This document defines key terms related to agrarian reform and land reform. It discusses the agrarian structure in the Philippines including the latifundia or cacique system. It also summarizes the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) established under RA 6657, including its major features such as coverage, compensation, funding sources, and components related to land redistribution, tenure improvements, beneficiary development, and agrarian justice delivery. Finally, it provides a brief history of agrarian reform efforts in the Philippines from the pre-Spanish period to the administrations of Roxas, Quirino, and Magsaysay.

1. COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN
REFORM PROGRAM
(CARP)

3. AGRARIAN REFORM
&
LAND REFORM

4. Land Reform
• Refers to all sets of activities and measures that may or
should be taken to improve or correct the defects or
problems in the relations among men with respect to their
rights to the land they till
• Technically defined as an integrated set of measures
designed to eliminate obstacles to economic and social
development arising out of defects in the agrarian structure

5. Agrarian Reform
• Defined as the rectification of the whole system of agriculture
• The redistribution of lands, regardless of crops or fruits
produced, to farmers and regular farmworkers who are
landless
• It comprises not only land reform but also the reform and
development of complimentary institutional frameworks,
rural education, and social welfare institutions

6. Agrarian Reform Measures
Agrarian reform would, therefore, also cover the
following:
1. Public health programs
2. Family planning
3. Education and training of farmers
4. Reorganization of land reforms agencies
5. Application of labor laws to agricultural workers
6. Construction of infrastructure facilities such as feeder roads,
irrigation systems, etc., and the establishment of rural electrification
7. Organization of various types of voluntary associations
8. Providing employment opportunities to underemployed or
surplus rural labor; and
9. Other services of a community development nature

7. AGRARIAN STRUCTURE

8. Meaning of Agrarian Structure
• Agrarian structure
-a complex set of relationships within the agricultural sector
tenure structure
production structure
structure of support services
• Reforms in the agrarian structure
-seek to remedy not only the defect in the distribution and use
of land

9. Land Tenure Structure
• One or more systems regulating the rights to a man’s
ownership, control, and usage of land
• A system which defines a person’s legal right and ownership
over land, and the duties accompanying such right.

10. Production Structure
• Includes the nature, type, and mode of
operations to make land productive
• Actual process of production producing the
output
• These activities take into consideration the:
– Size
– Location
– Shape of production unit

11. Structure of Support Services
• Involve credit, marketing, the supply of agricultural requisites,
processing, storage
• Immediate bearing on reforming of tenure and production
structures
• Insure the success of the farmer who has acquired a new
tenure status as lessee
• Prepare the lessee for land ownership
• Assist the owner-cultivator to use the land more productively
and increase income

12. Philippine Agrarian Structure
• One of the main defects of our country agrarian
structure was the high proportion of share tenancy
in our country.
• Latifundia or cacique system that the Filipinos had
for decades made the life of Filipino tenants
miserable

13. Latifundia or Cacique system
1. Inquilinato system
2. Kasama system
3. Takipan system
4. Talindua
5. Terciahan

14. AGRARIAN REFORM
AND
THE ECONOMY

15. Vital Position of Agriculture in National Economy
• Agriculture forms the predominant industry in the
Philippines
– large portion of total working population is employed in
agriculture.
– has high export value and makes up an essential part of a
countries Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
• Agriculture can thus claim priority as the most important
component of the economic structure.

