This document shows the semaphore alphabet with each letter represented by the position of raised arms. It contains 26 entries with a graphic of a person holding their arms in different positions to signal each letter of the alphabet from A to Z.
Attilio, a native Italian speaker, has some common errors when speaking English due to differences between Italian and English grammar rules. [1] He sometimes adds unnecessary endings like "a" to verbs or uses the wrong tense. [2] He struggles with word choices like using "gassy water" instead of "sparkling water" and says he feels "half and half" instead of "OK". [3] Prepositions are challenging as there is not always a direct translation between Italian and English prepositions. [4] Pronouns, articles and plural vs. singular can be confusing due to differences in gender between languages. [5] Some words are truncated in the Italian dialect which can carry over when speaking
Adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in Spanish in terms of number and gender. For feminine nouns, adjectives ending in -o change to -a and adjectives ending in -e do not change. To make adjectives plural, add -s if the adjective ends in a vowel or -es if it ends in a consonant. Unlike in English, adjectives follow nouns in Spanish sentences.
The document discusses case systems in three languages:
1. Pitta-Pitta, an Australian language, has a system of affixes that mark the relationship between nouns and verbs. There are suffixes for nominative, ergative, accusative, dative, purposive, locative, and other cases.
2. Latin has a complex case system with three declensions that show case, number, and gender on nouns. The six cases are nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative.
3. Old English once had a case system similar to other Germanic languages but over time lost all cases except the genitive suffix '-
This document provides information about prepositional phrases. It defines prepositional phrases as phrases that start with a preposition followed by a noun. It notes that prepositional phrases can function as adjectival phrases or adverbial phrases. Adjectival phrases modify nouns and pronouns, answering questions like "which one" or "what kind." Adverbial phrases modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, answering questions about time, place, manner, etc. The document provides examples of different types of prepositional phrases and exercises for students to identify adjectival and adverbial phrases. It concludes by noting that noun phrases will be covered in the next class.
The document discusses case systems in three languages:
1. Pitta-Pitta, an Australian language, has a system of affixes that mark grammatical relations. It has nominative, ergative, accusative, dative, purposive, locative, and other cases.
2. Latin has a complex case system with three declensions that mark case, number, gender, and irregularities with suffixes. It has nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative cases.
3. English once had a case system similar to Old German but it disappeared except for the genitive possessive marker 's.
This document provides information about prepositional phrases. It begins by defining what a prepositional phrase is - a preposition followed by a noun or pronoun. Examples of common prepositional phrases are given. Clues for identifying prepositional phrases are outlined, such as the prepositional phrase including a preposition and noun/pronoun, and the phrase still making sense if removed from the sentence. Different types of prepositional phrases are described - adjectival phrases modify nouns/pronouns, while adverbial phrases modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Examples of each type are given. The document concludes by noting that noun phrases will be covered in the next class.
This document provides a detailed definition and overview of adverbs. It begins by defining adverbs as words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, determiners, noun phrases, clauses, or sentences. It explains that adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, or certainty. The document then discusses different types of adverbs and their functions, including adverbs of manner, place, time, frequency, and purpose. It also covers the formation of comparative and superlative adverbs and special cases like too and enough.
The document discusses case systems in three languages: Pitta-Pitta, Latin, and English.
Pitta-Pitta has a complex case system with suffixes that mark relations between nouns and verbs. Latin also has a complex case system with different declensions for nouns. English once had cases but over time lost most of its case system, retaining it only for pronouns and the genitive possessive case.
The document also defines nine case categories - agentive, benefactive, comitative, dative, factitive, objective, ergative, instrumental, and locative - and provides examples of how they function in sentences.
Attilio, a native Italian speaker, has some common errors when speaking English due to differences between Italian and English grammar rules. [1] He sometimes adds unnecessary endings like "a" to verbs or uses the wrong tense. [2] He struggles with word choices like using "gassy water" instead of "sparkling water" and says he feels "half and half" instead of "OK". [3] Prepositions are challenging as there is not always a direct translation between Italian and English prepositions. [4] Pronouns, articles and plural vs. singular can be confusing due to differences in gender between languages. [5] Some words are truncated in the Italian dialect which can carry over when speaking
Adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in Spanish in terms of number and gender. For feminine nouns, adjectives ending in -o change to -a and adjectives ending in -e do not change. To make adjectives plural, add -s if the adjective ends in a vowel or -es if it ends in a consonant. Unlike in English, adjectives follow nouns in Spanish sentences.
The document discusses case systems in three languages:
1. Pitta-Pitta, an Australian language, has a system of affixes that mark the relationship between nouns and verbs. There are suffixes for nominative, ergative, accusative, dative, purposive, locative, and other cases.
2. Latin has a complex case system with three declensions that show case, number, and gender on nouns. The six cases are nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative.
