This document summarizes a study of 40 patients with carcinoma of the penis treated between 2012-2014. The average age was 51.3 years and most cases occurred in uncircumcised Hindu men. The most common presentation was a penile growth (65%) or ulcer (30%). The majority (67.5%) had stage III disease. Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histology (55%). Early stage patients were typically treated with surgery (66%) or radiation, while late stages received combination surgery and radiation (45%). The mortality rate was 22.5% and 12.5% were lost to follow up.
Conservative management of ovarian cancer 14 5-2015Basalama Ali
This document discusses ovarian cancer, including that it is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the fifth leading cause of cancer death for women. It primarily affects females of all ages, with 75% presenting with advanced disease. The majority (95%) are epithelial ovarian cancers. While conservative surgery aims to preserve fertility for early stage cancers, standard treatment is total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with chemotherapy for most cases. Fertility-sparing surgery may be an option for early stage, low grade epithelial cancers or non-epithelial cancers in select young patients wishing to preserve fertility.
A prospective study of breast lump andclinicopathologicalanalysis in relation...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
O.O.Bogomolets National Medical University's AchivementMevar Nirav
An Indian Student of final year of MBBS in O.O.Bogomolets National Medical University has researched clinical case presentation of craniofacial meningioma with associated acromegaly, diabetes mellitus type-2 labyrinthine tumour. This research is a very big achievement in Ukraine.
The document summarizes a case study of a 51-year-old female diagnosed with left thyroid papillary carcinoma, status post fine needle aspiration biopsy stage 1 T2N0M0. She underwent a total thyroidectomy. The summary includes details of her medical history, physical assessment findings, diagnosis, scope of the case study, and significance of studying this case. Specifically, it provides insight into the patient's condition, allows students to apply knowledge of nursing care, and informs the patient and family about her diagnosis and treatment.
This document discusses cancer of the anal canal. It compares mitomycin vs cisplatin for treating anal canal cancer and finds that mitomycin, 5-FU and radiation led to significantly lower rates of colostomy at 5 years compared to cisplatin. It recommends the combination of 5-FU, mitomycin and radiation as the standard of care. The combination was associated with 5-year survival rates of 80% for small cancers down to 45-55% for larger or more invasive cancers, with overall survival of 65-75%.
PAPILLARY CARCINOMA IN THYROGLOSSAL CYST-By Dr.Juveria Majeed MS ENT.Dr.Juveria Majeed
Carcinoma of thyroglossal duct cyst is a very rare entity. Here we present a case report of papillary carcinoma in thyroglossal cyst in a 21 year old female patient and discussion regarding dilemmas in the management, whether total thyroidectomy should be done or not.
Nearly 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer occur worldwide each year, with the majority in developing countries. Infection with HPV is responsible for virtually all cervical cancer cases. Screening includes Pap smears and HPV testing, while vaccination may prevent up to 70% of cases but is not widely available due to cost. Diagnosis is through biopsy and histopathological examination, while staging uses the FIGO system based on tumor size and spread. Treatment depends on stage but commonly includes surgery such as hysterectomy with or without radiation or chemotherapy.
Evaluation of Breast Cancer in Reference to Skin ChangesQUESTJOURNAL
Introduction:- Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring female cancer in the world which is more than double that of the second ranked cancer i.e. cervical cancer. Breast cancer accounts for 23% of all cancer deaths. It is the most frequent cancer death in developing countries of the world. Mammary skin changed in breast carcinoma is categorized as advance stage in breast cancer classification. In the present study we evaluated the correlation of macroscopic, microscopic and no skin changes with axillary lymph node using histologic factor dermal lymphatic involvement. Materials and methods: prospective study was conducted on 42 breast cancer admitted patients of different age groups. Based on degree of skin involvement patients were placed into four groups, i.e. clinical stageT1 toT4. All groups were compared on the basis of percentage of patients involvement according to T1, T2, T3 and T4 stage, tumor size, histopathological dermis and epidermis involvement, dermal lymphatic invasion, tumor size and tumor subtype. Results: Majority of the patients with skin (dermis and epidermis) infiltration by the tumor (94.4%) were of T4 stage (along with dermal lymphatic invasion). Majority of the patients with only dermal lymphatic involvement (87.5%) without dermis and epidermis infiltration were of T2 stage. Conclusion: In our study, most of the patients of stage T2 and T3 with dermal lymphatic invasion had involved node when studied by routine histologic technique even though they were not clinically palpable. The identification of characteristics of the primary tumor like dermal lymphatic invasion that are associated with nodal metastases should encourage the surgeon to perform a more extensive axillary lymph node dissection and the pathologist to use methods of examining the nodes that increase the likelihood of finding metastatic disease. From this we can conclude that patients in early stage breast cancer may also have metastatic axillary lymph nodes. Dermal lymphatic invasion may be regarded as the precursor of nodal involvement, and all patients with nodal involvement can be assumed to have lymphatic invasion in the primary tumors. However the converse may not be true, not all patients with lymphatic invasion have nodal involvement.
Conservative management of ovarian cancer 14 5-2015Basalama Ali
This document discusses ovarian cancer, including that it is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the fifth leading cause of cancer death for women. It primarily affects females of all ages, with 75% presenting with advanced disease. The majority (95%) are epithelial ovarian cancers. While conservative surgery aims to preserve fertility for early stage cancers, standard treatment is total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with chemotherapy for most cases. Fertility-sparing surgery may be an option for early stage, low grade epithelial cancers or non-epithelial cancers in select young patients wishing to preserve fertility.
A prospective study of breast lump andclinicopathologicalanalysis in relation...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
O.O.Bogomolets National Medical University's AchivementMevar Nirav
An Indian Student of final year of MBBS in O.O.Bogomolets National Medical University has researched clinical case presentation of craniofacial meningioma with associated acromegaly, diabetes mellitus type-2 labyrinthine tumour. This research is a very big achievement in Ukraine.
The document summarizes a case study of a 51-year-old female diagnosed with left thyroid papillary carcinoma, status post fine needle aspiration biopsy stage 1 T2N0M0. She underwent a total thyroidectomy. The summary includes details of her medical history, physical assessment findings, diagnosis, scope of the case study, and significance of studying this case. Specifically, it provides insight into the patient's condition, allows students to apply knowledge of nursing care, and informs the patient and family about her diagnosis and treatment.
