This technical bulletin discusses fountain solutions used in offset printing. It provides background on fountain solutions and their typical components, including acids, desensitizers, buffers, inhibitors and wetting agents. The document explains how pH and conductivity relate to fountain solution concentration and composition. It addresses how buffered solutions help maintain consistent pH levels and the importance of measuring both pH and conductivity. Frequently asked questions about alcohol use, conductivity guidelines, pH effects, and non-acidic fountain solutions are also covered.
1) The student conducted an experiment to prepare methyl butyrate through Fischer esterification. Butyric acid and methanol were reacted in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst.
2) The reaction mixture was refluxed for 30 minutes and then distilled to separate the methyl butyrate product. Tests were performed to identify and check the purity of the ester.
3) The student answered questions about the mechanism of Fischer esterification versus Schotten-Baumann reaction and the purpose of various steps in the experiment like using sulfuric acid and sodium bicarbonate. Common drying agents and their properties were also discussed.
Modified limit tests for chlorides and sulphates.EXCELRA
This document describes a modified limit test for chlorides and sulphates. For chlorides, the test is based on the reaction between silver nitrate and chloride ions to form a silver chloride precipitate in dilute nitric acid. The turbidity produced is compared to a standard solution. For sulphates, barium chloride reacts with sulphate ions in the presence of acetic acid to form a barium sulphate precipitate. The opalescence produced is compared to a standard solution containing a known amount of sulphate. Detailed procedures are provided for preparing reagents and performing the tests on samples and standards.
This document provides a product catalogue for maintenance, water treatment, and waste water treatment solutions. It lists 14 products across these categories, including super degreasers, rust removers, boiler treatments, corrosion inhibitors, coagulants, and defoamers. For each product, it describes the benefits, applications, and packaging. The full product lineup and contact information is listed at the end.
Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline
permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956).
Nitrogen is necessary for all forms of life. It is most important
essential plant nutrient for crop production as it is constituted the building blocks of almost all the plant structures.
The present invention relates to zinc pyrithione containing personal care formulations. More particularly, the invention relates to aqueous transparent solution of zinc pyrithione at pH 5.5 - 8.5 having high anti-fungal activity.
The document discusses hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal technologies, including THIONOL catalyst technology. It provides details on THIONOL such as:
1) THIONOL is a liquid-phase catalyst that removes H2S and mercaptans directly in hydrocarbon media without requiring water or caustic chemicals.
2) It has advantages over other technologies like lower costs since it does not require special equipment or facilities.
3) THIONOL converts H2S and mercaptans to disulfides without producing solid sulfur precipitates or generating hazardous byproducts.
This document provides information on industrial preparation of demulsifiers. It discusses how demulsifiers are used to break emulsions and separate crude oil and water. It then describes the key steps in demulsifier preparation, including making intermediate products like resins and then condensing them with ethylene oxide or propylene oxide using a loop reactor process. Different types of demulsifiers are also classified and their functions explained.
Detergents contain various active ingredients like surfactants, builders, solvents, and enzymes that help remove dirt from surfaces. Surfactants are the primary cleaning agents that use their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties to break the bond between dirt and surfaces and suspend dirt particles in the cleaning solution. Builders help reduce water hardness by binding with metal ions and protect surfactants' cleaning ability. Solvents aid in dissolving oils and greases that water cannot remove on its own. A variety of ingredients work together synergistically to achieve optimal cleaning.
1) The student conducted an experiment to prepare methyl butyrate through Fischer esterification. Butyric acid and methanol were reacted in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst.
2) The reaction mixture was refluxed for 30 minutes and then distilled to separate the methyl butyrate product. Tests were performed to identify and check the purity of the ester.
3) The student answered questions about the mechanism of Fischer esterification versus Schotten-Baumann reaction and the purpose of various steps in the experiment like using sulfuric acid and sodium bicarbonate. Common drying agents and their properties were also discussed.
Modified limit tests for chlorides and sulphates.EXCELRA
This document describes a modified limit test for chlorides and sulphates. For chlorides, the test is based on the reaction between silver nitrate and chloride ions to form a silver chloride precipitate in dilute nitric acid. The turbidity produced is compared to a standard solution. For sulphates, barium chloride reacts with sulphate ions in the presence of acetic acid to form a barium sulphate precipitate. The opalescence produced is compared to a standard solution containing a known amount of sulphate. Detailed procedures are provided for preparing reagents and performing the tests on samples and standards.