3. Old English once had a case system similar to other Germanic languages but over time lost all cases except the genitive suffix '-
This document provides information about prepositional phrases. It defines prepositional phrases as phrases that start with a preposition followed by a noun. It notes that prepositional phrases can function as adjectival phrases or adverbial phrases. Adjectival phrases modify nouns and pronouns, answering questions like "which one" or "what kind." Adverbial phrases modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, answering questions about time, place, manner, etc. The document provides examples of different types of prepositional phrases and exercises for students to identify adjectival and adverbial phrases. It concludes by noting that noun phrases will be covered in the next class.
The document discusses case systems in three languages:
1. Pitta-Pitta, an Australian language, has a system of affixes that mark grammatical relations. It has nominative, ergative, accusative, dative, purposive, locative, and other cases.
2. Latin has a complex case system with three declensions that mark case, number, gender, and irregularities with suffixes. It has nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative cases.
3. English once had a case system similar to Old German but it disappeared except for the genitive possessive marker 's.
This document provides information about prepositional phrases. It begins by defining what a prepositional phrase is - a preposition followed by a noun or pronoun. Examples of common prepositional phrases are given. Clues for identifying prepositional phrases are outlined, such as the prepositional phrase including a preposition and noun/pronoun, and the phrase still making sense if removed from the sentence. Different types of prepositional phrases are described - adjectival phrases modify nouns/pronouns, while adverbial phrases modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Examples of each type are given. The document concludes by noting that noun phrases will be covered in the next class.
This document provides a detailed definition and overview of adverbs. It begins by defining adverbs as words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, determiners, noun phrases, clauses, or sentences. It explains that adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, or certainty. The document then discusses different types of adverbs and their functions, including adverbs of manner, place, time, frequency, and purpose. It also covers the formation of comparative and superlative adverbs and special cases like too and enough.
The document discusses case systems in three languages: Pitta-Pitta, Latin, and English.
Pitta-Pitta has a complex case system with suffixes that mark relations between nouns and verbs. Latin also has a complex case system with different declensions for nouns. English once had cases but over time lost most of its case system, retaining it only for pronouns and the genitive possessive case.
The document also defines nine case categories - agentive, benefactive, comitative, dative, factitive, objective, ergative, instrumental, and locative - and provides examples of how they function in sentences.
The document discusses different types of adverbs including:
- Adverbs of manner which describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly).
- Adverbs of time which describe when or how often something occurs (e.g. yesterday, sometimes).
- Adverbs of degree which indicate the intensity of an action, adjective, or other adverb (e.g. very, quite).
It provides examples of each type and discusses their typical placement in sentences. The document also covers the formation of adverbs from adjectives and comparative/superlative forms.
The document provides an overview of conjugating regular "ar" verbs in Spanish. It begins with a review of conjugating English verbs, then explains how to conjugate regular Spanish verbs ending in "ar" by removing the infinitive ending and adding prefixes according to the subject. It provides examples of conjugating the verb "hablar" in different subjects and gives the English translation. It concludes with drills to conjugate other "ar" verbs in subjects and provide the English equivalent.
The document discusses teaching children how to write scripts by learning about verbs and verb tenses. It provides examples of action verbs, present and past tense verbs, and exercises for children to identify verbs and verb tenses in sentences. It also discusses idiomatic expressions, phrasal verbs, collocations, and vocabulary to incorporate into scripts.
This document provides guidelines for using various punctuation marks:
- Commas are used to separate items in a series, join independent clauses, set off nonessential clauses/phrases, and in conventional situations like dates and addresses.
- Apostrophes form possessive nouns and show where letters are omitted in contractions.
- Semicolons separate independent clauses not joined by coordinating conjunctions or clauses joined by words like "for example."
- Colons introduce formal statements or quotations.
- Hyphens divide words at line ends or form compound adjectives preceding nouns.
- Dashes indicate abrupt breaks in thought or introduce explanations.
- Quotation marks have periods and commas inside and col
This document provides information about adverbs, including:
1) Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs to describe how, when, or where an action occurs. Common adverb endings include -ly.
2) A list of 124 common adverbs in English is provided.
3) Additional details are given on the different types of adverbs and their typical positions within sentences.
The document discusses rules for using apostrophes. It explains that an apostrophe is a punctuation mark used to indicate possession or omitted letters in contractions. It provides four rules for using apostrophes in possessives: 1) add 's to a singular noun to show possession, 2) add 's even if the noun ends in s, 3) add ' after the s at the end of a plural noun, 4) add 's to a plural noun not ending in s. It also states that contractions always replace omitted letters with an apostrophe. Overall, the document offers guidance on using apostrophes for both possessives and contractions in English.
