laying in this bed all night long". Stevens also points out that the tense she uses, the present perfect continuous, is wrong and should be the present perfect continuous tense. Though he critiques her grammar, Stevens also pays her a compliment at the end, calling her "the hottest cake in the pan".
This document provides the long term plan for writing purposes and genres to be taught each half term for Year 1-2 students at Chorley New Road Primary School for the 2018-19 school year. It lists the required text types to be covered, including persuasion, information/explanation, and entertainment. Suggested texts are provided for each term to use as hooks for literacy lessons. Non-negotiable spellings are also outlined for Years 1 and 2 that must be taught each term.
Errors in Computing- Runtime, Semantics, Syntax and Fixed and Floating pointRyon Whyte
This document contains information about discrete math coursework for a management information systems student. It discusses the different types of numbers in computing, including floating point numbers which allow for a varying number of digits after the decimal point, and fixed point numbers which have a fixed number of digits after the decimal point. It also outlines four common types of errors in computing: syntax errors which involve incorrect code syntax; semantics errors which involve using commands in the wrong context; logic errors which produce unexpected output; and runtime errors which cause program termination due to bugs or unanticipated problems.
This document discusses Python syntax and semantics. It introduces key concepts like statements, modules, comments, whitespace, indentation, tokens, expressions, and interpreter errors. It also discusses the difference between semantics, which is the meaning of a program, and syntax, which specifies the algorithm using the programming language. An example program is provided and explained to demonstrate various syntax elements.
The document discusses lexical analysis in compilers. It describes how the lexical analyzer reads source code characters and divides them into tokens. Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for token recognition. The lexical analyzer generates a finite state automaton to recognize these patterns. Lexical analysis is the first phase of compilation that separates the input into tokens for the parser.
The document discusses error detection and recovery in compilers. It describes how compilers should detect various types of errors and attempt to recover from them to continue processing the program. It covers lexical, syntactic and semantic errors and different strategies compilers can use for error recovery like insertion, deletion or replacement of tokens. It also discusses properties of good error reporting and handling shift-reduce conflicts.
Risk management in software engineeringdeep sharma
The document discusses risk management in software engineering. It defines risk as a potential problem that may or may not occur, causing negative impacts. It categorizes risks as project risks, technical risks, and business risks. It outlines the risk management paradigm of identifying, analyzing, planning, tracking, controlling, and communicating risks. It also discusses establishing a risk mitigation, monitoring and management plan to document the risk analysis work. The key is to identify risks early, evaluate and prioritize them, then develop and implement risk mitigation plans.
The document discusses a chapter from the book "Holes" and provides definitions for words used in that chapter such as "bob", "grave", "gather", and "steep". It also defines other words like "blush", "peek", "toss", "chunk", and "fling". Various words are defined in the context of examples from the chapter.
The document discusses different types of word formation including clipping, blending, borrowing, coining, acronyms, and conversion. It provides examples for each type, such as "brunch" which is a blend of "breakfast" and "lunch". Various characteristics of words like indivisibility and positional mobility are also examined. The document aims to define words and analyze their structure, classification, and characteristics in the English language.
The document contains vocabulary words and their definitions from the novel "Holes" by Louis Sachar. Definitions are provided for words like "scratchy", "scrape", "won't do someone much good", and phrases such as "it's up to you" and "lose track of". Examples are given to illustrate the meaning of each word in the context of the text.
This document provides definitions and examples of parts of speech in English including nouns, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, adverbs, and interjections. Verbs are defined as words that usually indicate an action. Regular verbs are conjugated evenly without modifying the root, while irregular verbs undergo changes in the root or ending. Nouns name people, places, things, and ideas. Adjectives describe nouns, and prepositions indicate relationships between other words. Conjunctions connect words and phrases. Pronouns replace nouns, and adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Interjections convey emotion and are followed by an exclamation point.
The document provides definitions for words used in Chapter 7 of the novel Holes including "blade", "bang", "bold", "weigh", and other words describing actions and emotions experienced by the characters. Definitions are given for verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs along with examples to illustrate their meaning in different contexts from the story. Key events and character interactions mentioned in the chapter are not summarized.
