Cardiac enzymes, ligation and stripping, and thrombolytic therapy
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Cardiac enzymes are markers found in the blood that indicate heart muscle damage when tested for a suspected heart attack. Examples include creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, which normally circulate at low levels but rise if the heart is injured. Someone experiencing chest pain may have cardiac enzymes checked 2-3 times over several hours. Varicose veins are enlarged, swollen veins visible under the skin, usually in the legs, caused by damaged valves that allow blood to pool. Ligation and stripping removes varicose veins through cuts in the legs, threading a wire into the vein, tying it off, and pulling the vein out. Thrombolytic therapy dis
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Minor stroke (stroke with restorative neurological deficit). Etiology, pathogenesis. Clinic, treatment.
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Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure blood flow and diagnose conditions like blood clots and heart issues. It is less invasive than tests like arteriography and venography.
The Holter monitor records heart activity through electrodes attached to the chest over hours or days to detect irregular rhythms and diagnose conditions like atrial fibrillation.
Thrombolytic drugs like t-PA and streptokinase are used to treat strokes and heart attacks by dissolving blood clots, but will not be given if the patient has recent bleeding, surgery, pregnancy or other exceptions.
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Heart failure is a clinical syndrome caused by the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body.
The result is that the body doesn't get as much oxygen and nutrients as it needs, leading to problems like fatigue and shortness of breath.
Heart failure is almost always a chronic, long-term condition that is managed with medications and lifestyle changes. (Although it can sometimes develop suddenly.)
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The treatment goals for patients with atherosclerosis are to relieve symptoms and prevent future cardiac events. Medications used include statins to lower cholesterol, fibrates to lower triglycerides, antihypertensives like ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers to lower blood pressure, and aspirin to prevent clots. Surgeries include coronary angioplasty to widen narrowed arteries using balloons and stents, and coronary bypass surgery to redirect blood flow around blocked arteries using a graft. Both surgeries aim to restore blood flow and reduce chest pain and risk of heart attack.
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Atheroma is the accumulation of lipids in the intima of large and medium arteries. Fatty streaks develop where monocytes absorb lipids from blood plasma at sites of arterial stress. The monocytes then become foam cells as they absorb lipid and die, leaving a lipid pool. If atheroma becomes inflamed, the nodule becomes red, painful, and pressure-sensitive, and may discharge sebum, pus or blood.
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Blood Clot In Brain Treatment In Chennai | Neurologist In India
Center for Brain and Spine Chennai provides effective treatment for Blood Clot problems in brain. They also provides treatment for all kinds of brain and spine problems. To know more visit us @ http://www.chennaibrainandspine.com/
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Minor stroke.pptx
Minor stroke (stroke with restorative neurological deficit). Etiology, pathogenesis. Clinic, treatment.
Medical procedures
Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure blood flow and diagnose conditions like blood clots and heart issues. It is less invasive than tests like arteriography and venography.
The Holter monitor records heart activity through electrodes attached to the chest over hours or days to detect irregular rhythms and diagnose conditions like atrial fibrillation.
Thrombolytic drugs like t-PA and streptokinase are used to treat strokes and heart attacks by dissolving blood clots, but will not be given if the patient has recent bleeding, surgery, pregnancy or other exceptions.
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Heart failure is a clinical syndrome caused by the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body.
The result is that the body doesn't get as much oxygen and nutrients as it needs, leading to problems like fatigue and shortness of breath.
Heart failure is almost always a chronic, long-term condition that is managed with medications and lifestyle changes. (Although it can sometimes develop suddenly.)
Treatment for atherosclerosis
The treatment goals for patients with atherosclerosis are to relieve symptoms and prevent future cardiac events. Medications used include statins to lower cholesterol, fibrates to lower triglycerides, antihypertensives like ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers to lower blood pressure, and aspirin to prevent clots. Surgeries include coronary angioplasty to widen narrowed arteries using balloons and stents, and coronary bypass surgery to redirect blood flow around blocked arteries using a graft. Both surgeries aim to restore blood flow and reduce chest pain and risk of heart attack.