16. • An effective agrarian reform is a precursor to successful
economy
• Agrarian reform has several effects to economy in terms of
1. Agricultural productivity
2. Poverty Reduction
3. Income and Living standards
4. Employment
5. Investment and capital formation
6. Impartiality on rural population
Agrarian Reform & the economy

17. COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN
REFORM PROGRAM
(RA 6657)

18. RA 6657
• Otherwise known as the “Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
(CARL)”
• The act instituted the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program to promote social justice and industrialization,
providing the mechanism for its implementation, and for other
purposes

19. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program
• A response to the people’s clamor and expectations of a more
effective land reform program that would supposedly correct
the many flaws that plagued the previous land reform
programs
• the redistribution of public and private agricultural lands to
farmers and farmworkers who are landless, irrespective of
tenurial arrangement
• CARP’s vision is to have an equitable land ownership with
empowered agrarian reform beneficiaries who can effectively
manage their economic and social development to have a
better quality of life

20. Major features of RA 6657
• It provides for the coverage of all agricultural lands regardless of
crops produced or tenurial status of the tiller
• It recognizes as beneficiaries of the program all workers in the
land given that they are landless and willing to till the land
• It provides fro the delivery of support services to program
beneficiaries
• It provide for arrangements that ensure the tenurial security of
farmers and farmworkers such as the leasehold arrangement,
stock distribution option and production and profit sharing
• It creates an adjudication body that will resolve agrarian
disputes

21. Coverage of CARP
1. Government owned lands devoted to or suitable for
agriculture;
2. Alienable and disposable lands of the public domain devoted
to or suitable for agriculture;
3. Public domain lands in excess of the specific limits as
determined by Congress; and
4. Private lands devoted to or suitable for agriculture
regardless of the agricultural products raised or that can be
raised thereon.

22. Compensation
• Determination of Just Compensation
• Valuation and Mode of Compensation
1. Cash payment under the following terms and conditions
• For lands above 50 hectares – 25% cash
• Fro lands above 24 -50 hectares – 30% cash
2. Shares of stock in government-owned or controlled corporations
3. Tax credits which can be used against any tax liability
4. Land Bank of the Philippines bonds

23. Sources of funds
1. Proceeds of the sales of Assets Privatization Trust
2. All receipts from assets recovered and from sales of ill-gotten
wealth recovered through the Presidential Commission on
Good Government
3. Proceeds of the disposition of the properties of the
government in foreign countries
4. Portion of amounts accruing to the Philippines from all
sources of official foreign aid grants and concessional
enterprises, operated by multinational corporations and
associations, shall be programmed for acquisition and
distribution

24. 1. Land distribution
2. Leasehold Operation
3. Production and profit sharing
4. Stock distribution option
5. Commercial farm deferment
Land Tenure
Improvement
Program
Beneficiary
Development
1. Credit Facilities
2. Technology
3. Infrastructures
4. Cooperatives
1. Agrarian Legal Assistance
2. Adjudication of Cases
Agrarian Justice
Delivery
C
O
M
P
O
N
E
N
T
S

25. Land Redistribution
• Qualified Beneficiaries
a. Agricultural lessees and share tenants
b. Regular farmworkers
c. Seasonal farmworkers
d. Other farmworkers
e. Actual tillers or occupants of public lands
f. Collectives or cooperatives of the above beneficiaries
g. Others directly working on the land
• Distribution Limits
• Award to Beneficiaries
• Payment by Beneficiaries
• Transferability of Awarded Lands
• Financial Intermediary for the CARP

26. Support Services
1. Irrigation facilities
2. Infrastructure development and public works
projects
3. Government subsidies for the use of
irrigation
4. Price support and guarantee for all agricultral
produce
5. Extending necessary credits to farmers and
land-owners
6. Promoting, developing and extending

27. Support Programs
• Land Bank of the Philippines
• DPWH
• National Irrigation Administration

28. HISTORY OF AGRARIAN REFORM
Agrarian reform is a 100-year history of unfinished reforms after the United States took over the country from the Spaniards.

29. • There were no owner-cultivators (everyone can access the fruits
of the soil), only communal land owned by the barangay which
consisted of a datu, freemen, serfs and slaves.
• Rice was the medium of exchange
Pre-Spanish Period

30. • The Spaniards replaced this traditional system of land
ownership, similar to existing systems among several
indigenous communities today and distributed the land
(haciendas) to the Spanish military and the clergy or
established encomiendas (administrative districts).
Spanish Period

31. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
What happened to the estates took over by the HUKBALAHAP
during the Japanese occupation?
• These estates were confiscated and returned to its owners.
Because of this, some of the farmer-tenants preferred to join
the HUK movement rather than go back and serve their
landlords under the same conditions prior to World War II.

32. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
What were the key accomplishments during the Roxas
administration?
• Republic Act No. 34 was enacted to establish a 70-30 sharing
arrangement between tenant and landlord. The 70% of the
harvest will go to the person who shouldered the expenses for
planting, harvesting and for the work animals.
• It also reduced the interest of landowners’ loans to tenants at
not more than 6%.
• President Roxas also negotiated for the purchase of 8,000
hectares of lands in Batangas owned by the Ayala-Zobel family.
These were sold to landless farmers.

33. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)
What was the major program of the Quirino administration
regarding agrarian reform?
• Through Executive Order No. 355, the Land Settlement
Development Corporation (LASEDECO) was established to
accelerate and expand the peasant resettlement A ii ii Bureau
of Agrarian Reform Information and Education program of the
government. However, due to limited post-war resources, the
program was not successful.

34. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
Did President Magsaysay pursue land reform during his term?
• Yes, President Magsaysay realized the importance of pursuing
a more honest-to-goodness land reform program. He
convinced the elite controlled congress to pass several
legislation to improve the land reform situation, to wit:

35. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
• R.A. No. 1400 (1955) : Land Reform Act or
known as “Land to the Landless” Program
which sought improvement in land tenure and
guaranteed the expropriation of all tenanted
landed estates.
• R.A. No. 1266 (1955) Expropriation of
Hacienda del Rosario, situated at Valdefuente,
Cabanatuan City.

36. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
• R.A. No. 1199 (1954): Agricultural Tenancy Act, basically
governed the relationship between landholders and tenant-
farmers. This law helped protect the tenurial rights of tenant
tillers and enforced fair tenancy practices.
• R.A. No. 1160 (1954): Free distribution of Resettlement and
Rehabilitation and Agricultural land and an Act establishing
the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration
(NARRA).

37. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
How did he implement the Agricultural Tenancy Act?
• He established the Court of Agricultural Relations in 1955 to
improve tenancy security, fix the land rentals on tenanted
farms, and to resolve the many land disputes filed by the
landowners and peasant organizations.
• He also created the Agricultural Tenancy Commission to
administer problems arising from tenancy. Through this
Commission 28,000 hectares were issued to settlers.

38. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
What were this administration’s key support programs on AR?
• Creation of the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing
Administration (ACCFA), a government agency formed to
provide warehouse facilities and assist farmers market their
products.
• Organization of Farmers Cooperatives and Marketing
Associations (FACOMAs).

39. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
• Resettlement program pursued through National
Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) or
RA No. 1160 of 1954, established to pursue the government’s
resettlement program and to accelerate free distribution of
agricultural lands to landless tenants and farmers. It
particularly aimed to convince members of the HUKBALAHAP
movement to return to a peaceful life by giving them
homelots and farmlands settlement.
• Establishment of an Agricultural and Industrial Bank to
provide easier terms in applying for homestead and other
farmland.

40. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
Did these interventions improve the land ownership and
tenancy situation?
• Out of the targeted 300 haciendas for distribution, only 41
were distributed after its 7 years of implementation. This was
due to lack of funds and inadequate support services
provided for these programs.
• Landlords continued to be uncooperative and critical to the
program; and landownership and tenancy problems
continued.

41. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
Was there legislation on land reform under this administration?
• There was no legislation passed in his term but he continued
to implement the land reform programs of President
Magsaysay.

42. Diosdasdo Macapagal (1961-1965)
Why was President Diosdado Macapagal considered the
“Father of Agrarian Reform”?
• It was during his term that the Agricultural Land Reform Code
or RA No. 3844 was enacted on August 8, 1963. This was
considered to be the most comprehensive piece of agrarian
reform legislation ever enacted in the country.