This document provides an overview of consonant sounds in English, including their classification, place and manner of articulation. It discusses all major consonant categories such as plosives, fricatives, nasals, affricates and others. For each consonant, it provides details on voicing, place of articulation and common problems. It includes practice transcribing words containing different consonant sounds and provides sample sentences to demonstrate their usage in context.
The document discusses Stephen King's quote that "The road to hell is paved with adverbs" and analyzes the proper and improper uses of adverbs. It notes that while adverbs can be useful when used correctly, they are often overused and become "the paving stones on the road to hell." Specifically, adverbs of manner that end in "-ly" tend to be problematic, as they are frequently a sign that a more precise verb could be used instead. Removing unnecessary adverbs improves writing clarity and comprehension.
This document summarizes various stylistic devices that operate on different levels of language, including sounds, meaning, composition, and words/sentences. It discusses figures of speech and rhetorical devices such as alliteration, metaphor, simile, irony and more. Examples are provided to illustrate how each device is used. The document concludes by recommending students learn these devices for an exam and provides a link for additional reference.
1. Consonants are sounds that interfere with the flow of breath and can be classified based on voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.
2. The key consonants are classified as plosives [p, b, t, d, k, g], fricatives [v, f, θ, ð, z, s, ʒ, ʃ, h], and nasals [m, n, ŋ].
3. Common problems include insufficient nasal resonance, inadequate duration of sounds, and substitution of one sound for another. Precise articulation of consonants is important for clear diction.
The document discusses strategies for determining the meaning of words in English. It covers using context clues, definitions, comparisons/contrasts, explanations, synonyms, and illustrations. Specific examples are provided to demonstrate each strategy, such as using context to determine the meaning of "panorama" and "assassinated". The document also discusses analyzing word parts, like prefixes and suffixes, and using dictionaries to find a word's spelling, pronunciation, part of speech, definition, and other information.
The document discusses strategies for determining the meaning of words in English. It covers using context clues, definitions, comparisons/contrasts, explanations, synonyms, and illustrations. Specific examples are provided to demonstrate each strategy, such as using context to determine the meaning of "panorama" and "assassinated". The document also discusses analyzing word parts, like prefixes and suffixes, and using dictionaries to find spellings, pronunciations, parts of speech, definitions, origins, and related words.
Sufjan Stevens wrote an open letter to Miley Cyrus critiquing her grammar in the song "Get It Right". He notes that she uses the incorrect verb form "laying" instead of "lying" when she sings the line "I been laying in this bed all night long". Stevens also points out that the tense she uses, the present perfect continuous, is wrong and should be the present perfect continuous tense. Though he critiques her grammar, Stevens also pays her a compliment at the end, calling her "the hottest cake in the pan".
This document provides the long term plan for writing purposes and genres to be taught each half term for Year 1-2 students at Chorley New Road Primary School for the 2018-19 school year. It lists the required text types to be covered, including persuasion, information/explanation, and entertainment. Suggested texts are provided for each term to use as hooks for literacy lessons. Non-negotiable spellings are also outlined for Years 1 and 2 that must be taught each term.
Errors in Computing- Runtime, Semantics, Syntax and Fixed and Floating pointRyon Whyte
This document contains information about discrete math coursework for a management information systems student. It discusses the different types of numbers in computing, including floating point numbers which allow for a varying number of digits after the decimal point, and fixed point numbers which have a fixed number of digits after the decimal point. It also outlines four common types of errors in computing: syntax errors which involve incorrect code syntax; semantics errors which involve using commands in the wrong context; logic errors which produce unexpected output; and runtime errors which cause program termination due to bugs or unanticipated problems.
This document discusses Python syntax and semantics. It introduces key concepts like statements, modules, comments, whitespace, indentation, tokens, expressions, and interpreter errors. It also discusses the difference between semantics, which is the meaning of a program, and syntax, which specifies the algorithm using the programming language. An example program is provided and explained to demonstrate various syntax elements.
The document discusses lexical analysis in compilers. It describes how the lexical analyzer reads source code characters and divides them into tokens. Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for token recognition. The lexical analyzer generates a finite state automaton to recognize these patterns. Lexical analysis is the first phase of compilation that separates the input into tokens for the parser.