This document discusses cancer of the anal canal. It compares mitomycin vs cisplatin for treating anal canal cancer and finds that mitomycin, 5-FU and radiation led to significantly lower rates of colostomy at 5 years compared to cisplatin. It recommends the combination of 5-FU, mitomycin and radiation as the standard of care. The combination was associated with 5-year survival rates of 80% for small cancers down to 45-55% for larger or more invasive cancers, with overall survival of 65-75%.
PAPILLARY CARCINOMA IN THYROGLOSSAL CYST-By Dr.Juveria Majeed MS ENT.Dr.Juveria Majeed
Carcinoma of thyroglossal duct cyst is a very rare entity. Here we present a case report of papillary carcinoma in thyroglossal cyst in a 21 year old female patient and discussion regarding dilemmas in the management, whether total thyroidectomy should be done or not.
Nearly 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer occur worldwide each year, with the majority in developing countries. Infection with HPV is responsible for virtually all cervical cancer cases. Screening includes Pap smears and HPV testing, while vaccination may prevent up to 70% of cases but is not widely available due to cost. Diagnosis is through biopsy and histopathological examination, while staging uses the FIGO system based on tumor size and spread. Treatment depends on stage but commonly includes surgery such as hysterectomy with or without radiation or chemotherapy.
Evaluation of Breast Cancer in Reference to Skin ChangesQUESTJOURNAL
Introduction:- Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring female cancer in the world which is more than double that of the second ranked cancer i.e. cervical cancer. Breast cancer accounts for 23% of all cancer deaths. It is the most frequent cancer death in developing countries of the world. Mammary skin changed in breast carcinoma is categorized as advance stage in breast cancer classification. In the present study we evaluated the correlation of macroscopic, microscopic and no skin changes with axillary lymph node using histologic factor dermal lymphatic involvement. Materials and methods: prospective study was conducted on 42 breast cancer admitted patients of different age groups. Based on degree of skin involvement patients were placed into four groups, i.e. clinical stageT1 toT4. All groups were compared on the basis of percentage of patients involvement according to T1, T2, T3 and T4 stage, tumor size, histopathological dermis and epidermis involvement, dermal lymphatic invasion, tumor size and tumor subtype. Results: Majority of the patients with skin (dermis and epidermis) infiltration by the tumor (94.4%) were of T4 stage (along with dermal lymphatic invasion). Majority of the patients with only dermal lymphatic involvement (87.5%) without dermis and epidermis infiltration were of T2 stage. Conclusion: In our study, most of the patients of stage T2 and T3 with dermal lymphatic invasion had involved node when studied by routine histologic technique even though they were not clinically palpable. The identification of characteristics of the primary tumor like dermal lymphatic invasion that are associated with nodal metastases should encourage the surgeon to perform a more extensive axillary lymph node dissection and the pathologist to use methods of examining the nodes that increase the likelihood of finding metastatic disease. From this we can conclude that patients in early stage breast cancer may also have metastatic axillary lymph nodes. Dermal lymphatic invasion may be regarded as the precursor of nodal involvement, and all patients with nodal involvement can be assumed to have lymphatic invasion in the primary tumors. However the converse may not be true, not all patients with lymphatic invasion have nodal involvement.
Pattern of Head and Neck Cancer in a Tertiary Institution in Lagos Nigeriaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Based on the clinical findings and investigations, the differential diagnoses in this case include:
1. Advanced ovarian malignancy
2. Tubo-ovarian abscess
3. Advanced uterine malignancy
4. Advanced gastrointestinal malignancy
The investigations that should be advised include:
1. Tumor markers (CA 125, CEA, CA 19-9)
2. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound/ CT scan to look for primary site and metastases
3. Chest X ray
4. Colonoscopy
Considering the age of the patient, elevated tumor markers, splenomegaly on USG and restricted mobility of mass on examination, advanced ovarian malignancy seems to be the likely diagnosis
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with high rates in Eastern Asia and South America. While rates have declined significantly in the last century, most patients still present with advanced disease. Surgical resection with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival rates of 20-50% depending on stage. Adjuvant chemoradiation has been shown to improve survival after surgery in early stage disease. Ongoing studies continue to refine the use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies to further improve outcomes.
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with high rates in Eastern Asia and South America. While rates have declined significantly in the last century, most patients still present with advanced disease. Surgical resection with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival rates of 20-50% depending on stage. Adjuvant chemoradiation has been shown to improve survival after surgery in some trials. Ongoing research focuses on expanding neoadjuvant approaches and personalized treatment.
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with high rates in Eastern Asia and South America. While rates have declined significantly in the last century, most patients still present with advanced disease. Surgical resection with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival rates of 20-50% depending on stage. Adjuvant chemoradiation has been shown to improve survival after surgery in some trials. Ongoing research focuses on expanding neoadjuvant approaches and personalized treatment.
gastriccancer types classified and manageShehinSalim3
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with high rates in Eastern Asia and South America. While rates have declined significantly in the last century, most patients still present with advanced disease. Surgical resection with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival rates of 20-50% depending on stage. Adjuvant chemoradiation has been shown to improve survival after surgery in some trials. Ongoing research focuses on expanding neoadjuvant approaches and personalized treatment.
This document discusses thyroid cancer guidelines from ESMO. It covers:
1) Incidence and epidemiology of the main types of thyroid cancer, including higher rates in women and certain races.
2) Diagnosis using ultrasound and fine needle aspiration biopsy to evaluate nodules, with molecular testing also showing promise.
3) Treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer typically involving total thyroidectomy followed by staging and risk assessment to guide further treatment and follow-up.
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer. It has a lifetime risk of 2.4% in white women. Risk factors include obesity, late menopause, diabetes, and unopposed estrogen exposure. Diagnosis is usually made with endometrial biopsy. Treatment involves hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymph node dissection. Adjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy may be used in high risk cases. With early stage diagnosis, endometrial cancer has a good prognosis.
This study analyzed 103 cases of aggressive histologic variants of endometrial carcinoma, including uterine papillary serous carcinoma, uterine clear cell carcinoma, and mixed tumors, treated at a single cancer center between 1984 and 1994. The median age was 67 years. Various treatment approaches were used including surgery alone, surgery with radiation therapy, and surgery with chemotherapy. The study found that lymphvascular space invasion and stage were independent prognostic factors. Radiation therapy significantly reduced pelvic recurrence for Stages I-III. Chemotherapy improved overall survival but not distant relapse rates. Stage Ia cases treated with surgery alone had a low risk of relapse.