43. Diosdasdo Macapagal (1961-1965)
Why was RA No. 3844 considered the most comprehensive
piece of legislation ever enacted in the Philippines?
• This Act abolished share tenancy in the Philippines. It
prescribed a program converting the tenant farmers to lessees
and eventually into owner-cultivators;
• It aimed to free tenants from the bondage of tenancy and
gave hope to poor Filipino farmers
• It emphasized owner-cultivatorship and farmer
independence, equity, productivity improvement and the
public distribution of land.

44. Diosdasdo Macapagal (1961-1965)
What happened to the implementation of this Act?
• The landed Congress did not provide effort to come up with a
separate bill to provide funding for its implementation. A ii ii
Bureau of Agrarian Reform Information and Education.
However, this act was piloted in the provinces of Pangasinan,
Bulacan, Nueva Ecija,Pampanga, Tarlac, Occidental Mindoro,
Camarines Sur and Misamis Oriental.
• It acquired a total of 18,247.06 hectares or 99.29% out of the
total scope of 18,377.05 hectares. The program benefited
7,466 Farmer Beneficiaries.

45. Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
What was the heart of President Marcos’ Agrarian Reform
Program?
• Presidential Decree No. 27 became the heart of the Marcos
reform. It provided for tenanted lands devoted to rice and
corn to pass ownership to the tenants, and lowered the
ceilings for landholdings to 7 hectares. The law stipulated that
share tenants who worked from landholding of over 7
hectares could purchase the land they tilled, while share
tenants on land less than 7 hectares would become
leaseholders.

46. Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
How can this Agrarian Reform Program help the farmers?
• His agrarian reform program was designed to uplift the
farmers from poverty and ignorance and to make them useful,
dignified, responsible and progressive partners in nation-
building. His AR program was a package of service extended
to farmers in the form of credit support, infrastructure, farm
extension, legal assistance, electrification and development of
rural institutions.

47. Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
What were the major components of President Marcos’ Agrarian
Reform Program?
1. Land Tenure Program
2. Institutional Development
3. Physical Development
4. Agricultural Development ; and
5. Human Resources

48. Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
Why was President Marcos’ agrarian reform program labeled as
“revolutionary” by some sectors??
• It was considered revolutionary for two reasons:
1. It was pursued under Martial Law and intended to
make quick changes without going through legislative or
technical processes;
2. It was the only law in the Philippines ever done in
handwriting.

49. Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
What were some of the limitations of his agrarian reform
program?
• Scope of program was limited only to tenanted, privately-
owned rice and corn lands;
• Monopoly of businessmen in the coconut and sugar
industries. Foreign and local firms were allowed to use large
tracks of land for their business;

50. Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
• Declaration of Martial Law leading to the arrest of several
farmer leaders without due process of law due to suspension
of the Writ of Habias Corpus.
• Implementation of the programs were not included in the
provision of PD 27.
• Excluding about 3.5 Million landless and tenant farmers under
plantation crops.

51. Corazon C. Aquino ( 1986-1982)
Why did Pres. Aquino put AR as cornerstone of her
administration?
• She believed that “The stewardship of the land that the
landlords were said to have neglected shall now pass, as the law
is implemented, to the tillers. That stewardship should weigh as
heavily on the many as it did on the few. The same bottom line
applies to them: the wisest use of the land for the greatest
generation of wealth for themselves and for the entire nation”.
(Speech during the signing of the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program Bill, June 10, 1988)

52. Corazon C. Aquino ( 1986-1982)
What AR legislations and issuances passed under her
administration?
• Proclamation 131, instituted the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program (CARP) as a major program of the
government. It provided for a special fund known as the
Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF) in the amount of 50 Billion pesos
to cover the estimated cost of the program for the period
1987-1997.