The document discusses error detection and recovery in compilers. It describes how compilers should detect various types of errors and attempt to recover from them to continue processing the program. It covers lexical, syntactic and semantic errors and different strategies compilers can use for error recovery like insertion, deletion or replacement of tokens. It also discusses properties of good error reporting and handling shift-reduce conflicts.
Risk management in software engineeringdeep sharma
The document discusses risk management in software engineering. It defines risk as a potential problem that may or may not occur, causing negative impacts. It categorizes risks as project risks, technical risks, and business risks. It outlines the risk management paradigm of identifying, analyzing, planning, tracking, controlling, and communicating risks. It also discusses establishing a risk mitigation, monitoring and management plan to document the risk analysis work. The key is to identify risks early, evaluate and prioritize them, then develop and implement risk mitigation plans.
The document discusses a chapter from the book "Holes" and provides definitions for words used in that chapter such as "bob", "grave", "gather", and "steep". It also defines other words like "blush", "peek", "toss", "chunk", and "fling". Various words are defined in the context of examples from the chapter.
The document discusses different types of word formation including clipping, blending, borrowing, coining, acronyms, and conversion. It provides examples for each type, such as "brunch" which is a blend of "breakfast" and "lunch". Various characteristics of words like indivisibility and positional mobility are also examined. The document aims to define words and analyze their structure, classification, and characteristics in the English language.
The document contains vocabulary words and their definitions from the novel "Holes" by Louis Sachar. Definitions are provided for words like "scratchy", "scrape", "won't do someone much good", and phrases such as "it's up to you" and "lose track of". Examples are given to illustrate the meaning of each word in the context of the text.
This document provides definitions and examples of parts of speech in English including nouns, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, adverbs, and interjections. Verbs are defined as words that usually indicate an action. Regular verbs are conjugated evenly without modifying the root, while irregular verbs undergo changes in the root or ending. Nouns name people, places, things, and ideas. Adjectives describe nouns, and prepositions indicate relationships between other words. Conjunctions connect words and phrases. Pronouns replace nouns, and adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Interjections convey emotion and are followed by an exclamation point.
The document provides definitions for words used in Chapter 7 of the novel Holes including "blade", "bang", "bold", "weigh", and other words describing actions and emotions experienced by the characters. Definitions are given for verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs along with examples to illustrate their meaning in different contexts from the story. Key events and character interactions mentioned in the chapter are not summarized.
The document provides definitions for words used in the novel Holes including blade, bang, bold, weigh, bounce off, dent, doom, stream, be proud of, nonetheless, bob, grave, gather, steep, rotate, faint, aimlessly, compact, reluctantly, previously, rush, blush. It helps readers understand words and phrases used in specific contexts from the novel.
Differences between old english and modern englishdesfleuves
Modern English retains many sounds and grammar from Old English (Anglo-Saxon), though some pronunciation has changed. Old English had different vowels, more inflected noun/verb forms, and lost the letters eth, thorn, and wynn. While syntax is generally the same, Old English had more complex inflection than Modern English.
The document discusses strategies for determining the meaning of words in English. It covers using context clues, definitions, comparisons/contrasts, explanations, synonyms, and illustrations. Specific examples are provided to demonstrate each strategy, such as using context to determine the meaning of "panorama" and "assassinated". The document also discusses analyzing word parts, like prefixes and suffixes, and using dictionaries to find spellings, pronunciations, parts of speech, definitions, origins, and related words.
The document discusses various strategies for determining the meaning of unknown words in English, including using context clues, definitions, comparisons/contrasts, explanations, synonyms, and illustrations. Specific examples are provided to demonstrate each strategy. The document also covers analyzing word parts, such as prefixes, suffixes, and compound words. Finally, it discusses what information can be found in dictionaries, such as spelling, pronunciation, part of speech, definitions, origins, and related words.
This document provides an overview of nouns in 3 sentences:
Nouns can name people, places, things, ideas and can occur as the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. Nouns are categorized by their properties like countability, concreteness and can change form through inflection for number or possession. The document further discusses the different types of nouns like common, proper nouns and the syntax of noun phrases.
