These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
3. • Phimosis
• Prepuce cannot be retracted over the glans penis
• Physiologic Phimosis
• Pliant, unscarred preputial orifice
• Pathologic Phimosis
• Failure to retract secondary to distal scarring of the prepuce
4. Pathologic Phimosis
• Occurs mostly by forcefully pulling back the prepuce in
infancy
• Scarring after Infection
• Failure of the phimotic preputial ring to retract after
childhood
Osburn et al, Pediatrics 1981
5. Treatment
• No forceful retraction of the prepuce
• If no retraction at all after 5 years or scarring is present from
previous attempts
• Betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% cream (Diprolene) – no FDA
approval under 16 years of age
• Most important: Parent education about the natural process
• Handouts
• Perform circumcision on parents request
6. Paraphimosis
• Tight preputial ring is trapped behind the
glans after retraction
• Very painful
• Edematous preputial skin and glans
• Urinary retention
• Requires immediate attention
• Pain
• Possible necrosis
• Management
• Compression
• Dorsal slit
8. Definition
• Described by Francois Gigot
de la Peyronie in 1743
• Also known as induratio penis
plastica
• Fibrotic induration of the penis
with concurrent curvature
9. Clinical presentation
• Peak incidence
• 4th to 6th decades
• Pain and penile curvature during erection
• Difficult intercourse
• Impotence in some cases
• A hard fibrotic mass is felt on palpation
10. Etiology
• Fibrosing condition of the tunica albuginea
• Repeatitive microtrauma is most probably the inciting
event
• Dupuytran’s contracture has been associated with PD
• Always examine the hands
• Possible genetic aetiology
12. Clinical course
• Most cases are self limiting
• Divided into acute and chronic phase
• In the acute phase
• Pain
• Worsening of the deformity
• Enlargement of the plaque
• 12 to 18 months duration
• Chronic phase
• No pain
• Stable deformity
13. Treatment
• Medical
• Usually during the acute phase
• Oral therapy
• Vitamin E
• Potassium para-amino benzoate
• Colchicine
• Tamoxifen
• Pentoxifylline
14. Treatment
• Transdermal therapies
• Verapamil
• Intralesional
• Verapamil
• INF alpha 2 beta
• Saline
• Intralesional therapies not for cure, but more for
prevention of progression
• Other therapies
• ESWL
15. Surgical treatment
• Reserved for patients with PD for at least 12 months
(chronic phase) and a stable deformity for at least 3
months
• 3 groups of surgery
• Penile shortening
• Penile lengthening
• Penile prosthesis
16. Surgical Treatment
ED
+ -
Penile Prosthesis Normal length
< 30 degrees
Short penis
> 45 degrees
Penile shortening
procedure
Penile lengthening
procedure
Nesbit Graft
20. Introduction
Uncommon malignancy in developed countries
Higher incidence rates are seen in Africa and Asia (10%
to 20%)
Commonly affects those between 50 and 70 years of
age
22% of patients are less than 40 years of age
21. Epidemiology
• Intact foreskin
• Phimosis (25%)
• Precancerous lesions are found in 15%-20% of patients
• Human papilloma virus(HPV 16,18)
• Chronic inflammatory conditions (eg, balanoposthitis and
lichen sclerosus et atrophicus)
23. Pathology
• Primary malignancies (those that originate from either the
soft tissues, urethral mucosa, or covering epithelium)
• Secondary malignancies (ie, those that represent
metastatic disease and often affect the corpus
cavernosum
24. • MC: squamous cell carcinoma is found on
glans: 48%,prepuce: 21%,glans & prepuce:9%,coronal
sulcus: 6%, and shaft: <2%
• Primary, non squamous malignancies comprise <5% of
penile cancers.
• Sarcomas are the most frequent non squamous penile
cancers, followed by melanomas, basal cell carcinomas,
and lymphomas
25. Clinical Presentation
• Area of induration or erythema to a non healing ulcer or a
warty exophytic growth
• Palpable inguinal lymphadenopathy is present at diagnosis
in 58% of patients ( 20%-96%)
• In non palpable inguinal lymph nodes at the time of
resection of the primary tumor, 20% will found to have
metastatic disease
33. Treatment of the Primary Lesion
• Small tumors limited to foreskin:
• circumcision+2-cm margin
Circumcision alone, especially with tumors in the proximal
foreskin, may be associated with recurrence rates of 32%
• Small superficial penile cancers:
• Moh’s micrographic surgery
• Radiation therapy (EBRT/brachytherapy)
• RT has yielded local control rates similar to surgical resection:
34. • Carcinomas involving the glans & distal shaft:
• partial penectomy excising 1.5 to 2 cm of
normal tissue proximal to the margin of the tumor.
This should leave a 2.5- to 3-cm stump of penis
35. • Bulky T3 or T4 proximal tumors involving the base of the
penis:
total penectomy with perineal urethrostomy
36. • Lymphadenectomy is indicated in patients with palpable
inguinal lymphadenopathy that persists after treatment of
the primary penile lesion following a course of antibiotic
therapy
Srinivas 1987, Ornellas 1994
Lymphadenectomy in Penile Cancer
38. Fine needle aspiration cytology
• Requires pedal / penile lymphangiograhy for node
localization & aspiration under fluoroscopy guidance
• Multiple nodes to be sampled
• Sensitivity 71% (Scappini 1986, Horenblas 1993)
• Can provide useful information to plan therapy when +ve
39. Sentinel Node Biopsy
• Based on penile lymphangiographic studies of
Cabanas (1977)
• Accuracy questioned: False –ve 10=50% (Cabanas
1977, McDougal 1986, Fossa 1987)
• Extended sentinel node biopsy: 25% false –ve
• False –ve due to anatomic variation in position of
sentinel node
Unreliable method: Not recommended
40. Intraoperative Lymphatic Mapping
• Potential for precise localization of sentinel node
• Intradermal inj of vital blue dye or Tc- labeled colloid
adjacent to the lesion
• Horenblas 11/55: All +ve False –ve in 3
• Pettaway 3/20: All +ve No false –ve
• Tanis (2002): 18/23 +ve detected (Sensitivity 78%)
Promising technique for early localization of nodal metastases
Long-term data needed
41. Superficial Inguinal LND
• Removal of nodes superficial to fascia lata
• If nodes +ve on FS: Complete inguino-pelvic LND
• Rationale: No spread to deep inguinal nodes when superficial
nodes –ve (Pompeo 1995, Parra 1996)
• No clinical evidence of direct deep node mets when corporal
invasion present
42. Complete Modified LND
(Catalona 1988)
• Smaller incision
• Limited inguinal dissection (superficial + fossa
ovalis)
• Preservation of saphenous vein
• Thicker skin flaps
• No sartorius transposition
Identifies microscopic mets without morbidity
(Colberg 1997, Parra 1996)
43. Cancer Penis: Management of N+ groin
• Surgical treatment recommended for operable inguinal
metastatic disease
• Most patients with inguinal LN mets will die if untreated.
• 20-67% patients with metastatic inguinal LN disease free 5
years after LND.
• Better survival 82-88% with single / limited mets
44. Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
• Staging tool
• Identifies patients likely to benefit from adjuvant
chemo
• Adds to locoregional control
• No additional morbidity
• If pre-op pelvic node identified : NACT followed by
surgery in responders
Value of pelvic LND unproven
Patients with minimal inguinal disease & limited
pelvic LN mets may benefit
48. Conclusion
• Uncommon disease
• No systematic study & complete absence of RCTs
• Small no of patients over a long time
• RCTs to develop guidelines essential