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This document discusses cardiomyopathy, a heart muscle disease associated with cardiac dysfunction. It is classified according to structural and functional abnormalities and includes dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy causes ventricular enlargement and decreased contractility. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes ventricular wall thickening and decreased filling. Restrictive cardiomyopathy impairs ventricular filling and causes muscle stiffness. Clinical manifestations include heart failure symptoms. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, ECG, chest x-ray, and biopsy. Treatment includes medications, diet, exercise, devices, and transplantation. Nursing focuses on improving perfusion, managing activity and symptoms, and addressing anxiety.
Blood Clot In Brain Treatment In Chennai | Neurologist In India
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Lec61
1. Coronary blood flow is regulated locally by the heart muscle in response to metabolic demand and oxygen needs. When the heart works harder, blood flow increases to supply more oxygen and nutrients.
2. Atherosclerosis occurs when cholesterol builds up in artery walls, forming plaques that block coronary blood flow. This reduced flow can cause myocardial infarction (heart attack) if the flow is cut off to part of the heart muscle.
3. Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated to maintain adequate oxygen and remove waste. It increases with higher carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion levels but is relatively unaffected by oxygen levels within normal ranges. Blood flow autoregulation keeps flow stable during changes in blood pressure.
Lec61[1]
1. Coronary blood flow is regulated locally by the heart muscle in response to metabolic demand and oxygen needs. When the heart works harder, blood flow increases to supply more oxygen and nutrients.
2. Atherosclerosis occurs when cholesterol builds up in artery walls, forming plaques that block coronary blood flow. This reduced flow can cause myocardial infarction (heart attack) if the flow is cut off to part of the heart muscle.
3. Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated to maintain adequate oxygen and remove waste. It increases with higher carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion levels but is relatively unaffected by oxygen levels within normal ranges. Blood flow autoregulation keeps cerebral flow stable during changes in blood pressure.
Congestive cardiac failure irene new slide
Congestive cardiac failure is a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can result from any cardiac disorder that impairs the ventricle's ability to deliver adequate blood flow. The main types are low-output and high-output cardiac failure. Treatment involves managing symptoms, reducing fluid volume, and correcting underlying causes. Pharmacological therapies aim to relieve symptoms, improve pump function, and include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and other vasodilators. Lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and smoking cessation also play an important role in congestive cardiac failure management.
Arrhythmias
Arrhythmias can cause disruption of the heart's conduction system. Premature complexes are usually asymptomatic but can cause palpitations, which may be helped by beta-blockers. They can also be a sign of hypoxia. Tachyarrhythmias involve multiple irregular foci in the atria leading to an irregular ventricular rate without P waves. Causes include heart disease, excess alcohol, and treatment involves stabilization and anticoagulation to prevent strokes. Atrial fibrillation is associated with heart failure, COPD, and ASD and requires at least 3 different P wave morphologies for diagnosis. Ventricular tachycardia is commonly caused by prior heart attacks and classified as sustained if lasting over 30 seconds and
Surgery
medical management of atherosclerosis, beta blockers , diuretics, nitrates, this ppt is basically helpful for undergraduates and non clinical persons
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease that affects the structure and function of the heart muscle. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy which enlarges the heart ventricles, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which causes thickening of the heart muscle, and restrictive cardiomyopathy which stiffens the heart muscle. Causes include genetics, infections, hypertension, alcohol use, and other factors. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeats, and fluid buildup. Diagnosis involves examinations, tests like echocardiograms, and biopsies. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications, surgery in some cases, and lifestyle changes.
Stroke
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06 circulatory disorders
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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is the hardening and thickening of arteries due to plaque buildup within the arterial wall. It is caused by an inflammatory response to injury and risk factors such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. The pathogenesis involves monocytes migrating into the damaged artery and oxidized LDL cholesterol building up in macrophages to form foam cells, which accumulate to create fatty streaks and fibrous plaques that can restrict blood flow. Diagnosis relies on physical exams, imaging tests, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on modifying risk factors through lifestyle changes and medications to lower cholesterol and blood pressure. Current research is exploring new biomarkers for detection and treatments to improve vascular function and reduce cardiovascular events.
2017 bme-18
The heart is composed mainly of cardiac muscle tissue and contains contractile filaments that overlap to generate force. The contractile properties of cardiac muscle can be described by a three-component model of the contractile element, parallel elastic component, and series elastic component. Different types of contractions such as isotonic, isometric, and afterloaded occur depending on whether the load or muscle length is held constant. Drugs like digitalis increase cardiac contractility by blocking sodium-potassium pumps or increasing calcium release from stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The heart can be tested through various methods including electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, stress tests, and blood pressure monitoring.