The document discusses human papillomavirus (HPV) and related diseases like cervical cancer. It notes that HPV types 16 and 18 cause over 70% of cervical cancers worldwide. Cervical cancer rates have declined in countries with organized cervical screening programs. HPV is transmitted sexually and often clears without symptoms, but can sometimes cause cervical lesions and genital warts.
This study analyzed 54 breast carcinoma cases to correlate histopathological findings with estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and prognostic importance. Ductal carcinoma was the most common type observed in 92.6% of cases. Lymph node metastasis was found in 66% of cases. Most cases (54%) were histological grade II. A positive correlation was found between histological grade and ER, PR, HER2 status. Higher grades were more likely to be ER and PR negative. The study concluded that immunohistochemical markers can help predict prognosis and guide treatment for breast cancer patients.
This document reports a case of a 34-year-old man who presented with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder that had metastasized to his skin and eyes. He reported a history of painful hematuria, skin swelling, and eye protrusion. Examination found nodules all over his body and blindness in one eye. Biopsies confirmed squamous cell carcinoma in the bladder, skin, and eye. Treatment options were limited given the advanced stage of disease, and the patient was managed palliatively before eventually passing away 13 weeks after admission. Squamous cell carcinoma is more common in bladder cancer patients from areas where schistosomiasis is endemic, like Africa. Distant metastases to the skin and eyes
Paget's disease of the breast is an extremely challenging problem. It not only poses a diagnostic dilemma but a therapeutic as well. The paper describes the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
Intl J Gynecology Obste - 2021 - Olawaiye - Cancer of the vulva 2021 updat...AndyMagaa2
Vulvar cancer is an uncommon gynecological malignancy primarily affecting postmenopausal women. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva is the most common subtype. While vulvar cancer may be asymptomatic, most women present with vulvar pruritus or pain, or have noticed a lump or ulcer. Treatment depends on histology and surgical staging, and is predominantly surgical for squamous cell carcinoma, although chemoradiation is also effective. Management should be carried out by a multidisciplinary team experienced in treating these tumors.
Incidence and Management of Ovarian Cancer Cases in a Tertiary Hospital- A 10...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
- The study evaluated 39 patients in Saudi Arabia who underwent conservative surgery for ovarian cancer between 2000-2010 to preserve ovarian function and fertility.
- Most patients (80%) had stage I cancer, with germ cell tumors being the most common (52% of cases).
- After treatment, 98% of patients returned to regular menstruation, and 20% went on to have a normal pregnancy and delivery.
- The study found conservative surgery for ovarian cancer to be safe and allow for ovarian preservation and fertility in most selected cases.
This randomized controlled trial compared induction chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy to concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. At a median follow-up of 42.7 months, recurrence-free survival was significantly improved in the induction chemotherapy group compared to the standard therapy group. Overall survival was also significantly improved. More grade 3-4 adverse events occurred with induction chemotherapy but late toxic effects were similar between groups. Induction chemotherapy provided significant benefits in recurrence-free and overall survival.
The document provides an overview of a course on disaster volunteering. It covers 5 lessons: 1) an introduction, 2) when disasters strike, 3) the disaster response community, 4) disaster response organizations, and 5) a call to action. The lessons describe common disasters and their impacts, how the community responds collaboratively, key response organizations like the Red Cross, and steps to become a volunteer. The goal is to educate about disaster relief efforts and engage more volunteers.
This document discusses several conditions related to the male genitalia, including phimosis, paraphimosis, Peyronie's disease, and carcinoma penis.
Phimosis is the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis. It can be physiologic in infants or pathologic due to scarring. Paraphimosis occurs when the trapped foreskin becomes edematous behind the glans. Peyronie's disease involves fibrosis and curvature of the penis during erection. Carcinoma penis is an uncommon cancer affecting the penis, which is associated with HPV infection and phimosis. Staging, treatment, and management of lymph node metastases are discussed for each condition.
More Related Content
Similar to CARCINOMA_PENIS_CLINICAL_STUDY_OF_VARIOUS_MODALITY.pdf
Pattern of Head and Neck Cancer in a Tertiary Institution in Lagos Nigeriaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Based on the clinical findings and investigations, the differential diagnoses in this case include:
1. Advanced ovarian malignancy
2. Tubo-ovarian abscess
3. Advanced uterine malignancy
4. Advanced gastrointestinal malignancy
The investigations that should be advised include:
1. Tumor markers (CA 125, CEA, CA 19-9)
2. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound/ CT scan to look for primary site and metastases
3. Chest X ray
4. Colonoscopy
Considering the age of the patient, elevated tumor markers, splenomegaly on USG and restricted mobility of mass on examination, advanced ovarian malignancy seems to be the likely diagnosis
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with high rates in Eastern Asia and South America. While rates have declined significantly in the last century, most patients still present with advanced disease. Surgical resection with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival rates of 20-50% depending on stage. Adjuvant chemoradiation has been shown to improve survival after surgery in early stage disease. Ongoing studies continue to refine the use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies to further improve outcomes.
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with high rates in Eastern Asia and South America. While rates have declined significantly in the last century, most patients still present with advanced disease. Surgical resection with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival rates of 20-50% depending on stage. Adjuvant chemoradiation has been shown to improve survival after surgery in some trials. Ongoing research focuses on expanding neoadjuvant approaches and personalized treatment.
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with high rates in Eastern Asia and South America. While rates have declined significantly in the last century, most patients still present with advanced disease. Surgical resection with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival rates of 20-50% depending on stage. Adjuvant chemoradiation has been shown to improve survival after surgery in some trials. Ongoing research focuses on expanding neoadjuvant approaches and personalized treatment.
gastriccancer types classified and manageShehinSalim3
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with high rates in Eastern Asia and South America. While rates have declined significantly in the last century, most patients still present with advanced disease. Surgical resection with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival rates of 20-50% depending on stage. Adjuvant chemoradiation has been shown to improve survival after surgery in some trials. Ongoing research focuses on expanding neoadjuvant approaches and personalized treatment.
This document discusses thyroid cancer guidelines from ESMO. It covers:
1) Incidence and epidemiology of the main types of thyroid cancer, including higher rates in women and certain races.