This document provides an introduction to and definitions of phrasal verbs and idioms. It discusses the different types of phrasal verbs and how their meanings can differ from the verb. It also defines idioms as expressions with meanings different from the individual words. The document then provides exercises to practice common phrasal verbs and idioms using animals, character descriptions, colors, foods and other themes. It includes an answer key at the end to define the phrasal verbs and idioms used in the exercises.
This document provides an overview of key Spanish grammar concepts including:
1. The present tense and how it is used to express present and near future actions.
2. Irregular verb forms in the present tense such as stem changes and irregular yo forms.
3. The verbs ser and estar and how they are used with adjectives to describe inherent vs. temporary qualities.
4. Gustar and similar verbs that follow the gustar model of conjugation.
5. Spanish nouns, articles, adjectives and how they agree in gender and number.
6. The preterite and imperfect tenses and how they are used to express completed vs. ongoing past actions.
The document outlines the key grammar concepts covered in a Spanish 4 course. It includes 34 sections that cover topics such as verb conjugations in the present, preterite, imperfect, and subjunctive tenses, irregular verbs, use of ser vs estar, pronouns, adjectives, articles, por vs para, and future and conditional forms. The table of contents provides an overview of all grammatical structures and verbs forms covered in the class.
The document provides notes on various Arabic grammar topics:
- The difference between "this" (اَذَه) and "that" (ََكِلَذ) in Arabic.
- Solar and lunar letters in the Arabic alphabet.
- Joining and isolated hamzas.
- Examples from the Quran that demonstrate these grammatical features.
- The difference between interrogative pronouns "what" (اَم) and "who" (َْنَم
adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, and post-testkanisha26
This document provides an overview of different parts of speech including adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It defines each part of speech, provides examples, and exercises for identifying parts of speech in sentences and forming comparative and superlative adverbs. Practice questions are included at the end to test the reader's understanding.
This document provides information and examples about different elements of grammar including sentence structures, parts of speech, and punctuation. It discusses simple, compound and complex sentences. It also covers nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, paragraphs, semicolons and colons. The document encourages varying sentence structures and provides re-write examples to make sentences more interesting using these different grammar elements.
This document outlines the English syllabus for 6th grade Olympiads, covering topics such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, articles, prepositions, conjunctions, tenses, punctuation, jumbled words, passive and reported speech, grammar exercises, composition, comprehension, and spoken and written expression. It provides learning objectives for 17 chapters that will help students develop their English language skills in areas like parts of speech, sentence structure, writing in different formats, and analyzing texts.
This document provides explanations and examples of four spelling rules and five pluralization spelling rules that were covered in class. It defines key terms like prefix, suffix, plural, and pluralize. For each rule, it provides the rule statement, examples, and then words to determine if they are spelled correctly based on the rule. It explains that knowing how to spell words in their singular form helps with pluralizing them according to the rules.
The document discusses the preterite or past tense in Spanish. It notes there are two types of past tenses: preterite and imperfect. The preterite is used to refer to completed actions with a clear beginning and end. It then provides examples of regular and irregular verb conjugations in the preterite tense, including stem-changing verbs and verbs ending in -car, -gar, or -zar.
This document provides rules and exceptions for English spelling. It discusses doubling consonants when adding suffixes to words ending in vowels, changing 'y' to 'i' when adding suffixes, dropping silent 'e's and exceptions. It also covers forming plurals, adding prefixes, and exceptions for one or two syllable words and words ending in two vowels. The document encourages writing practice and using spell checkers or dictionaries for questions.
This document defines common grammar linkers such as "and", "as well as", and "but". It provides the definitions of these linkers and examples of how they are used to connect ideas, statements, or clauses.
The document discusses different types of adverbs including:
- Adverbs of manner which describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly).
- Adverbs of time which describe when or how often something occurs (e.g. yesterday, sometimes).
- Adverbs of degree which indicate the intensity of an action, adjective, or other adverb (e.g. very, quite).
It provides examples of each type and discusses their typical placement in sentences. The document also covers the formation of adverbs from adjectives and comparative/superlative forms.
The document provides an overview of conjugating regular "ar" verbs in Spanish. It begins with a review of conjugating English verbs, then explains how to conjugate regular Spanish verbs ending in "ar" by removing the infinitive ending and adding prefixes according to the subject. It provides examples of conjugating the verb "hablar" in different subjects and gives the English translation. It concludes with drills to conjugate other "ar" verbs in subjects and provide the English equivalent.
The document discusses teaching children how to write scripts by learning about verbs and verb tenses. It provides examples of action verbs, present and past tense verbs, and exercises for children to identify verbs and verb tenses in sentences. It also discusses idiomatic expressions, phrasal verbs, collocations, and vocabulary to incorporate into scripts.
This document provides guidelines for using various punctuation marks:
- Commas are used to separate items in a series, join independent clauses, set off nonessential clauses/phrases, and in conventional situations like dates and addresses.