This document discusses homonymy, which is when words are pronounced or spelled the same but have different meanings. It defines and classifies homonyms into different types, including absolute homonyms which are unrelated in meaning but identical in spelling and pronunciation, and partial homonyms which can be homophones that are the same in pronunciation or homographs that are the same in spelling. Examples of different homonym types are provided and a practice section gives sentences demonstrating the use of homonyms like date, duck, potty/party, bow, and cow/deer.
GIÁO TRÌNH BỒI DƯỠNG HSG THCS VÀ THI VÀO 10 THPT CHUYÊN MÔN TIẾNG ANH - 2022 ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
This document is a teaching guide for English language skills aimed at middle school students and high school entrance exams in Vietnam. It covers topics like vocabulary, grammar, phonetic, communication skills, reading, writing, and listening. The guide is divided into 7 chapters that provide theories, explanations and exercises related to different language aspects. It is available in Word version and for order and sharing through email.
The document discusses the 8 parts of speech in English grammar: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. It provides examples of each part of speech and explains their definitions and functions within sentences. The purpose is to define and identify the different word classes so students can analyze their use in poems.
This document provides guidance for dealing with unfamiliar words when reading. It advises that on a first reading, readers should try to infer meanings from context clues. On subsequent readings, readers should look up unfamiliar words, note important points, and highlight key details. Examples are given of using context and word parts like prefixes, suffixes, and roots to determine meanings. Exercises then have readers practice identifying the meanings of underlined words using these strategies. The document concludes with assigning a re-reading of "The Tell-Tale Heart" to better understand unfamiliar words in the story.
This document provides information about English diphthongs and consonants. It defines a diphthong as a glide between two vowel sounds. It then provides practice materials for common English diphthongs like [ei], [ai], [au], [oi], and [ou]. The document also defines various English consonant sounds such as [b], [d], [ð], [dʒ], [f], [g], [h], [j], [kh], [k], [l], [ɫ], [m], [n], [ŋ], [ph], [p], [r], [ɹ], [s], [ʃ], [th], [t], [
Here are some examples of "fling" used in a sentence:
- She flung her backpack onto the bed in frustration.
- The baseball player took a big swing and flung the ball far into the outfield.
- I flung open the windows to let in some fresh air.
So in summary, "fling" means to throw something with force or energy, often in an uncontrolled way. It implies more force than a gentle toss.
The document defines several words in the context of the novel "Holes" including:
- Scratchy: Rough or unpleasant to touch, like Stanley's cot.
- Scrape: To make a hollow place in the ground, like when Mr. Sir marked where the boys had to dig holes.
- Lose track of: To fail to keep track of, like Stanley lost track of what day it was and how many holes he had dug.
It also provides example sentences for other words like peek, toss, visible, haze, nod, end up, and up to.
Inversion & Fronting in English grammar.pdfnvbhosein
Inversion happens when we reverse (invert) the normal word order of a structure, most commonly the subject-verb word order. For example, a statement has the subject (s) before the verb (v), but to make question word order, we invert the subject and the verb, with an auxiliary (aux) or modal verb (m) before the subject (s)
3. WORD-FORMS
NOUNS: exercise, word/s, story/s, scene/s, picture, list, letter, dog,
homework, love, insight, way, writing, emotions, sounds, teacher, list,
holiday,challenge,homework
VERBS: to challenge, to write, to describe, to use, to sound, to
explain, to think, to have, to paint, to taught, to ramble, to choose, to
give, , to do, to eat, to be, to try, to start, to get to, to learn, to fine-
tune,cutting away,focus on
ADJECTIVES: simple-sounding, short, hard, right, concise, precise,
specific, hard.
ADVERBS: recently, really, enough, well, when, some.
7. ETYMOLOGY
„word‟ (N) O.E. word "speech, talk, utterance, word," from P.Gmc.
*wurdan (cf. O.S., O.Fris. word, Du. woord, O.H.G., Ger. wort,
O.N. orð, Goth. waurd), from PIE *were- "speak, say".
„talk‟ (v) late 15c., "speech, discourse, conversation," from talk (v.).
Meaning "informal lecture or address" is from 1859.