2) Diagnosis using ultrasound and fine needle aspiration biopsy to evaluate nodules, with molecular testing also showing promise.
3) Treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer typically involving total thyroidectomy followed by staging and risk assessment to guide further treatment and follow-up.
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer. It has a lifetime risk of 2.4% in white women. Risk factors include obesity, late menopause, diabetes, and unopposed estrogen exposure. Diagnosis is usually made with endometrial biopsy. Treatment involves hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymph node dissection. Adjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy may be used in high risk cases. With early stage diagnosis, endometrial cancer has a good prognosis.
This study analyzed 103 cases of aggressive histologic variants of endometrial carcinoma, including uterine papillary serous carcinoma, uterine clear cell carcinoma, and mixed tumors, treated at a single cancer center between 1984 and 1994. The median age was 67 years. Various treatment approaches were used including surgery alone, surgery with radiation therapy, and surgery with chemotherapy. The study found that lymphvascular space invasion and stage were independent prognostic factors. Radiation therapy significantly reduced pelvic recurrence for Stages I-III. Chemotherapy improved overall survival but not distant relapse rates. Stage Ia cases treated with surgery alone had a low risk of relapse.
The document discusses human papillomavirus (HPV) and related diseases like cervical cancer. It notes that HPV types 16 and 18 cause over 70% of cervical cancers worldwide. Cervical cancer rates have declined in countries with organized cervical screening programs. HPV is transmitted sexually and often clears without symptoms, but can sometimes cause cervical lesions and genital warts.
This study analyzed 54 breast carcinoma cases to correlate histopathological findings with estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and prognostic importance. Ductal carcinoma was the most common type observed in 92.6% of cases. Lymph node metastasis was found in 66% of cases. Most cases (54%) were histological grade II. A positive correlation was found between histological grade and ER, PR, HER2 status. Higher grades were more likely to be ER and PR negative. The study concluded that immunohistochemical markers can help predict prognosis and guide treatment for breast cancer patients.
This document reports a case of a 34-year-old man who presented with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder that had metastasized to his skin and eyes. He reported a history of painful hematuria, skin swelling, and eye protrusion. Examination found nodules all over his body and blindness in one eye. Biopsies confirmed squamous cell carcinoma in the bladder, skin, and eye. Treatment options were limited given the advanced stage of disease, and the patient was managed palliatively before eventually passing away 13 weeks after admission. Squamous cell carcinoma is more common in bladder cancer patients from areas where schistosomiasis is endemic, like Africa. Distant metastases to the skin and eyes
Paget's disease of the breast is an extremely challenging problem. It not only poses a diagnostic dilemma but a therapeutic as well. The paper describes the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
Intl J Gynecology Obste - 2021 - Olawaiye - Cancer of the vulva 2021 updat...AndyMagaa2
Vulvar cancer is an uncommon gynecological malignancy primarily affecting postmenopausal women. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva is the most common subtype. While vulvar cancer may be asymptomatic, most women present with vulvar pruritus or pain, or have noticed a lump or ulcer. Treatment depends on histology and surgical staging, and is predominantly surgical for squamous cell carcinoma, although chemoradiation is also effective. Management should be carried out by a multidisciplinary team experienced in treating these tumors.
Incidence and Management of Ovarian Cancer Cases in a Tertiary Hospital- A 10...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
- The study evaluated 39 patients in Saudi Arabia who underwent conservative surgery for ovarian cancer between 2000-2010 to preserve ovarian function and fertility.
- Most patients (80%) had stage I cancer, with germ cell tumors being the most common (52% of cases).
- After treatment, 98% of patients returned to regular menstruation, and 20% went on to have a normal pregnancy and delivery.
- The study found conservative surgery for ovarian cancer to be safe and allow for ovarian preservation and fertility in most selected cases.
This randomized controlled trial compared induction chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy to concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. At a median follow-up of 42.7 months, recurrence-free survival was significantly improved in the induction chemotherapy group compared to the standard therapy group. Overall survival was also significantly improved. More grade 3-4 adverse events occurred with induction chemotherapy but late toxic effects were similar between groups. Induction chemotherapy provided significant benefits in recurrence-free and overall survival.
The document provides an overview of a course on disaster volunteering. It covers 5 lessons: 1) an introduction, 2) when disasters strike, 3) the disaster response community, 4) disaster response organizations, and 5) a call to action. The lessons describe common disasters and their impacts, how the community responds collaboratively, key response organizations like the Red Cross, and steps to become a volunteer. The goal is to educate about disaster relief efforts and engage more volunteers.
This document discusses several conditions related to the male genitalia, including phimosis, paraphimosis, Peyronie's disease, and carcinoma penis.
Phimosis is the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis. It can be physiologic in infants or pathologic due to scarring. Paraphimosis occurs when the trapped foreskin becomes edematous behind the glans. Peyronie's disease involves fibrosis and curvature of the penis during erection. Carcinoma penis is an uncommon cancer affecting the penis, which is associated with HPV infection and phimosis. Staging, treatment, and management of lymph node metastases are discussed for each condition.
This document discusses several conditions related to the male genitalia, including phimosis, paraphimosis, Peyronie's disease, and carcinoma penis.
Phimosis is the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis. It can be physiologic in infants or pathologic due to scarring. Paraphimosis occurs when the trapped foreskin becomes edematous behind the glans. Peyronie's disease involves fibrosis and curvature of the penis during erection. Carcinoma penis is an uncommon cancer affecting the penis, which has higher rates in Africa and Asia. Risk factors include HPV infection and phimosis. Staging and treatment involve surgery and lymphadenectomy
The document discusses techniques for conducting a physical health assessment. It outlines the purposes of assessment, which include obtaining baseline health data, identifying areas for health promotion, and evaluating a client's condition. The document then describes the four primary techniques used in assessment: inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. For each technique, it provides details on how to properly perform and interpret the assessments. The goal is to thoroughly but efficiently examine clients in a systematic head-to-toe manner.
1. Disasters disrupt normal living conditions and cause suffering that exceeds a community's ability to cope.
2. Factors like poverty, population growth, and environmental degradation increase a community's vulnerability to hazards, while a lack of resources and services limits their resilience and capacity to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters.