Cardiovascular System
Extracorporeal circulation involves pumping blood outside the body through an artificial apparatus during open-heart surgery and returning it to the body. Thrombolytic therapy uses drugs like alteplase and streptokinase to dissolve blood clots that may reduce or cut off blood flow. Cardiac enzymes tests measure levels of enzymes like creatine phophokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, which rise in the bloodstream if the heart muscle is injured by a heart attack.
Cardiology mnemonics
This document provides several mnemonics to aid in remembering cardiology concepts. It lists mnemonics for syncope causes (VASOVAGALS and THIS-MADE-ME-DAMN-VAGAL), arrhythmia causes (ACID-ME), atrial fibrillation causes (I-HAVE-A-FIB), congestive heart failure causes (ISCHEMIA-PA-CATHS and EDEMA-TOES), hypotension causes (BP-DECLINED), pericarditis causes (PR-DIP-ST-UP and IT-CAUSED-PERICARDITIS), and restrictive cardiac disease causes (A-STIFFER-CHF).
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Atherogenesis is driven by an interplay of inflammation and injury to vessel wall cells.
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Risk factor recognition and reduction can reduce the incidence and severity of atherosclerosis-related disease.
Endothelial function can be improved after successful periodontal treatment
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The document discusses cardiovascular disease and the circulatory system. It defines cardiovascular disease as any disorder of the heart or blood vessels, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, and congenital heart defects. It notes that in the US someone has a heart attack every 34 seconds, and that cardiovascular disease costs over $500 billion per year. The circulatory system is described as consisting of a pump (heart) and network of tubes (blood vessels) filled with blood. Atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries, is identified as a major risk factor for cardiovascular problems like heart attacks and strokes. Lifestyle changes and supplements like fish oil, coenzyme Q10, and hawthorn are recommended to support cardiovascular health
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Lec61
1. Coronary blood flow is regulated locally by the heart muscle in response to metabolic demand and oxygen needs. When the heart works harder, blood flow increases to supply more oxygen and nutrients.
2. Atherosclerosis occurs when cholesterol builds up in artery walls, forming plaques that block coronary blood flow. This reduced flow can cause myocardial infarction (heart attack) if the flow is cut off to part of the heart muscle.
3. Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated to maintain adequate oxygen and remove waste. It increases with higher carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion levels but is relatively unaffected by oxygen levels within normal ranges. Blood flow autoregulation keeps flow stable during changes in blood pressure.
Lec61[1]
1. Coronary blood flow is regulated locally by the heart muscle in response to metabolic demand and oxygen needs. When the heart works harder, blood flow increases to supply more oxygen and nutrients.
2. Atherosclerosis occurs when cholesterol builds up in artery walls, forming plaques that block coronary blood flow. This reduced flow can cause myocardial infarction (heart attack) if the flow is cut off to part of the heart muscle.
3. Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated to maintain adequate oxygen and remove waste. It increases with higher carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion levels but is relatively unaffected by oxygen levels within normal ranges. Blood flow autoregulation keeps cerebral flow stable during changes in blood pressure.
Congestive cardiac failure irene new slide
Congestive cardiac failure is a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can result from any cardiac disorder that impairs the ventricle's ability to deliver adequate blood flow. The main types are low-output and high-output cardiac failure. Treatment involves managing symptoms, reducing fluid volume, and correcting underlying causes. Pharmacological therapies aim to relieve symptoms, improve pump function, and include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and other vasodilators. Lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and smoking cessation also play an important role in congestive cardiac failure management.