This document provides a product catalogue for maintenance, water treatment, and waste water treatment solutions. It lists 14 products across these categories, including super degreasers, rust removers, boiler treatments, corrosion inhibitors, coagulants, and defoamers. For each product, it describes the benefits, applications, and packaging. The full product lineup and contact information is listed at the end.
Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline
permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956).
Nitrogen is necessary for all forms of life. It is most important
essential plant nutrient for crop production as it is constituted the building blocks of almost all the plant structures.
The present invention relates to zinc pyrithione containing personal care formulations. More particularly, the invention relates to aqueous transparent solution of zinc pyrithione at pH 5.5 - 8.5 having high anti-fungal activity.
The document discusses hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal technologies, including THIONOL catalyst technology. It provides details on THIONOL such as:
1) THIONOL is a liquid-phase catalyst that removes H2S and mercaptans directly in hydrocarbon media without requiring water or caustic chemicals.
2) It has advantages over other technologies like lower costs since it does not require special equipment or facilities.
3) THIONOL converts H2S and mercaptans to disulfides without producing solid sulfur precipitates or generating hazardous byproducts.
This document provides information on industrial preparation of demulsifiers. It discusses how demulsifiers are used to break emulsions and separate crude oil and water. It then describes the key steps in demulsifier preparation, including making intermediate products like resins and then condensing them with ethylene oxide or propylene oxide using a loop reactor process. Different types of demulsifiers are also classified and their functions explained.
Detergents contain various active ingredients like surfactants, builders, solvents, and enzymes that help remove dirt from surfaces. Surfactants are the primary cleaning agents that use their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties to break the bond between dirt and surfaces and suspend dirt particles in the cleaning solution. Builders help reduce water hardness by binding with metal ions and protect surfactants' cleaning ability. Solvents aid in dissolving oils and greases that water cannot remove on its own. A variety of ingredients work together synergistically to achieve optimal cleaning.
This document discusses detergents, including their composition, properties, and methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Detergents are surfactants that lower the surface tension of water, allowing them to interact with oils and grease. They contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Common methods to analyze detergents qualitatively include using colored reagents and paper chromatography. Quantitative analysis involves colorimetric determination using reagents like methylene blue or bromophenol blue. Detergents have advantages like stronger cleansing ability and solubility in acidic water but also disadvantages like reduced biodegradability and potential harm to aquatic life.
Peracetic acid is an effective disinfectant that does not form harmful byproducts like chlorine. It works by oxidizing and disrupting cell membranes through hydroxyl radicals. PAA is used as a replacement for chlorine in water treatment and for disinfecting surfaces in food processing, healthcare, and other industries. It is effective against bacteria, viruses, and spores even in low concentrations and the presence of organic matter. PAA breaks down into harmless acetic acid and water.
This document summarizes the fermentation process for producing the antifungal drug griseofulvin. It involves fermenting the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum in a liquid medium, then extracting, purifying, and precipitating the active compound griseofulvin. Key steps include pre-treating the fermentation broth, filtration to remove fungal matter, extraction of griseofulvin using acetone, decolorization with calcium hydroxide, and final precipitation and purification of purified griseofulvin crystals by addition of a non-solvent like water. The goal is to produce pure pharmaceutical-grade griseofulvin through this multi-step fermentation and purification
The document discusses zero liquid discharge systems for fertilizer production. It provides details on different types of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and their manufacturing processes. This can generate wastewater containing nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as other pollutants. Zero liquid discharge systems aim to treat this wastewater on-site to allow water reuse and recover fertilizer products, minimizing liquid discharges.
Cesium salts can be dissolved in non-aqueous solvents to create clear, solids-free heavy fluids for well control applications. Testing found that cesium formate, acetate, and phosphate were moderately to highly soluble in solvents like monoethylene glycol (MEG), producing fluid densities up to 2.22 g/cm3. These novel heavy non-aqueous fluids could potentially replace aqueous and invert emulsion-based fluids. Further testing is needed to characterize the fluids and qualify them for use in wells.
The document discusses synthetic detergents, including their chemical characteristics, components, types, and production process. Synthetic detergents have hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups that allow them to lower surface tension and suspend grease/dirt in water. They are made up of surfactants like sulfates and sulfonates, along with additives like bleaches and builders like phosphates that improve cleaning performance. The main types are anionic, cationic, and non-ionic, which are produced through reactions like alkylbenzene + oleum to form alkylbenzene sulfonates. Their ability to produce low foam and increase stability makes them suitable for various applications.