3. Disaster management aims to reduce potential losses from hazards, provide prompt assistance to victims, and support rapid and sustainable recovery through activities like mitigation, preparedness, response, and rehabilitation.
This fact sheet provides information about penile cancer, including how it is diagnosed and treated. Penile cancer occurs on the penis and is usually diagnosed through physical exams, biopsies, and imaging tests. Treatment options depend on the cancer's stage and grade but may include surgery to remove the tumor and nearby tissue, laser therapy, cryotherapy, radiation therapy, or topical therapy. Support services can help people coping with a rare cancer like penile cancer feel less isolated.
Penile cancer is a rare type of cancer that affects the penis. It most commonly occurs on the foreskin or head of the penis in uncircumcised men. Symptoms may include growths, sores, bleeding, or lumps on the penis that do not heal. Diagnosis involves physical exams, biopsies, and imaging tests. Risk factors include HPV infection, lack of circumcision, smoking, and certain skin conditions. The document provides information about penile cancer signs, diagnosis, and risk factors to help people understand this rare form of cancer.
Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth and the ability to invade nearby tissues. The most common cancers worldwide are lung, breast, and colorectal cancers. In India, the four most common cancers are oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and lung cancers in men, and breast, cervix, oropharynx, and esophagus cancers in women. Environmental factors like tobacco, alcohol, viruses, radiation, and genetic factors contribute to cancer development. Cancer control involves prevention, early detection, treatment, and rehabilitation efforts. Breast and cervical cancers are significant issues, with screening and education helping address them.
The heart has four chambers that pump blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit. The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle due to its greater workload pumping blood to the entire body. Heart valves prevent backflow of blood. The cardiac cycle involves systole where the heart contracts and diastole where it relaxes. The heartbeat is initiated by the sinoatrial node and conducted through the conduction system to the ventricles.
This document discusses key concepts in management. It defines the four main management functions as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. It also distinguishes between efficiency, which is doing things right, and effectiveness, which is doing the right things to achieve organizational goals. The document outlines different levels of management, from first-line managers to top managers. It also categorizes managerial roles as interpersonal, informational, and decisional. Finally, it identifies the different skills needed at various management levels.
The document discusses the history and need for continuing education in nursing. It notes that while the idea of lifelong learning has been important since Florence Nightingale, educational institutions have been slow to support practicing nurses' further education. Modern advances in technology and medicine have increased the knowledge required of nurses. Continuing education helps nurses keep their skills and knowledge updated. The document outlines the planning process for continuing education programs, including needs analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. It discusses the benefits of continuing education for nurses, institutions, and patients, and provides some examples of common content areas.
1) The document discusses continuing education, which is defined as the continuation of the learning process throughout life to build upon one's education and experience.
2) Continuing education is important for several reasons, including keeping up with rapid scientific progress, learning new trends and discoveries, and adapting to changes.
3) India's National Policy on Education recognizes the importance of continuing education and advocates implementing it through various means such as setting up continuing education centers, educating workers through employers and unions, offering post-secondary programs, and using media like radio, television and films.
This document summarizes key information about careers in nursing. It notes that there is a major nursing shortage projected to grow significantly by 2025 due to an aging population requiring more care. Nursing is expected to be the top growing profession through 2016 with over 587,000 new positions. The document provides median salary ranges by state for nurses, with hospital staff nurses earning $56,880 on average. Nurses can work in various settings including hospitals, community settings, and have schedules that include full-time, part-time, or temporary positions with shifts spanning days, evenings and nights.
Professional advancement for nurses involves continuing education activities like workshops, conferences, and courses to maintain and develop knowledge and skills. It is defined as how professionals keep their skills and qualifications updated throughout their career. The goals of professional advancement include enhancing professional growth, providing recognition, and motivating higher education. Benefits include developing expertise, responding to changes, and improving job satisfaction. Nurses can achieve advancement through various on-the-job trainings, further education, and reflective practice.
Continuing education in nursing has developed slowly over time from Florence Nightingale's view of nurses needing to learn throughout their lives. The rapid advancement of technology and medical knowledge has increased the need for continuing education to ensure nurses can provide highly skilled care. Continuing education helps nurses stay up to date in their field and improves both individual professional practice and patient care. It includes a variety of programs from orientation of new nurses to management training to programs focused on developing specific clinical skills. The planning and evaluation of continuing education programs involves assessing needs, designing and implementing training, and evaluating outcomes.
This document discusses continuing nursing education. It begins by defining continuing nursing education as planned educational activities intended to enhance nursing practice, education, administration, research, or theory development for improving public health. It emphasizes that continuing education is a lifelong process that does not only take place in formal classroom settings. The document then covers various topics related to continuing nursing education including its philosophy, need, features, program planning, roles of teachers and learners, evaluation, organization, research, and setting research into practice.
The document discusses mechanical ventilation and various ventilator modes. It begins by defining mechanical ventilation as a breathing device that can maintain oxygen delivery through positive or negative pressure. It then describes the purposes and indications for mechanical ventilation. The main classifications of ventilators are described as negative pressure ventilators, which use suction, and positive pressure ventilators, which provide airflow into the lungs. Important ventilation modes like CPAP, PEEP, and SIMV are also summarized.
Cancer is a disease where cells proliferate abnormally and can invade other parts of the body. Some causes include infection, radiation, chemicals like tobacco, and genetic factors. Cancers are classified by their location such as liver, lung, or stomach. Diagnostic tests include physical exams, imaging like x-rays, blood tests, and biopsies. Management of cancer involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Prevention strategies encompass risk analysis, screening tests, healthy behaviors like avoiding tobacco, maintaining a healthy weight, and protecting from sunlight.
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin, nerves, respiratory tract, and eyes. It can occur at any age and is transmitted through droplets from the nose and mouth during prolonged close contact with untreated cases. While not very infectious, it has a long incubation period of 1-20 years and can cause discolored skin patches, thickened nerves, and sensory loss if left untreated.