„concise‟ (Adj)1580s,stratum III from L. concisus "cut off, brief," pp.
of concidere "to cut off, cut up, cut through, cut to
pieces," from com-, intensive prefix, + caedere
"to cut".
8. SEMANTIC DIACHRONIC CHANGE
„challenge‟
[c.1200] O.Fr. Chalengier, from L. calumniari, from calumnia
[late 13c.] "calumny, slander"
[17c.] “a calling to fight”
[1985] “disabled”
„try‟
BROADENING
[12 c.] “to pick out, cull”.
[c.1300] "examine judiciously, sit in judgment of"."
[early 14 c.] “attempt to do”
[mid-14 c.] "to test”
[1530s] "to subject to some strain" (of patience, endurance, etc.).
[1956]To try (something) on for size in the figurative sense.
10. NOUNS
Basic: scene, word, list, letter, dog, homework, time, story, love, insight, way, writing, emotion, holiday, son,
teacher.
Non-basic: exercise, challenge, picture, problem,
Complex/derived (with affixation):
Preffixation:
„insight‟ -> [in(ADV) + „sight‟ (n) = „insight‟ (N)] (denominal noun: class-maintaining preffixation: an instance of
apprehending the true nature of a thing, especially through intuitive understanding).
Suffixation:
„writing‟ -> [„write‟ (V) + ing = „writing‟ (N)] (deverbal noun: class-changing suffixation: the act of a person or
thing that writes).
„teacher‟ -> [teach (V) + er = „teacher‟ (N)] (deverbal noun: Class-changing suffixation: a person who teaches
in a school).
15. PHRASAL VERBS
Focus on
[Transitive] if you focus your attention on something, you look at it or think
about it carefully and concentrate on it.
“To focus attention on…”
“Attention focused on John”
Get to
[Intransitive] Have a very good and friendly relationship.
“Mother and I get on very well”
[Transitive] If you get a piece of clothing on, you put it on.
“She told them to put their scarves on”.
17. 1. HOMONYMS
SOUND /saʊnd/ PARTIAL
Sound1 (n) [Middle English soun, from Anglo-Norman French
soun (noun), suner (verb), from Latin sonus.] vibrations that
travel through the air or another medium and can be heard
when they reach a person„s or animal‟s ear.
light travels faster than sound
Sound2 (adj) [Middle English from Old English gesund, of
West Germanic origin] in good condition; not damaged,
injured, or diseased.
they returned safe and sound
18. LIST /lɪst/ PARTIAL
List1 (n) [late 16th century, from French liste, of Germanic origin]a number of connected
items or names written or printed consecutively, typically one below the other
Consult the list of drugs on page 326
List2 (v) [arly 17th century](of a ship) lean over to one side, typically because of a leak or
unbalanced cargo.
During the storm the boat listed badly.
List3 (v) [Old English lystan (verb), of Germanic origin]
want; like
let them think what they list
19. WELL /wɛl/ PARTIAL
1
Well (adv) [Old English wel(l), of Germanic origin] in
a good or satisfactory way
the whole team played well
Well2 (n) [Old English wella, of Germanic origin] a
shaft sunk into the ground to obtain water, oil, or gas.
put the flour on a flat surface and make a well to hold the
eggs
20. TIME/taɪm/ PARTIAL
Time (verb) O.E. getimian "to happen, befall," from
time (n.). Meaning "to appoint a time" (of an action,
etc.) is attested from c.1300.
I've timed how long it takes me.
Time (noun) O.E. tima "limited space of time," from
P.Gmc. *timon "time“.
Time and space.
22. 3. HOMOGRAPHS
do
/du/, /də/ (v) What do you think you are
doing?
/doʊ/ (n) To warm-up, the singer sang the scale
from do.
use
/juz/ (v) Use a napkin!
/jus/ (n) What's the use? It's all down my shirt.