- Apostrophes form possessive nouns and show where letters are omitted in contractions.
- Semicolons separate independent clauses not joined by coordinating conjunctions or clauses joined by words like "for example."
- Colons introduce formal statements or quotations.
- Hyphens divide words at line ends or form compound adjectives preceding nouns.
- Dashes indicate abrupt breaks in thought or introduce explanations.
- Quotation marks have periods and commas inside and col
This document provides information about adverbs, including:
1) Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs to describe how, when, or where an action occurs. Common adverb endings include -ly.
2) A list of 124 common adverbs in English is provided.
3) Additional details are given on the different types of adverbs and their typical positions within sentences.
The document discusses rules for using apostrophes. It explains that an apostrophe is a punctuation mark used to indicate possession or omitted letters in contractions. It provides four rules for using apostrophes in possessives: 1) add 's to a singular noun to show possession, 2) add 's even if the noun ends in s, 3) add ' after the s at the end of a plural noun, 4) add 's to a plural noun not ending in s. It also states that contractions always replace omitted letters with an apostrophe. Overall, the document offers guidance on using apostrophes for both possessives and contractions in English.
This document provides an introduction to and definitions of phrasal verbs and idioms. It discusses the different types of phrasal verbs and how their meanings can differ from the verb. It also defines idioms as expressions with meanings different from the individual words. The document then provides exercises to practice common phrasal verbs and idioms using animals, character descriptions, colors, foods and other themes. It includes an answer key at the end to define the phrasal verbs and idioms used in the exercises.
This document provides an overview of key Spanish grammar concepts including:
1. The present tense and how it is used to express present and near future actions.
2. Irregular verb forms in the present tense such as stem changes and irregular yo forms.
3. The verbs ser and estar and how they are used with adjectives to describe inherent vs. temporary qualities.
4. Gustar and similar verbs that follow the gustar model of conjugation.
5. Spanish nouns, articles, adjectives and how they agree in gender and number.
6. The preterite and imperfect tenses and how they are used to express completed vs. ongoing past actions.
The document outlines the key grammar concepts covered in a Spanish 4 course. It includes 34 sections that cover topics such as verb conjugations in the present, preterite, imperfect, and subjunctive tenses, irregular verbs, use of ser vs estar, pronouns, adjectives, articles, por vs para, and future and conditional forms. The table of contents provides an overview of all grammatical structures and verbs forms covered in the class.
The document provides notes on various Arabic grammar topics:
- The difference between "this" (اَذَه) and "that" (ََكِلَذ) in Arabic.
- Solar and lunar letters in the Arabic alphabet.
- Joining and isolated hamzas.
- Examples from the Quran that demonstrate these grammatical features.
- The difference between interrogative pronouns "what" (اَم) and "who" (َْنَم
adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, and post-testkanisha26
This document provides an overview of different parts of speech including adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It defines each part of speech, provides examples, and exercises for identifying parts of speech in sentences and forming comparative and superlative adverbs. Practice questions are included at the end to test the reader's understanding.
This document provides information and examples about different elements of grammar including sentence structures, parts of speech, and punctuation. It discusses simple, compound and complex sentences. It also covers nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, paragraphs, semicolons and colons. The document encourages varying sentence structures and provides re-write examples to make sentences more interesting using these different grammar elements.
This document outlines the English syllabus for 6th grade Olympiads, covering topics such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, articles, prepositions, conjunctions, tenses, punctuation, jumbled words, passive and reported speech, grammar exercises, composition, comprehension, and spoken and written expression. It provides learning objectives for 17 chapters that will help students develop their English language skills in areas like parts of speech, sentence structure, writing in different formats, and analyzing texts.
This document provides explanations and examples of four spelling rules and five pluralization spelling rules that were covered in class. It defines key terms like prefix, suffix, plural, and pluralize. For each rule, it provides the rule statement, examples, and then words to determine if they are spelled correctly based on the rule. It explains that knowing how to spell words in their singular form helps with pluralizing them according to the rules.
The document discusses the preterite or past tense in Spanish. It notes there are two types of past tenses: preterite and imperfect. The preterite is used to refer to completed actions with a clear beginning and end. It then provides examples of regular and irregular verb conjugations in the preterite tense, including stem-changing verbs and verbs ending in -car, -gar, or -zar.
This document provides rules and exceptions for English spelling. It discusses doubling consonants when adding suffixes to words ending in vowels, changing 'y' to 'i' when adding suffixes, dropping silent 'e's and exceptions. It also covers forming plurals, adding prefixes, and exceptions for one or two syllable words and words ending in two vowels. The document encourages writing practice and using spell checkers or dictionaries for questions.
This document defines common grammar linkers such as "and", "as well as", and "but". It provides the definitions of these linkers and examples of how they are used to connect ideas, statements, or clauses.