This document discusses several congenital genital defects including hypospadias. It begins by describing the normal development of the genitals in utero, then defines and explains several common birth defects affecting the penis and genitals including cryptorchidism, hypospadias, chordee, micropenis, and more. It provides details on the causes, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of hypospadias in particular, outlining the history and evolution of hypospadias surgery techniques over centuries.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
1. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/1442
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
J of Evolution of Med and Dent Sci/ eISSN- 2278-4802, pISSN- 2278-4748/ Vol. 4/ Issue 57/ July 16, 2015 Page 9971
CARCINOMA PENIS, CLINICAL STUDY OF VARIOUS MODALITY OF
TREATMENT
Vipin Kumar Pal Singh1, G. D. Yadav2, Sanjay Kala3, Anurag Singh4, Chayanika Pantola5
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:
Vipin Kumar Pal Singh, G. D. Yadav, Sanjay Kala, Anurag Singh, Chayanika Pantola. “Carcinoma Penis, Clinical
Study of Various Modality of Treatment”. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2015; Vol. 4,
Issue 57, July 16; Page: 9971-9977, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/1442
ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Cancer of penis is a rare tumor in developed country and affects the
elderly patient population. The aim of this paper was to analyze and study the characteristics of this
tumor in our patient population. MATERIAL & METHODS: A total of 40 patients taken up for study
from LLR & Associated Hospital and JK Cancer Institute out of which 21 cases formed the
retrospective part and 19 cases formed the prospective part of study. RESULTS: Out of 40 cases
diagnosed and treated the median age of presentation was 51.3 years, common in uncircumcised
hindus and commonest presenting feature is penile growth followed by penile ulceration. Surgery
alone for 27.5%, surgery and radiotherapy for 35%, Surgery and chemotherapy for 27.5% and
chemotherapy for 7.5% and radiotherapy for 2.5%. 22.5% mortality and 12.5% left follow-up.
CONCLUSION: Carcinoma of penis is a pathology which mostly affects elderly patients. In our series
the highest incidence observed in uncircumcised patients in age group of 41-50 years. The most
common histological type epidermoid carcinoma in its various forms of presentation.
INTRODUCTION: Penile cancer is a malignant tumor in which malignant cells develop on the tissues
of the penis. It is rare in Europe and United States but not in developing countries or in their
immigrants to Europe and United States.1 Around 4000 cases are diagnosed each ear comprising less
than 0.5 percent of all cancers.2 The variation in the world geographical incidence is evident and may
be due to differences in hygiene, social and religious practices.3 Penile cancer has the –peak incidence
in men over 70 years of age around the 60% cases present in men over 65 years of age.4 The
involvement of regional lymph nodes is the best indicator of long–term survival in patients with
invasive penile carcinomas.5 In addition to lymph node metastasis, other pathological factors,
including grade, histological type, lymphovascular embolization, and stage and perineural invasion,
have been described to be prognostic value in penile carcinoma. However, none of them can
effectively predict outcome.6,7,8 The aim of our study was to present our series during the last 2 years
from September 2012 to September 2014 and to analyse the result.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 40 cases seen between Sept. 2012 to Sept. 2014 were
included for study, out of which 21 cases formed the retrospective part and 19 formed the
prospective part of the study.
The details of patients were obtained from medical record section and wards and on the basis
of information collected, a questionnaire was prepared which included age, details of present and
past history, risk factors, anatomical site, clinical staging, general investigation, histological type and
grade, presence and site of metastasis, treatment modalities, treatment outcome, hospital stay, post-
operative morbidity and mortality and follow up.
Patients were classified into four stages using “Jackson” classification.9
2. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/1442
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
J of Evolution of Med and Dent Sci/ eISSN- 2278-4802, pISSN- 2278-4748/ Vol. 4/ Issue 57/ July 16, 2015 Page 9972
TREATMENT: Patients were treated according to their respective staging. Surgery alone
Radiotherapy or combined (Surg.+R. T.) modalities of treatment were used according to the need of
individual patient, both for treatment of primaries as well as secondary.
In early stage cases (Stage I and Stage II) primary tumour was treated with surgery. Only in
one case with Stage I primary was treated with Radiotherapy. Surgery to primary tumor was
performed in form of partial or total penectomy. Partial penectomy was performed where disease
was localised to glans or prepuce. This has got the privilege of voiding standing and retain the ability
of sexual inter course. Tumor which invaded the shaft, corpora cavernosa & spongiosum and/or
urethra were treated by total penectomy. Inguinal regions were irradiated prophylactically in some
cases and radiation dose of 5000 CGy in 5 weeks was given to both the inguinal fields. In one case
primary tumor which was localised to glans was treated with radiotherapy and 6000 CGy were given
in 5 weeks’ time. In late cases (Stage III and IV) primary tumor was treated by partial or total
penectomy and radiotherapy was given to the patient 5000 CGy. in 5 weeks duration. In highly
suspicious cases for pelvic lymph node metastasis, palliative radiotherapy was given to pelvic region
from anterior and posterior side of pelvis 5000 CGy. In 5 weeks’ time.
RESULT: In the present series of 40 Cases of carcinoma penis the following conclusions were drawn.
Incidence of carcinoma penis relative to total male cancers was 2.0%. The disease is common
among uncircumcised Hindus (100%) and very uncommon among Muslims. Penile cancer is a disease
of persons belonging to low socioeconomic status (95%) and those having poor personal hygiene
(90%). Phimosis is a predisposing factor and its incidence was 20%. Venereal diseases did not have
any significant role as only 2.5% cases were having positive V.D.R.L. test with in this series. However
its exact role is open for discussion. Age varied from 26-80 years with peak incidence in the age
group of 41-50 years and median age of 51.3 years. Among the premalignant lesions, leukoplakia was
found in 10% cases of this series. Other premalignant lesions were not noticed. Commonest
presenting feature is a penile growth (65%) followed by ulceration on penis (30%). Most of the
patients first consulted a doctor with in 1st 6 months of onset of symptoms (68%). About 80% of
patients reported within one year.
Commonest initial site of involvement was glans (57.5%) followed by glans and shaft
(22.5%). Inguinal lymphnodes enlargement was found in 92.5% cases. In most of cases (80%), it was
found to be bilateral enlargement. Metastasis due to direct infiltration was noticed among 32.5%
patients, involving urethra (10), perineum (1) and scrotum (2). Majority of the patients presented
with clinical stage III disease (67.5%) followed by Stage II disease (17.5%), Stage I (5%) and Stage IV
(10%). Proliferative type (65%) is commoner than the ulcerative one (30%). Well differentiated
squamous cell carcinoma is the commonest histopathological type (55%) followed by moderately
3. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/1442
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
J of Evolution of Med and Dent Sci/ eISSN- 2278-4802, pISSN- 2278-4748/ Vol. 4/ Issue 57/ July 16, 2015 Page 9973
differentiated type (32.5%). Incidence of verrucous carcinoma was 5%. Poorly differentiated
squamous cell carcinoma accounted for 7.5% cases only. Early stage lesions were well differentiated
(66%) and poorly differentiated lesions were common among the late stage disease. Surgery may be
the treatment of choice but radiotherapy - may also be curative to carcinoma of penis patients.