Peracetic Acid serves as a potent high level disinfectant that finds application in various industries such as the food and beverage sector where food processing equipments are disinfected, in pasteurization of wineries, breweries, etc, in the disinfection of institutions such as hospitals, schools, medical facilities, etc.
The document describes the application of super absorbent polymer. It finds use in diapers, female sanitary napkins, agricultural application as water retainer, etc...
Phosphate-based fertilizers are produced through various chemical reactions between phosphate rock, acids like phosphoric and sulfuric acid, and bases like ammonia. Common phosphate fertilizers include single super phosphate (SSP), triple super phosphate (TSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and diammonium phosphate (DAP). NPK compound fertilizers contain multiple nutrients and are produced by granulation processes that mix raw materials like ammonium phosphates, urea, and potassium salts.
This document provides information on liquid dosage forms, including solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. It also describes various excipients used in liquid formulations such as vehicles, solubilizers, stabilizers, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, and coloring agents. The document discusses the functions and selection criteria for these excipients. It provides details on raw materials, vehicles, preservatives, antioxidants, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, and coloring agents used in liquid dosage forms.
Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets that generally contain acid substances and carbonates or bicarbonates, and that react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing carbon dioxide.
This document discusses pharmaceutical aids and necessities. It begins by outlining the objectives and providing an overview. It then classifies various aids such as acids, bases, buffers, antioxidants, water and glass. The document goes on to describe specific acids, bases, buffers and antioxidants in detail, outlining their properties, production methods and uses in pharmaceutical preparations and storage.
This document discusses various solvents used in pharmaceutical preparations. It begins by defining solvents as substances that can dissolve, suspend, or extract other materials without chemically changing. Common solvents used include purified water, dehydrated alcohol, alcohol, glycerin, propylene glycol, and isopropyl rubbing alcohol. Purified water is produced through distillation, ion exchange, or reverse osmosis and is used in aqueous dosage forms. Alcohol is a useful solvent that forms hydroalcoholic mixtures and is commonly used in oral products in concentrations under 10%. Glycerin, propylene glycol, and isopropyl rubbing alcohol are also discussed as pharmaceutical solvents.
This document discusses solutions, which are liquid preparations containing one or more dissolved chemical substances. It defines solutions and describes factors that affect solubility such as temperature, physicochemical properties, particle size, agitation, and pH. It also discusses various solvents used in solutions like alcohol, water, glycerin, and propylene glycol. Finally, it covers types of solutions like oral, topical, ophthalmic solutions and methods of preparing solutions.
This document discusses cytologic staining techniques, focusing on the Papanicolaou stain. It describes the multi-step Pap stain process including fixation, nuclear staining with hematoxylin, cytoplasmic staining with orange G and EA counterstains, clearing, and mounting. The document provides details on hematoxylin and the factors that influence its staining properties. It also discusses the cytoplasmic counterstains orange G and EA and the purpose of clearing in the staining process.
Non aqueous titration (AB-Production) IUB-BWPAwais Basit
This document discusses non-aqueous titration. It defines non-aqueous titration as the titration of weakly acidic or basic substances using non-aqueous solvents to obtain a sharp endpoint. It describes the types of non-aqueous solvents that can be used, including aprotic, protogenic, protophilic, and amphiprotic solvents. Some common indicators used in non-aqueous titrations and their color changes are also outlined. Advantages include the ability to titrate organic substances that are insoluble in water and selectively titrate mixtures. Disadvantages include the need for strict temperature and moisture control along with the use of expensive and sometimes toxic or volatile solvents.
The document discusses dampening solutions used in offset printing. It provides information on:
1) The ideal properties of a dampening solution including a water hardness of 8-12°dH and a pH balance of 4.8-5.5.
2) The various components of water that affect its quality for use in dampening solutions and how additives can help adjust the pH balance and prevent issues.
3) How to test the alcohol content of dampening solutions using an areometer to measure volume and temperature, which impact conductivity.
4) The importance of wetting plates adequately and how alcohol is commonly used as a wetting agent to lower surface tension despite its evaporation effects.