Arrhythmias
Arrhythmias can cause disruption of the heart's conduction system. Premature complexes are usually asymptomatic but can cause palpitations, which may be helped by beta-blockers. They can also be a sign of hypoxia. Tachyarrhythmias involve multiple irregular foci in the atria leading to an irregular ventricular rate without P waves. Causes include heart disease, excess alcohol, and treatment involves stabilization and anticoagulation to prevent strokes. Atrial fibrillation is associated with heart failure, COPD, and ASD and requires at least 3 different P wave morphologies for diagnosis. Ventricular tachycardia is commonly caused by prior heart attacks and classified as sustained if lasting over 30 seconds and
Surgery
medical management of atherosclerosis, beta blockers , diuretics, nitrates, this ppt is basically helpful for undergraduates and non clinical persons
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease that affects the structure and function of the heart muscle. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy which enlarges the heart ventricles, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which causes thickening of the heart muscle, and restrictive cardiomyopathy which stiffens the heart muscle. Causes include genetics, infections, hypertension, alcohol use, and other factors. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeats, and fluid buildup. Diagnosis involves examinations, tests like echocardiograms, and biopsies. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications, surgery in some cases, and lifestyle changes.
Stroke
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States, with 600,000 people suffering a new or recurrent stroke each year. There are two main types of stroke - ischemic, caused by a blockage cutting off blood flow to the brain, and hemorrhagic, caused by a ruptured blood vessel. Symptoms vary depending on the affected brain region but can include paralysis, confusion, vision issues, and headaches. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, and imaging of the brain, heart, and blood vessels. Treatment may include clot-busting drugs, surgery to remove blood or repair vessels, and ongoing management of risk factors like high blood pressure and diabetes. Prevention focuses on controlling risk factors through healthy
Anemia
Anemia is a blood disorder where hemoglobin levels are low, affecting approximately 3.5 million Americans. Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. Anemia can be caused by excessive blood loss, the destruction of red blood cells, or a decreased production of red blood cells. Common symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and sensitivity to cold. Treatment options include blood transfusions, medications to stimulate red blood cell production, and supplements to replace lost iron or vitamins.
06 circulatory disorders
A heart attack occurs when one or more coronary arteries become blocked, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle. This can damage or kill heart muscle depending on how much is affected. Electrocardiograms and cardiac catheterization can be used to diagnose the location and extent of blockages. Angioplasty and stenting are common minimally invasive treatments that use balloons and mesh tubes to reopen blocked arteries, while bypass surgery is an alternative for blockages not cleared by angioplasty. Lifestyle factors like smoking, inactivity, diet and genetics contribute to the risk of heart disease.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is the hardening and thickening of arteries due to plaque buildup within the arterial wall. It is caused by an inflammatory response to injury and risk factors such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. The pathogenesis involves monocytes migrating into the damaged artery and oxidized LDL cholesterol building up in macrophages to form foam cells, which accumulate to create fatty streaks and fibrous plaques that can restrict blood flow. Diagnosis relies on physical exams, imaging tests, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on modifying risk factors through lifestyle changes and medications to lower cholesterol and blood pressure. Current research is exploring new biomarkers for detection and treatments to improve vascular function and reduce cardiovascular events.
2017 bme-18
The heart is composed mainly of cardiac muscle tissue and contains contractile filaments that overlap to generate force. The contractile properties of cardiac muscle can be described by a three-component model of the contractile element, parallel elastic component, and series elastic component. Different types of contractions such as isotonic, isometric, and afterloaded occur depending on whether the load or muscle length is held constant. Drugs like digitalis increase cardiac contractility by blocking sodium-potassium pumps or increasing calcium release from stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The heart can be tested through various methods including electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, stress tests, and blood pressure monitoring.
Cardiovascular System
Extracorporeal circulation involves pumping blood outside the body through an artificial apparatus during open-heart surgery and returning it to the body. Thrombolytic therapy uses drugs like alteplase and streptokinase to dissolve blood clots that may reduce or cut off blood flow. Cardiac enzymes tests measure levels of enzymes like creatine phophokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, which rise in the bloodstream if the heart muscle is injured by a heart attack.
Cardiology mnemonics
This document provides several mnemonics to aid in remembering cardiology concepts. It lists mnemonics for syncope causes (VASOVAGALS and THIS-MADE-ME-DAMN-VAGAL), arrhythmia causes (ACID-ME), atrial fibrillation causes (I-HAVE-A-FIB), congestive heart failure causes (ISCHEMIA-PA-CATHS and EDEMA-TOES), hypotension causes (BP-DECLINED), pericarditis causes (PR-DIP-ST-UP and IT-CAUSED-PERICARDITIS), and restrictive cardiac disease causes (A-STIFFER-CHF).