No. of Cases Percentage
Initial Site of Involvement
Glans and corona 23 57.5
Glans and shaft 9 22.5
Glans and prepuce 6 15
Shaft penis 1 2
All penis 1 2
Clinical Stages of Disease
I 2 5
II 7 17.5
III 27 67.5
IV 4 10
Microscopic Features
Verrcous 2 5
Squamous cell carcinoma 38 95
1. Well differentiated 22 55
2. Moderately
differentiated
13 32.5
3. Poorly differentiated 3 7.5
Table 1
Histological Grade
Stage
I II III IV Total
Verrucous carcinoma
(Highly diff. sq.ca)
0 0
2
(7.7%)
0
2
(5%)
Well diff. Sq. Ca
2
(100%)
6
(85.7%)
13
50%)
1
(20%)
22
(55%)
Mod. Diff. Sq. Ca 0
1
(14.3)
10
38.5%)
2
(40%)
13
(32.5%)
Poorly diff. Sq. Ca - -
1
(3.4%)
2
40%)
3
(7.5%)
Total
2
(100%)
7
(100%)
26
(100%)
5
(100%)
40
(100%)
Table 2: Showing Clinical Stage and Histological Differentiation
Early stage (I & II) patients were treated mainly by surgery (66%) or radiotheraphy while
late stage (III & IV) patients were treated by the combination of surgery and radiotherapy (45%).
Primary lesions are treated mainly by partial (65%) or total (20%) penectomy. Partial penectomy
4. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/1442
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
J of Evolution of Med and Dent Sci/ eISSN- 2278-4802, pISSN- 2278-4748/ Vol. 4/ Issue 57/ July 16, 2015 Page 9974
should be preferred in patients where the lesions are small and localised to glans or prepuce so that
patients can void standing and retain the ability of sexual intercourse. Those primary lesions which
have extensively involved the shaft or directly infiltrated urethra or scrotum are treated by total
amputation of penis with orchidectomy. Surgery is also preferred for inguinal lymphadenopathy
where the lymphnodes are of doubtful consistency, a 4-6 weeks antibiotic course given prior to
lymphadenectomy. Lymphnodes which seem to be clinically malignant or proved to be malignant on
histopathological examination treated preferably by ilio-inguinal lymphnode dissection. Some of the
non-operative patient may be made operative by chemotherapy
Treatment given No. of cases Percentage
Early cases (Stage I & II) 9 100%
Surgery 6 66
Surgery + Radiotherapy 2 22
Radiotherapy 1 12
Late cases (Stage III & IV) 31 100%
Surgery 5 12.5
Surgery + Radiotherapy 12 45
Surgery + chemotherapy 11 33
Chemotherapy 3 9.5
Table 3: Showing Treatment Given in Carcinoma of Penis Patients
Post-operative radiotherapy prevent reoccurrence in the draining lymph nodes. Those
lymph-nodes which were very small in size and of doubtful metastasis were treated by radiotherapy
to both inguinal regions. In view of micrometastasis to draining lymphnodes, role of prophylactic
radiotherapy was considered in 10% cases. In patients with metastatic lymphnodes and highly
suspicious of pelvic node metastasis, post-operative palliative radiotherapy was given to inguinal and
pelvic regions in 8% cases. Commonest complication after partial (15%) and total (25%) penectomy
is stricture urethra. Survival is, maximum among the patients with verrucous carcinoma (100%) and
worst among the patients with poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (33%). Patients with
early stage disease outlive the late stage patients. Thus prognosis is best among stage I patients
(100%) and worst among stage IV patients (50%).
Histopathology
Localization
Total Dead
Alive
Last Follow up
With Disease Without Disease
Verrucous carcinoma 2 0 0 2 0
Mod diff. Sq. Ca 22 4 4 12 2
Mod. Diff. Sq.Ca 13 2 4 3 4
Poorly diff. Sq. Cell ca 3 2 1 0 0
Total 40 8 9 17 6
Table 4: Showing Histopathological: Type and Survival after Treatment
5. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/1442
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
J of Evolution of Med and Dent Sci/ eISSN- 2278-4802, pISSN- 2278-4748/ Vol. 4/ Issue 57/ July 16, 2015 Page 9975
DISCUSSION:
Incidence: In present study, the incidence of carcinoma of penis among total male cancers at our
institute was found to be 2.0%.
Reported incidence rates vary from 2.8% to 10.0% of all male cancers. The incidence rate of
4.7% at Cuttack.10 The incidence of penile carcinoma at Bombay 2.8%.11
The incidence of penile carcinoma has remained at a low level and exhibits a decline during
the last 3 decades. He explained the decline as possibly due to improved economic and hygienic
conditions.12
Racial Factors and Curcumcision: All the patients in present series were Hindus comprising 100%
and none of the patient was circumcised in early infancy or childhood.
Penile neoplasms are rare among Jews, who practice circumcision in infancy (Usually within 7
days of birth) and uncommon among Muslims and others, who practice the ritual a little later in the
childhood. In India Khanolker reported the incidence among Muslims as 2.2%,13 Riveros and Lebron
as 2.5%,14 Pandas & Nayak as 1.7%.10
Total absence of Muslims in the present series might be due to the high percentage of Hindus
in the population of areas, people of which attend our hospitals. Total absence of incidence in
Parsees, Hindu Jews (Bene Isarelis) and Christians could well be explained by the fact that very few
people of these religions reside in this area.