24. NOUN
1. „way‟
A) Deambiguating contexts
1.There are two ways of approaching this problem
2. Can you tell me the way to Leicester Square?
3. the national vote split three ways
4. the dinghy lost way and drifted towards the shore
5. my grandchildren are way ahead of others their age
(…)
B) Senses
(a) a method, style, or manner of doing something; an optional or alternative form of action
(b) a road, track , or path for travelling along
(c) parts into which something divides or is divided
(d) forward motion or momentum of a ship or boat through water
(e)at or to a considerable distance or extent
(…)
25. 3. „word‟
A) Deambiguating contexts
1. don't believe a word of it
2. his grandfather's words had been meant kindly
3. he conforms in word and deed to the values of a society that he rejects
4. someone gave me the word to start playing
5. in court it would have been his word against mine
6. everything will be taken care of — you have my word
7. he had to learn his words
B)Senses
(i) even the smallest amount of something spoken or written
(ii) something spoken or written; a remark or statement
(iii) speech as distinct from action
(iv) a command, password, or signal
(v) one's account of the truth, especially when it differs from that of another person
(vi) a promise or assurance
(vii) the text or spoken part of a play, opera, or other performed piece ; a script
26. VERBS
1. „write‟
A) Deambiguating contexts
1. Alice wrote down the address
2. I wrote him a short letter
3. she wrote a bestselling novel
B) Senses
(i) mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen , pencil, or
similar implement
(ii) compose, write, and send (a letter) to someone
(iii) compose (a text or work ) for written or printed reproduction or publication; put into
literary form and set down in writing
27. 2. „give‟
A) Diambiguating contexts
1. the cheque given to the jeweller proved worthless
2. this leaflet gives our opening times
3. give me a second to bring the car around
4. I hope I don't give you my cold
5. I gave a bow
6. milk is sometimes added to give a richer cheese
7. give him his due
8. he did not give his name
9. that chair doesn't give
28. B) Senses
(i) freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)
(ii) cause or allow (someone or something) to have or experience
(something); provide with
(iii) allow (someone) to have (a specified amount of time ) for an activity or
undertaking
(iv) pass on (an illness or infection) to (someone)
(v) carry out or perform (a specified action)
(vi) yield as a product or result
(vii) concede (something) as valid or deserved in respect of (someone)
(viii) state or put forward (information or argument)
(ix) alter in shape under pressure rather than resist or break
29. 1. „simple‟
A) Diambiguating contexts
1. camcorders are now so simple to operate
2. the house is furnished in a simple country style
3. consisting of a single lens or component
4. She is very simple
B) Senses
(i) easily understood or done ; presenting no difficulty
(ii) plain, basic, or uncomplicated in form , nature, or design; without much decoration or ornamentation
(iii) composed of a single element; not compound
(iv) of very low intelligence
30. 2. „right‟
A) Diambiguating contexts
1. hope we're doing the right thing
2.her theories were proved right
3.that sausage doesn't smell right
4. the right edge of the field
5. I felt a right idiot
6. are you politically right, left, or centre?
B) Senses
(i) morally good, justified, or acceptable
(ii) true or correct as a fact
(iii) in a satisfactory, sound, or normal state or condition
(iv) on , towards, or relating to the side of a human body or of a thing which is to the east when the person
or thing is facing north
(v) British informal complete; absolute (used for emphasis)
(vi) relating to a person or group favouring conservative views
35. 9.
MAJOR LEXICAL FIELDS
GROUPS & SUBGROUPS OF
LEXEMES
36. NOUNS
a) CONCRETE ENTITIES
[+CONCRETE, +ANIMATE]
ANIMAL ENTITY [+-LIVING]
ANIMAL [organism belonging to Kingdom Animalia]
DOG [ DOMESTICAL CARNIVOROUS MAMMAL]
HUMAN ENTITY
PERSON [INDIVIDUAL HUMAN BEING]
TEACHER [ ONE WHO TEACHS ESPECIALLY ONE HIRED ]
SON [A BOY OR MAN IN RELATION TO HIS PARENTS]
[+CONCRETE, -ANIMATE]
PICTURE [a painting, drawing, or photograpaph]
LIST [STATIONARY: a number of connected items or names written consecutively].
LETTER [STATIONARY: a character representing one or more of the sounds used in speech]
HOMEWORK [--------: school work that a pupil is required to do at home].
37. b) ABSTRACT ENTITIES
[-CONCRETE]
[WRITTEN PROCESS: DOING STH]
EXERCISE [ACT OF WRITING STH: to accomplish sth].