Myocardial infarction short notes
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked causing death of heart muscle tissue. It is usually caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque in the coronary arteries. Symptoms include chest pain that may radiate to other areas and last more than 15 minutes as well as sweating, nausea, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, blood tests for cardiac markers, and sometimes echocardiograms. Treatment focuses on oxygen, pain relief, opening blocked arteries, and preventing complications like arrhythmias or heart failure. Lifestyle changes can help prevent heart attacks by exercising, eating healthy, not smoking, and controlling risk factors.
Common diseases of the circulatory system (Lesson 4)
This document discusses common diseases of the circulatory system, including congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, high blood pressure, leukemia, and anemia.
Congenital heart disease is an inherited disorder causing abnormal blood flow. Its symptoms include rapid heartbeat, rapid breathing, and cyanosis. Rheumatic heart disease can result from rheumatic fever and causes chest pain and swelling. High blood pressure, also called hypertension, occurs when blood pressure in the arteries is too high, causing dizziness and headaches. Leukemia develops from excessive abnormal white blood cells and causes fatigue, bruising, and night sweats. Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells causing extreme fatigue, paleness, and
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is an intima-based lesion organized into a fibrous cap and an atheromatous (gruel-like) core and composed of SMCs, ECM, inflammatory cells, lipids, and necrotic debris.
Atherogenesis is driven by an interplay of inflammation and injury to vessel wall cells.
Atherosclerotic plaques accrue slowly over decades but may acutely cause symptoms due to rupture, thrombosis, hemorrhage, or embolization.
Risk factor recognition and reduction can reduce the incidence and severity of atherosclerosis-related disease.
Endothelial function can be improved after successful periodontal treatment
Stroke emergency treatment for 26th march 00
The document discusses emergency treatment of stroke. It covers normal brain physiology, types of strokes including ischemic and hemorrhagic, evaluating patients in the emergency department, imaging tests, thrombolysis and endovascular treatment within 3 hours, managing complications, and treating subarachnoid hemorrhage and primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Surgical intervention may be considered for certain stroke types or if a patient is deteriorating.
Blood drugs
The Hemostatic System
Accidental injury pathological injury
Platelet function
Aspirin
Ticlopidine (TICLID)
Clopidogrel (PLAVIX)
Anticoagulants
Heparin
Warfarin
Fibrinolytics
Power point exercise 1 anamarie lansangan
Blood pressure is defined as the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It is recorded as two numbers - the systolic pressure when the heart beats and the diastolic pressure between beats. The document defines normal, prehypertension, and hypertension blood pressure categories according to these numbers. Hypertension often has no symptoms so blood pressure must be regularly tested using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Prevention tips include eating a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and exercising regularly.
Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis is the most common disease of the arteries; the term means “hardening of the arteries”.
It is the diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles become thickened.
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Common diseases of the circulatory system (Lesson 4)
Common diseases of the circulatory system (Lesson 4)
Similar to Cardiac enzymes, ligation and stripping, and thrombolytic therapy
Ischaemic Stroke.pptx
Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks or narrows an artery leading to the brain, cutting off blood flow and oxygen, and can be caused by conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, or smoking; symptoms include numbness, confusion, vision problems, or severe headache; treatment focuses on dissolving clots with drugs like alteplase, reducing risk factors through lifestyle changes and medications, and managing complications.
The Circulatory System Explained
The document discusses cardiovascular disease and the circulatory system. It defines cardiovascular disease as any disorder of the heart or blood vessels, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, and congenital heart defects. It notes that in the US someone has a heart attack every 34 seconds, and that cardiovascular disease costs over $500 billion per year. The circulatory system is described as consisting of a pump (heart) and network of tubes (blood vessels) filled with blood. Atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries, is identified as a major risk factor for cardiovascular problems like heart attacks and strokes. Lifestyle changes and supplements like fish oil, coenzyme Q10, and hawthorn are recommended to support cardiovascular health
Thromboembolism and Elderly
1. Thromboembolism refers to the formation of blood clots (thrombosis) that can break off and block blood vessels (embolism). It is caused by changes to blood flow, blood composition, and vessel walls.
2. The risk of thromboembolism increases with age as cardiovascular changes occur, including increased clotting and stiffer arteries. Common types are venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis.