This document discusses various types of solutions used in pharmaceutical preparations. It defines solutions as liquid preparations containing one or more substances dissolved in a suitable solvent. Solutions can be classified based on their use, such as oral, ophthalmic, or topical solutions. Common solvents used in pharmaceutical preparations include water, alcohol, glycerin, propylene glycol, and various oils. Key factors that determine solubility of substances, such as temperature, pH, and salt forms, are also covered.
Non-aqueous titration involves titrating substances that are not soluble or do not have a sharp endpoint in water using a non-aqueous solvent. The choice of solvent can affect whether a substance acts as a strong acid or base. Various types of non-aqueous solvents exist including aprotic, protogenic, protophilic, and amphiprotic solvents. Visual indicators are typically used to detect the endpoint in non-aqueous titrations. Some common indicators include crystal violet, oracet blue B, and quinaldine red. Non-aqueous titrations allow for the analysis of organic acids and bases that cannot be easily analyzed using aqueous titration.
Pharmaceutical Solutions. Definition: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.
This document provides an overview of the key components of proper water balance for pools: TDS, saturation index, pH, total alkalinity, and calcium hardness. It discusses each component in detail, explaining what they measure, their ideal ranges, and how they impact pool water quality. Specifically, it covers that the saturation index measures whether water is corrosive or scale-forming, pH measures acidity or alkalinity on a scale of 0-14, total alkalinity measures buffering capacity, and high TDS can reduce chemical efficacy and clarity over time. Maintaining proper balances through these components is important for sanitation and avoiding damage to pool surfaces and equipment.
This document discusses detergents, including their composition, properties, and methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Detergents are surfactants that lower the surface tension of water, allowing them to interact with oils and grease. They contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Common methods to analyze detergents qualitatively include using colored reagents and paper chromatography. Quantitative analysis involves colorimetric determination using reagents like methylene blue or bromophenol blue. Detergents have advantages like stronger cleansing ability and solubility in acidic water but also disadvantages like reduced biodegradability and potential harm to aquatic life.
Peracetic acid is an effective disinfectant that does not form harmful byproducts like chlorine. It works by oxidizing and disrupting cell membranes through hydroxyl radicals. PAA is used as a replacement for chlorine in water treatment and for disinfecting surfaces in food processing, healthcare, and other industries. It is effective against bacteria, viruses, and spores even in low concentrations and the presence of organic matter. PAA breaks down into harmless acetic acid and water.
This document summarizes the fermentation process for producing the antifungal drug griseofulvin. It involves fermenting the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum in a liquid medium, then extracting, purifying, and precipitating the active compound griseofulvin. Key steps include pre-treating the fermentation broth, filtration to remove fungal matter, extraction of griseofulvin using acetone, decolorization with calcium hydroxide, and final precipitation and purification of purified griseofulvin crystals by addition of a non-solvent like water. The goal is to produce pure pharmaceutical-grade griseofulvin through this multi-step fermentation and purification
The document discusses zero liquid discharge systems for fertilizer production. It provides details on different types of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and their manufacturing processes. This can generate wastewater containing nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as other pollutants. Zero liquid discharge systems aim to treat this wastewater on-site to allow water reuse and recover fertilizer products, minimizing liquid discharges.
Cesium salts can be dissolved in non-aqueous solvents to create clear, solids-free heavy fluids for well control applications. Testing found that cesium formate, acetate, and phosphate were moderately to highly soluble in solvents like monoethylene glycol (MEG), producing fluid densities up to 2.22 g/cm3. These novel heavy non-aqueous fluids could potentially replace aqueous and invert emulsion-based fluids. Further testing is needed to characterize the fluids and qualify them for use in wells.
The document discusses synthetic detergents, including their chemical characteristics, components, types, and production process. Synthetic detergents have hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups that allow them to lower surface tension and suspend grease/dirt in water. They are made up of surfactants like sulfates and sulfonates, along with additives like bleaches and builders like phosphates that improve cleaning performance. The main types are anionic, cationic, and non-ionic, which are produced through reactions like alkylbenzene + oleum to form alkylbenzene sulfonates. Their ability to produce low foam and increase stability makes them suitable for various applications.
Peracetic Acid serves as a potent high level disinfectant that finds application in various industries such as the food and beverage sector where food processing equipments are disinfected, in pasteurization of wineries, breweries, etc, in the disinfection of institutions such as hospitals, schools, medical facilities, etc.
The document describes the application of super absorbent polymer. It finds use in diapers, female sanitary napkins, agricultural application as water retainer, etc...