53. Corazon C. Aquino ( 1986-1982)
• EO 129-A, reorganized the Department of Agrarian Reform
and expanded in power and operations. (The Record and
Legacy of the Aquino Administration in AR: Executive
Summary, Planning Service, DAR) EO 228, declared full
ownership of the land to qualified farmer-beneficiaries
covered by PD 27. It also regulated (fixed) the value of
remaining rice and corn lands for coverage provided for the
manner of payment by the farmer-beneficiaries and the
mode of compensation (form of payment) to the landowners.

54. Corazon C. Aquino ( 1986-1982)
• EO 229, provided the administrative processes for land
registration or LISTASAKA program, acquisition of private land
and compensation procedures for landowners. It specified the
structure and functions of units that will coordinate and
supervise the implementation of the program.
• RA 6657 or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL), an
act instituting a comprehensive agrarian reform program to
promote social justice and Industrialization, providing the
mechanism for its implementation and for other purposes.

55. Corazon C. Aquino ( 1986-1982)
Were there measures to speed up CARP implementation?
• To strengthen CARP and fast track its implementation, President
Aquino issued the following Executive Orders (EO):
• E.O. No. 405 , gave the Land Bank of the Philippines the primary
responsibility for the land valuation function in order for DAR to
concentrate its efforts on the identification of landholdings and
beneficiaries, the distribution of acquired lands, and the other
sub-components of the program.

56. Corazon C. Aquino ( 1986-1982)
• E.O. No. 406, emphasized that CARP is central
to the government’s efforts to hasten
countryside agro-industrial development and
directed the implementing agencies to align
their respective programs and projects with
CARP.
• This created CARP implementing teams from
the national to the municipal levels and gave
priority to 24 strategic operating provinces
where the bulk of CARP workload lies.

57. Corazon C. Aquino ( 1986-1982)
• E.O. No. 407 - directed all government financing institutions
(GFIs) and government owned and controlled corporations
(GOCCs) to immediately transfer to DAR all their landholdings
suitable for agriculture.
• E.O. No. 448 – pursued the policy that government should
lead efforts in placing lands for coverage under CARP. It
directed the immediate turn-over of government
reservations, no longer needed, that are suitable for
agriculture.

58. Corazon C. Aquino ( 1986-1982)
What were the other accomplishments of the Aquino
administration in the implementation of the agrarian reform
program?
• Grants and budgetary support from official development
assistance (ODA) circles
• Recognition of agrarian reforms as a worthwhile social
investment
• Improvement of the status of tenant-tillers

59. Corazon C. Aquino ( 1986-1982)
• Introduction of the present adjudication system
• Program of support services for farmer beneficiaries to become
productive and transform them into entrepreneurs
• Promotion of livelihood and agro-industrial projects
• Support and active involvement in program implementation of
key stakeholders

60. Corazon C. Aquino ( 1986-1982)
What were some of the challenges faced by the administration
in the implementation of CARP?
• Failure to address the loopholes of CARP particularly for land
valuation, retention limits, coverage, exemption/exclusion,
commercial farming, and stock distribution
• Absence of clear guidelines on land use conversion
• Absence of measures to protect the rights of the tribal
communities over their ancestral domain
• Major budgetary shortfall of Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF)
• Many changes of leadership in DAR which led to lack of
continuity in priority programs

61. Corazon C. Aquino ( 1986-1982)
• Inability to distribute the prioritized private agricultural lands
• Land valuation controversies
• Inter-agency coordination problems
• Allegation that EO 229 opened the door for politicians and
landlords to shortcut processes in CARP implementation
• Allegation on misuse of foreign funds intended for CARP
projects
• Allegation on lack of political will, leadership and genuine
commitment to implement the program.

62. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
What did he do for CARP?
• When President Fidel V. Ramos formally took over in
1992, his administration came face to face with
publics who have lost confidence in the agrarian
reform program. His administration committed to the
vision “Fairer, faster and more meaningful
implementation of the Agrarian Reform Program.