3. Treatment involves blood thinners, thrombin inhibitors, antiplatelet drugs, and thrombolytics to dissolve clots, with precautions needed due to bleeding risks, especially in the elderly.
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- A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen and nutrients. There are two main types of stroke - ischemic, caused by blockages, and hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding.
- Risk factors include age, family history, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise. Diagnosis involves scans such as MRI, CT, or angiogram. Treatment depends on the type of stroke but may include clot-busting drugs, surgery to remove blood clots, or medication to reduce pressure and prevent seizures. Lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of stroke.
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A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen and nutrients. The main types of stroke are ischemic, caused by a blockage, and hemorrhagic, caused by a bleed in the brain. Signs of stroke include sudden numbness, confusion, trouble seeing or walking. Treatment for ischemic stroke focuses on clot-busting drugs, while hemorrhagic stroke requires controlling bleeding and pressure in the brain through drugs or surgery. Transient ischemic attacks are mini-strokes with temporary blockages treated through lifestyle changes and preventative medicines.
Carotid artery disease
I am a Neurosurgeon with advanced training in Interventional vascular Neurosurgery(FINR) from Zurich, Switzerland, and FMINS-Fellowship in minimally invasive and Endoscopic Neurosurgery from Germany.
I am presently working in Columbia asia hospitals, Bangalore.
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Cardiac enzymes, ligation and stripping, and thrombolytic therapy
- 1. Cardiac Enzymes, Ligation and Stripping, and Thrombolytic Therapy Gina Breuer
- 2. Question #1 –What is the blood test that indicates heart muscle damage? • Answer: Cardiac Enzymes Cardiac enzymes are markers found in the blood. They are tested when a heart attack is suspected.
- 3. What are examples of cardiac enzymes? • Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) • Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) • Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT)
- 4. Does everyone have these enzymes? • It is normal to have low levels of these enzymes in the blood but if the heart is injured, the enzymes leak out of damaged heart muscle. Consequently, the levels in the blood stream are higher.
- 5. How often should cardiac enzymes be checked? • Someone experiencing chest pain might have cardiac enzymes checked 2 or 3 times, usually several hours apart.
- 6. Question # 8 What removes varicose veins? • Answer: ligation and stripping
- 7. What are varicose veins? • They are swollen, twisted, and enlarged veins that are visible under the skin. • They are usually red or blue in color. • They mostly appear in the legs.
- 8. Why do varicose veins appear? • Valves in the veins usually keep blood flowing up to the heart but the valves in varicose veins are damaged or missing. Consequently, the veins become filled with blood.
- 9. How is ligation and stripping performed? • The surgeon makes three cuts in the legs. • A thin plastic wire is threaded into the vein through a cut in the groin and guided to a cut further down the leg. • The wire is tied into the vein and pulled through the lower cut, the vein is pulled out with the wire. • The cuts are then stitched up. • The patient is sent home with bandages and compression socks.
- 10. Question # 9-What are clot dissolving drugs? Answer: Thrombolytic Therapy
- 11. What is thrombolytic therapy? • Thrombolytic therapy is the use of approved thrombolytic medications for the immediate treatment of heart attack and stroke. • Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) is the most commonly used drug for thrombolytic therapy.
- 12. How do thrombolytic medications work? • Heart attacks are caused when a blood clot blocks arteries to the heart. Thrombolytic medications can quickly dissolve a blood clot. • Blood flow to the heart can then be restored and damage to the heart prevented or minimized. • Sometimes additional interventions such as catheterization or angioplasty may be needed.
- 13. How is thrombolytic medication administered? • The clot dissolving medication can be injected into a blood vessel.
- 14. When should thrombolytic medications be given? • They should be given within 12 hours after the heart attack starts and ideally within the first 90 minutes after arriving to the hospital.
- 15. References • Healthline. (2012) Varicose Vein Stripping. Retrieved from http://www.healthline.com/health • National Library of Medicine. (2013) Varicose Vein Stripping. Retrieved from http://www.hlm.nih.gov/medlineplus • National Library of Medicine. (2012) Thrombolytic Therapy. Retrieved from http://www.hlm.nih.gov/medlineplus • WebMD (2011) Cardiac Enzyme Studies. Retrieved from http://www. Webmd.com