Phosphate-based fertilizers are produced through various chemical reactions between phosphate rock, acids like phosphoric and sulfuric acid, and bases like ammonia. Common phosphate fertilizers include single super phosphate (SSP), triple super phosphate (TSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and diammonium phosphate (DAP). NPK compound fertilizers contain multiple nutrients and are produced by granulation processes that mix raw materials like ammonium phosphates, urea, and potassium salts.
This document provides information on liquid dosage forms, including solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. It also describes various excipients used in liquid formulations such as vehicles, solubilizers, stabilizers, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, and coloring agents. The document discusses the functions and selection criteria for these excipients. It provides details on raw materials, vehicles, preservatives, antioxidants, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, and coloring agents used in liquid dosage forms.
Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets that generally contain acid substances and carbonates or bicarbonates, and that react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing carbon dioxide.
This document discusses pharmaceutical aids and necessities. It begins by outlining the objectives and providing an overview. It then classifies various aids such as acids, bases, buffers, antioxidants, water and glass. The document goes on to describe specific acids, bases, buffers and antioxidants in detail, outlining their properties, production methods and uses in pharmaceutical preparations and storage.
This document discusses various solvents used in pharmaceutical preparations. It begins by defining solvents as substances that can dissolve, suspend, or extract other materials without chemically changing. Common solvents used include purified water, dehydrated alcohol, alcohol, glycerin, propylene glycol, and isopropyl rubbing alcohol. Purified water is produced through distillation, ion exchange, or reverse osmosis and is used in aqueous dosage forms. Alcohol is a useful solvent that forms hydroalcoholic mixtures and is commonly used in oral products in concentrations under 10%. Glycerin, propylene glycol, and isopropyl rubbing alcohol are also discussed as pharmaceutical solvents.
This document discusses solutions, which are liquid preparations containing one or more dissolved chemical substances. It defines solutions and describes factors that affect solubility such as temperature, physicochemical properties, particle size, agitation, and pH. It also discusses various solvents used in solutions like alcohol, water, glycerin, and propylene glycol. Finally, it covers types of solutions like oral, topical, ophthalmic solutions and methods of preparing solutions.
This document discusses cytologic staining techniques, focusing on the Papanicolaou stain. It describes the multi-step Pap stain process including fixation, nuclear staining with hematoxylin, cytoplasmic staining with orange G and EA counterstains, clearing, and mounting. The document provides details on hematoxylin and the factors that influence its staining properties. It also discusses the cytoplasmic counterstains orange G and EA and the purpose of clearing in the staining process.
Non aqueous titration (AB-Production) IUB-BWPAwais Basit
This document discusses non-aqueous titration. It defines non-aqueous titration as the titration of weakly acidic or basic substances using non-aqueous solvents to obtain a sharp endpoint. It describes the types of non-aqueous solvents that can be used, including aprotic, protogenic, protophilic, and amphiprotic solvents. Some common indicators used in non-aqueous titrations and their color changes are also outlined. Advantages include the ability to titrate organic substances that are insoluble in water and selectively titrate mixtures. Disadvantages include the need for strict temperature and moisture control along with the use of expensive and sometimes toxic or volatile solvents.
The document discusses dampening solutions used in offset printing. It provides information on:
1) The ideal properties of a dampening solution including a water hardness of 8-12°dH and a pH balance of 4.8-5.5.
2) The various components of water that affect its quality for use in dampening solutions and how additives can help adjust the pH balance and prevent issues.
3) How to test the alcohol content of dampening solutions using an areometer to measure volume and temperature, which impact conductivity.
4) The importance of wetting plates adequately and how alcohol is commonly used as a wetting agent to lower surface tension despite its evaporation effects.
This document discusses various types of solutions used in pharmaceutical preparations. It defines solutions as liquid preparations containing one or more substances dissolved in a suitable solvent. Solutions can be classified based on their use, such as oral, ophthalmic, or topical solutions. Common solvents used in pharmaceutical preparations include water, alcohol, glycerin, propylene glycol, and various oils. Key factors that determine solubility of substances, such as temperature, pH, and salt forms, are also covered.