63. What were his contributions to CARP?
• Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 – Amended certain provisions
of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and prawns from the
coverage of CARP.
• Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 – Strengthened the
implementation of the CARP.
• Executive Order No. 363, 1997 – Limits the type of lands that
may be converted by setting conditions under which limits
the type of lands that may be converted by setting
conditions under which specific categories of agricultural
land are either absolutely non-negotiable for conversion or
highly restricted for conversion.
Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)

64. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
• Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act AFMA) – Plugged the legal loopholes in
land use conversion.
• Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) –
Provided an additional Php50 billion for CARP and extended
its implementation for another 10 years.

65. JOSEPH ESTRADA
• widened the coverage of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP) to the landless peasants in the country side.
• Distributed 266,000 hectares of land to175,000 farmers in the
start of his career.
• EO 151(executive order 151)-
– also known as Farmer’s Trust Fund, which allows
the voluntary consolidation of small farm
operation into medium and large scale integrated
enterprise that can access long-term capital.

66. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
• landless farmers and farmworkers will receive a family sized
farms and not just compensations from the owner where
they work in
• Year 2002:
– DAR was able to distribute 111,772 hectares to
75,560 agrarian reform beneficiaries (ARBs), over
11 percent of the target of 100,000 hectares set
by President Arroyo during her state-of-the-
nation address.
• January to March 2003, DAR distributed 11,095 hectares,
higher than the 10,307 hectares and 10,033 hectares
distributed during the same period in 2001 and 2002,
respectively.

67. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
• KALAHI Agrarian Reform Zones
– which are contiguous agrarian reform
communities (ARCs) where support services for
ARBs will be given more focus and are envisioned
to become hubs of agro-industrial development.
• Land Tenure Improvement
– DAR will remain vigorous in implementing land
acquisition and distribution component of CARP.
The DAR will improve land tenure system through
land distribution and leasehold.

68. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
• CARP not only involves the distribution of lands but also
included package of support services which includes: credit
assistance, extension services, irrigation facilities, roads and
bridges, marketing facilities and training and technical support
programs.
• DAR will transform the agrarian reform communities (ARCs),
an area focused and integrated delivery of support services,
into rural economic zones that will help in the creation of job
opportunities in the countryside.
• To help clear the backlog of agrarian cases, DAR will hire more
paralegal officers to support undermanned adjudicatory
boards and introduce quota system to compel adjudicators to
work faster on agrarian reform cases.

69. Benigno Simeon S. Aquino III
The DAR said that:
• P10 billion of its total budget for next year will go to land
tenure’s improvement, which include landowners’
compensation;
• P7.3 billion to program beneficiaries’ development made
up of support services in the form of basic rural
infrastructure projects and skills development program;
• P1 billion to agrarian justice delivery.

70. • The 6,000-hectare Hacienda Luisita sugar plantation is owned
by the Cojuangco family, of which President Benigno Aquino is
the leading scion. When his mother, Corazon Aquino, assumed
the presidency in the aftermath of the Marcos dictatorship,
she was immediately confronted with demands from working
people for concessions, including for land for the country’s
impoverished peasantry.
Benigno Simeon S. Aquino III

71. • The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) and Presidential
Agrarian Reform Council (PARC) have asked the Supreme
Court (SC) to order the distribution of 4,915.75 hectares of
sugarland to 6,296 original farmer-beneficiaries.
-Government wants Luisita distributed to tenants
By Edu Punay (The Philippine Star)
Benigno Simeon S. Aquino III

72. Reasons of some failures in the
Program
• The program stopped at the land redistribution and failed to
provide the other companion measures necessary for success
• The farmers are not prepared to take over the responsibilities
given to them because they were not organized and did not
have proper orientation needed for such undertaking
• There was haphazard planning on the part of the government
officials who were initiating the program

73. Thank You!
Presented By:
Caloy, Florabelle T.
Badon, Minda Luz L.
Bambo, Kerr Arvin Z.
Evangelio, Mark