WORD [PART OF A WRITTEN TEXT]
WRITING [PART OF A WRITTEN TEXT: to express sth].
[COMMUNICATION PROCESS: ACT OF EXCHANGING INFORMATION]
CHALLENGE [ACT OF COMMUNICATING STH: to dare sb to do sth].
STORY [ACT OF TELLING STH: in order to entertain].
SCENE [ ACT OF REPRESENTING STH: acts, incidents, emotions].
38. [TEMPORALITY: DAY]
TIME [PERIOD OF A DAY: specific point of time].
[UNWELCOME/HARMFUL MATTER]
PROBLEM [sth difficult to achieve].
[QUANTITY: AMOUNT]
LOT [set of things].
[EMOTIONAL PROCESS: TO EXPERIENCE FEELINGS]
LOVE [deep romantic or sexual attachment to someone].
[UNDERSTANDING PROCESS: CAPACITY TO GAIN SHT]
INSIGHT [ special perception of sth]
39. [SENSE PROCESS: ACT OF EXPERIENCING FELLINGS]
EMOTION [ to feel joy, anger, or sadness].
[METHODOLOGICAL PROCESS: DOING STH]
WAY [ACTING STYLE: to choose the specific mood in
order to act].
[TEMPORALITY: CONCRETE MOMENT]
HOLIDAY [ PERIOD OF TIME: [extended period of
recreation away from home].
40. ADJECTIVES
[PHYSICAL PROPERTY]
[DIMENSIONAL STATE]
SIZE
SHORT [length of sth].
VOLUME
SOUNDING [of sth: BEING AUDIBLE].
[NON-DIMENSIONAL]
[SOMATIC STATE]
HARD [of sth: BECOMING DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE]
[EMOTIONAL/AFFECTIVE STATE]
PRECISE [of sb: BEING OCCURATE].
CONCISE [of sb: BEING CLEAR AND SHORT ].
SPECIFIC [of sb: RELATING UNIQUELY]
[EVALUATION: AESTHETIC, MORAL, NOETIC]
SIMPLE [of sth: SHOWING SIMPLICITY].
RIGHT [of sth: CHOOSING THE SUITABLE THING].
41. VERBS:
[RELATIONAL STATE]
[ATRIBUTIVE, DESCRIPTIVE, IDENTIFIER, CIRCUMSTANCIAL]
BE (CONCISE)
SOUND
[BEHAVIOURAL PROCESS]
[ACTIVITY, ACT]
WRITE [mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement.]
GIVE [freely transfer the possession of; cause to receive or have]
DO [perform or carry out (an action). ]
USE [take, hold, or deploy as a means of achieving something. ]
FINE-TUNE [make small adjustments to in order to achieve the best performance.]
DESCRIBE [give a detailed account of (someone or something) in words. ]
(LOCO)MOTION
RAMBLE
42. FEEDING
EAT (TO PUT FOOD INTO THE MOUTH AND CHEW AND SWALLOW IT)
EFFECTIVE
PAINT (TO APPLY PAINT TO)
CHALLENGE (TO DISPUTE THE TRUTH OR VALIDITY OF STH)
[COGNITIVE PROCESS]
MENTAL
THINK (TO HAVE A PSRTICULAR OPINION OR IDEA ABOUT STH OR SB)
CHOOSE (TO DECIDE ON A COURSE OF ACTION)
LEARN (TO ACQUIERE KNOWLEDGE OF OR SKILL IN THROUGH STUDY OR EXPERIENCE )
[COMMUNICTION PROCESS]
VERBAL
TALK (TO GIVE INFORMATION OR EXPRESS IDEAS OR FEELINGS)
EXPLAIN (TO MAKE STH CLEAR BY PROVIDING MORE DETAILS)
43. [MATERIAL PROCESS]
TRANSACTIONAL
[INCEPTIVE PROCESS]
START, BEGIN TO
TRY [make an attempt or effort to do something]
[INCHOATIVE PROCESS]
BECOME
[CAUSATIVE PROCESS]
CAUSE / MAKE
HAVE [TO POSSES, OWN, OR HOLD]
GET (TO COME TO HAVE OR HOLD; RECEVIE)