Non-aqueous titration involves titrating substances that are not soluble or do not have a sharp endpoint in water using a non-aqueous solvent. The choice of solvent can affect whether a substance acts as a strong acid or base. Various types of non-aqueous solvents exist including aprotic, protogenic, protophilic, and amphiprotic solvents. Visual indicators are typically used to detect the endpoint in non-aqueous titrations. Some common indicators include crystal violet, oracet blue B, and quinaldine red. Non-aqueous titrations allow for the analysis of organic acids and bases that cannot be easily analyzed using aqueous titration.
Pharmaceutical Solutions. Definition: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.
This document provides an overview of the key components of proper water balance for pools: TDS, saturation index, pH, total alkalinity, and calcium hardness. It discusses each component in detail, explaining what they measure, their ideal ranges, and how they impact pool water quality. Specifically, it covers that the saturation index measures whether water is corrosive or scale-forming, pH measures acidity or alkalinity on a scale of 0-14, total alkalinity measures buffering capacity, and high TDS can reduce chemical efficacy and clarity over time. Maintaining proper balances through these components is important for sanitation and avoiding damage to pool surfaces and equipment.
The Dangers Of Inhalants Among AdolescentsTara Smith
This document discusses a lab experiment involving the Grignard reaction. The purpose was to prepare a Grignard reagent using bromobenzene and magnesium, and then react it with benzophenone. After workup, this produced triphenylmethanol. Anhydrous conditions were required. The Grignard reagent inserted magnesium into the carbon-bromine bond of bromobenzene. After reacting with benzophenone and acidic workup, the product was isolated using liquid-liquid extraction and identified through melting point and titration.
Carboxylic acids have many uses. Acetic acid is used to make plastics, rayon, and vinegar. It is also used as a preservative and antiseptic. Citric acid is used as a flavoring and preservative in foods and drinks. Lactic acid is used in food preservation, leather tanning, and textile dyeing. Tartaric acid is used in medicines and industrial applications like metal cleaning.
The document discusses non-aqueous titration, including what it is, the role of solvents, types of non-aqueous solvents, detection of endpoints, indicators used, and references. Non-aqueous titration involves titrating substances that are not soluble in water using non-aqueous solvents. It outlines the main types of non-aqueous solvents and visual indicators commonly used to detect the endpoints in non-aqueous titrations.
non aqueous titrations of acid and base .pptxDeepali69
Non-aqueous titrations allow for the titration of substances that cannot be titrated in aqueous solutions, such as mixtures of acids/bases, organic acids/bases insoluble in water, and very weak acids/bases. Solvents used include acetic acid, acetonitrile, alcohols, and DMF. Indicators change color in acidic and basic conditions. Common titrations include primary/secondary/tertiary amines with perchloric acid and acids with sodium/potassium methoxide. Proper preparation of titrants and indicators, choice of solvent, and accounting for temperature effects are important for accurate non-aqueous titrations.
This document discusses limitations of Lewis acid-base reactions, properties of buffer solutions, buffer capacity, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and applications of buffers in pharmacy. It also covers general principles for adjusting solutions to isotonicity and its importance, types of impurities found in pharmaceutical substances, sources of impurities, effects of impurities, and limit tests for chloride, sulfate, iron, heavy metals, lead, and arsenic. Limit tests are used to identify and control small quantities of impurities that may be present in substances.
Ion exchange resins can be used to solve common formulation problems by forming drug-resin complexes called resinates. Resinates offer benefits like increased stability, improved dissolution rates for poorly soluble drugs, elimination of issues with polymorphism and deliquescence. Ion exchange resins allow drugs to be formulated into various dosage forms while masking bitter tastes and providing extended release. Forming resinates is a simple process that can address multiple formulation challenges.
Non-aqueous titration allows for the titration of weak acids and bases that cannot be accurately measured in aqueous solution. It involves titrating the substance using a non-aqueous solvent and titrant. Various organic solvents like acetic acid, alcohols, and amines can be used that compete less than water for proton donation or acceptance. This allows for sharper endpoints compared to titration in water for very weak acids and bases. Selection of the appropriate non-aqueous solvent depends on factors like solubility of the sample and ability to produce a clear endpoint.
