5. H
O
Aldehyde Ketone
CH3
O
C
H3
CH3 O
CH3
3-methylpentanal 4-methyl-hexan-2-one
benzaldehyde
(phenylmethanal)
acetophenone
(phenylethanone)
5 3 1
4 2
3-methyl-2-cyclohexanone
3-methylcyclohexane-2-one
O
CH3
C
H3
CH3 O
H
1
2
3
4
5
6
C
H3 H
O
2-cyclohexylbutanal
4 3 2 1
กรณีที่หมู่ CHO ต่อกับวงแหวนหรือวงเบนซีน เติม
ท้ายด้วย -carbaldehyde
3-methylbenzenecarbaldehyde 3-methylcyclohexanecarbaldehyde
H
O
C
H3
H
O
C
H3
กรณีที่หมู่ C=O แทนที่ใน aldehyde ให้เรียกว่า oxo
O
H
O
C
H3
4-oxopentanal
6. O
O
H
H
O
CH3 CH2
C
H3
CH3
O
CH2
C
H3
CH3
O
H
O
CH3
CH3
O
CH3
C
H3
C
H3 O
CH3 CH3 O
H
C
H3
vanillin
(vanilla bean)
mp 80C, pb 285C
cinnamaldehyde
(cinnamon bark)
pb 253C
benzaldehyde
(oil of almonds)
pb 178.1C
camphor
(mp 179C
jasmone
(oil of jasmine)
(R)-(-)carvone
(spearmint oil)
pb 228C
(S)-(+)carvone
(caraway seed oil)
pb 193-231C
citral
(lemongrass)
pb 229C
Aldehyde & Ketone in nature
H
O
10. ปฏิกิริยำกำรเตรียม
1. Oxidation of 1&2 alcohols
2. Friedel-Crafts acylation
4. Hydration of alkynes
5. Glycol cleavage
3. Ozonation of alkenes
R OH
R H
O
[O]
R R'
OH
R R'
O
[O]
Cl
C
H3
O
+
CH3
O
AlCl3
Lewis acid
catalyst
CH3
C
H3
CH3 (1) O3
(2) Zn/ H2O
O
C
H3
H
CH3
O CH3
+
+
R1 R2
O
H OH
R3
H
NaIO4
R1
O
H
R2
O
R3
11. Oxidation of 1&2 alcohols
Oxidation using
chromic acid
C
H3
OH
C
H3
H
O
C
H3
CH3
OH
C
H3
CH3
O
1alcohol
2alcohol
aldehyde
ketone
PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate)
PDC (pyridinium dichromate)
Swern (DMSO, COCl2, Et3N)
DMP (Dess-Martin)
[O]
[O]
Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4
H2CrO4
CrO3/H+
KMnO4/OH-/H+
NaClO/AcOH
13. Hydration of alkynes
H2O, H2SO4
HgSO4
C C H
R C C H
R
H
H
O
H2O, H2SO4
HgSO4
C C R
R C C R
R
H
H
O
H2O, H2SO4
HgSO4
C C R'
R C C R'
R
H
H
O
C C R'
R
O
H
H
+
Terminal alkyne
Symmetrical internal alkyne
Asymmetrical internal alkyne
14. Glycol cleavage
+
R1 R2
O
H OH
R3
H
NaIO4
R1
O
H
R2
O
R3
NaIO4
OH
OH O
H
O
H
+
CH3
C
H3
OH
CH3
OH CH3
NaIO4
CH3
C
H3 H
O
O
H
CH3
CH3
▪ Oxidation reaction
▪ C–C bond in
a vicinal diol (glycol)
is cleaved and instead the two
oxygen atoms become C=O
▪ To be ketones or aldehydes
depending substituted C-C
18. Nucleophilic addition reaction to the C=O bond
sp2
sp3
R1
C
R
O
-
+
(2) Protonation
(acid workup/
H+, H3O+)
(1) Nucleophile
H
C
R
O
Nu
H
C
R
Nu
O
-
H
C
R
Nu
OH
H
C
R
R
OH
R-MgBr
R-Li
NaBH4
LiAlH4
H
C
R
H
OH
H
C
R
CN
OH
-CN
H
C
R
OH
OH
-OH
-OR H
C
R
OR
OH
Grignard reaction
Addition organo-Li
Reduction
Addition cyanide
Addition hydroxide
Addition alkoxide
19. Addition of hydride (Reduction)
[Alkoxide ion] Alcohol
H
C
H
O
+ O
H2
H
C
H
O
H OH
CH3
C
C
H3
O
+ O
H2
CH3
C
C
H3
O
H OH
H
C
C
H3
O
+ O
H2
H
C
C
H3
O
H OH
formaldehyde
(0.01%)
formaldehyde hydrate
(99.9%)
acetaldehyde
(42%)
acetaldehyde hydrate
(58%)
acetone
(99.9%)
acetone hydrate
(0.1%)
21. Addition of Amine & ammonia derivatives
Aldehyde/ketone 1amine Imine
R2
C
R1
O
R NH2
+ C N
R1 R
R2 R2
C
R1
O
+
C
R2
R1 N CH3
CH3
C
H3 NH2
CH3
R2
C
R1
O
+ O
H NH2
C
R2
R1
OH
N
R2
C
R1
O
+
NH
N
H2
NH2
O
C
R2
R1
NH
N
NH2
O
R2
C
R1
O
+ N
H2 NH2
C
R2
R1
NH2
N
R2
C
R1
O
+
C
R2
R1
NH
N
NH2
NH
1amine Imine
hydroxyl amine oxime
semicarbazide semicarbazone
hydrazine hydrazone
phenylhydrazine phenylhydrazone
22. Addition of Grignard Reagents
H
C
R1
O
+ R MgBr
1) Dry ether
2) H3O+
R
CH
R1
OH
R2
C
R1
O
+ R MgBr
1) Dry ether
2) H3O+
R
C
R1
O
H
R2
23. Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide
`R O
R
+ HCN `R
R
CN
OH Cyanohydrine
O
O
+ HCN
+ HCN
OH
CN
OH
CN
H3O+
heat
H2 / Pt
or LiAlH4 and H3O+
OH
CH2NH2
OH
COOH
Benzaldehyde cyanohydrine
24. Addition of alcohols
R2
C
R1
O
+ R OH R1 C OR
R2
OH
H
C
R1
O
+ R OH R1 C OR
H
OH
hemiacetal
aldehyde alcohol
hemiketal
ketone alcohol
CH3
C
C
H3
O
+ C
H3 C O
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
C
H3