Hygiene and Socio-economic Condition: Majority of subjects (90%) had poor personal hygiene and
socio-economic status of most of them was low (95%). Several studies have indicated that a large
proportion of penile cancer patients are laborers or farmers (Reddy and Gursel).15 Panda & Nayak10
found poor hygiene to be associated with the incidence of carcinoma of penis in 85% of cases in their
study and low socio-economic conditions to be in 72.1% cases. Our findings are much, similar to
those of Panda &Nayak.10
Phimosis: Incidence of phimosis is found to be 30% in present series. Thomas & Small (1968)
reported phimosis in 41% cases of their series.16 Paymaster & Gangadharan (1967) observed
phimosis in 26% cases.17 Murell & Williams (1965) reported the incidence of phimosis in 48.9%
cases.18
Treatment: Surgery was the main treatment modality for the primary tumor with partial penectomy
in 65% of cases and total penectomy in 20% of cases. Radiation therapy was given 37.5% patients
and chemotherapy was given to the 35% of patients. Radiation therapy has been proposed as a
method of preserving the phallus. Although superficial lesions have been cured by various modes of
radiation therapy, approximately 50 percent will be refractory or recur.19,20
CONCLUSION: Penile cancer is a rare disease, which has been studied through relatively small case
series from large academic centers. Penile carcinoma is pathology with low incidence in relation to
other tumors and is diagnosed late probably due to ignorance of the disease by the patients. The over
treatment many times carries on a lot of side effects. The drive for decrease morbidity continued
cancer control has lead to penile preservation surgery, better staging modalities, and minimally
invasive technique for exploration of the inguinal lymph node. It is hoped these techniques proved to
have equivalent or better oncologic outcome in order to lessen the morbidity associated with the
6. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/1442
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
J of Evolution of Med and Dent Sci/ eISSN- 2278-4802, pISSN- 2278-4748/ Vol. 4/ Issue 57/ July 16, 2015 Page 9976
surgical therapy of this disease. Therefore it is advisable to run campaign in the elderly male
population recommending hygiene and early consultation in the case of any change in the penis.
REFERENCES:
1. G. Micali, M. R. Nasca, D. Innocenzi, and R. A. Schwartz, “Penile cancer,” Journal of the American
Academy of Dermatology, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 369–391, 2006.
2. M. Mosconi, F. Roila, G. Gatta, and C. Theodorec, “Cancer of the penis,” Critical Reviews in
Oncology/Hematology, vol. 53, pp. 165–177, 2005.
3. S. Misra, A. Chaturvedi, and N. C. Misra, “Penile carcinoma: a challenge for the developing
world,” The Lancet Oncology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 240–247, 2004.
4. ENCR (European Network of Cancer Registries), Eurocim Version 4.0 European Incidence
Database V2.2 (1999), ENCR, Lyon, France, 2001.
5. Ornellas, A.A.; Kinchin, E.W.; Nóbrega, B.L.; Wisnescky, A.; Koifman, N.; Quirino, R. Surgical
treatment of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: Brazilian national cancer institute
long-term experience. J. Surg. Oncol 2008, 97, 487–495.
6. Calmon, M.F.; Tasso Mota, M.; Vassallo, J.; Rahal, P. Penile carcinoma: Risk factors and molecular
alterations. Scientific World Journal 2011, 11, 269–282.
7. Ficarra, V.; Akduman, B.; Bouchot, O.; Palou, J.; Tobias-Machado, M. Prognostic factors in penile
cancer. Urology 2010, 76, S66–S73.
8. Lopes, A.; Hidalgo, G.S.; Kowalski, L.P.; Torloni, H.; Rossi, B.M.; Fonseca, F.P. Prognostic factors
in carcinoma of the penis: Multivariate analysis of 145 patients treated with amputation and
lymphadenectomy. J. Urol 1996, 156, 1637–1642.
9. Jackson SM. The treatment of carcinoma of the penis. Br J Surg. 1966; 53: 33-35.
10. Panda, K. and Nayak, K.R.: Clinicopathological studies on cancer penis. 3 md. Med Ass. 16,
75(2): 25 – 8 July (1980).
11. Paymaster J.C.: Cancer and its distribution in India. Cancer 17: 1026 – 1034, (1964).
12. Kochen, M. and McCurdy S.: Circumcision and the risk of cancer of penis. Am J Dis Child Vol.
134(45), p. 484, 9 May (1980).
13. Khanolkar V.R.: Cancer in India in relation to race nutrition and customs, symposium and
geographical pathology and dermography of cancer. W.H.O. (1950).
14. Riveros M, and Lebron, R.P.: Geographic pathology of cancer of penis. Cancer 16: 798 – 811
(1963).
15. Reddy G.R.R.M., Raghavaiah N.Y and Mouli, K.C. Prevalence of carcinoma of penis with special
reference to India. International Surgery, 60(9): 474 – 476 (1975).
16. Thomas, J.A. and Small C.S, Carcinoma of the penis in Southern India. J. Urol. 100: 520 - 526
(1968).
17. Paymaster J C and Gangadharan P: Cancer of penis in India. 3 Urol. 97: 110 – 113 (1967).
18. Murell D. S. Williams J.L. Radiotherapy in the treatment pf carcinoma of the penis. Br J Urol 37:
211 – 222. (1965).
19. Hardner. G. J. et al: Carcinoma of the penis: analysis of therapy in 100 consecutive cases. J.
Urol. 108:428-430, 1972.
20. Kelley, C. D. et al: Radiation therapy of penile cancer. Urology 4: 571-573, 1974.
7. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/1442
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
J of Evolution of Med and Dent Sci/ eISSN- 2278-4802, pISSN- 2278-4748/ Vol. 4/ Issue 57/ July 16, 2015 Page 9977
AUTHORS:
1. Vipin Kumar Pal Singh
2. G. D. Yadav
3. Sanjay Kala
4. Anurag Singh
5. Chayanika Pantola
PARTICULARS OF CONTRIBUTORS:
1. Junior Resident, Department of General
Surgery, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur.
2. Professor & HOD, Department of General
Surgery, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur.
3. Professor, Department of General
Surgery, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur.
FINANCIAL OR OTHER
COMPETING INTERESTS: None
4. Lecturer, Department of General Surgery,
GSVM Medical College, Kanpur.
5. Lecturer, Department of Pathology, GSVM
Medical College, Kanpur.
NAME ADDRESS EMAIL ID OF THE
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
Dr. Vipin Kumar Pal Singh,
R. No. 55, PG Boys Hostel,
GSVM Medical College, Kanpur.
E-mail: vipinrocksgsvm@gmail.com
Date of Submission: 03/06/2015.
Date of Peer Review: 04/06/2015.
Date of Acceptance: 09/07/2015.
Date of Publishing: 15/07/2015.