Here are the steps to prepare the calibration curve:
1. Stock solution concentration: 100 μg/ml
2. Dilute 1 ml stock solution to 10 ml. This gives 10 μg/ml.
Initial volume: 1 ml Final volume: 10 ml Concentration: 10 μg/ml
3. Dilute 2 ml of the above solution to 10 ml. This gives 12 μg/ml
Initial volume: 2 ml Final volume: 10 ml Concentration: 12 μg/ml
4. Dilute 3 ml of the above solution to 10 ml. This gives 13.5 μg/ml
Initial volume: 3 ml Final volume: 10 ml Concentration: 13.5 μg/
Carbonless papers were introduced in 1954 and have since been improved through constant design enhancements. They are designed for use in multi-part forms without carbon paper. There are two main types - mated systems using coated back (CB) and coated front (CF) papers, and self-contained systems with coatings on both sides of one sheet. When pressure is applied, microencapsulated dyes on the CB sheet rupture and react with color developers on the CF sheet to form an image. Care must be taken when printing, punching, and handling carbonless papers to avoid rupturing the microcapsules.
1. Paper is hygroscopic and will absorb or release moisture until it reaches equilibrium with the surrounding environment. The relative humidity (RH) of the surrounding air is the primary factor that determines the moisture content of paper.
2. As paper's moisture content changes, its key properties like dimensions, flatness, conductivity, strength, and foldability are altered. When the moisture content increases or decreases unevenly within a sheet, it can cause distortions like wavy or tight edges.
3. For optimal performance, paper should be processed and stored in environments keeping its RH between 40-50%. Maintaining proper moisture content is important for printing and converting operations.
This document outlines policies and procedures for Glatfelter's Carbonless and Business Information Papers product lines. Key points include order cutoff times, special manufacturing orders, stock order changes, backordered items, regional warehouse stocking policies, applicable upcharges, manufacturing capabilities and tolerances, overruns and underruns, logistics policies, and sample and trial paper policies. The manual provides customers with information about ordering, delivery, returns and other services related to Glatfelter's paper products.
Under Pressure: Paper Costs and Industry EscalationsNatureSolv
The paper industry continues to face pressure from rising input costs and falling demand. Economic downturn has reduced wood supply and driven up transportation costs. Prices for key commodities like pulp, coal, and chemicals have increased sharply in recent years. Paper producers have responded by cutting production capacity, but supply consolidation has kept commodity markets tight. Glatfelter aims to offset rising costs through cost control initiatives and help customers manage increasing prices.
The document discusses environmental sustainability and its importance for businesses. It notes that the green products market has grown significantly as consumers increasingly care about the environment and purchase eco-friendly goods. The document outlines various impacts of paper production on forests, water, emissions, and waste. It suggests businesses offer sustainable solutions to appeal to customers and discusses certifications to validate responsible practices.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
Structural Design Process: Step-by-Step Guide for BuildingsChandresh Chudasama
The structural design process is explained: Follow our step-by-step guide to understand building design intricacies and ensure structural integrity. Learn how to build wonderful buildings with the help of our detailed information. Learn how to create structures with durability and reliability and also gain insights on ways of managing structures.
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
1. Technical Bulletin
Issue 2005 – 1
Fountain Solutions, pH and Conductivity
While we most often encounter acid-based fountain
BACKGROUND
solutions, there are also neutral and alkaline-based
People with only a passing familiarity with the offset
solutions used in certain industry segments, specifi-
printing process have probably heard the phrase,
cally the non-heat web offset markets such as news-
“ink and water,” often in the context of a pressroom
paper printing. Our discussion here will concentrate
problem. When Senefelder discovered the lithographic
on the acid systems.
process in 1798, he found that the secret of keeping
ink in the image area of the printing “plate,” or in his
Table 1 shows the typical acid fountain solution
day the lithographic stone, was to have a thin film of
composition. Phosphoric acid has always had a
water in those areas where ink was not wanted. The
unique role in fountain solution chemistry, but it
presence of a very thin film of water in these so-called
has also been cited as a possible cause of catalyst
non-image areas was sufficient to prevent ink from
poisoning in the afterburners of web offset press
being transferred to the plate from the inking rollers.
ovens. For that reason, alternatives such as citric
How we create image and non-image areas is not
acid are used.
the purpose of this bulletin. Rather we want to discuss
the “water” used in the process, for it is not pure What keeps the non-image area water receptive is
water but a dilute chemical solution that makes the the presence of a chemical known as a desensitizer
process work as well as it does. —gum arabic has proven to be the best over time.
It works best in an acidic environment, hence the
The chemical solution, usually called the dampening
reason for having the phosphoric, or other acid present.
or fountain solution, or fount in Europe, historically
was a dilute solution containing phosphoric acid and Buffering agents are materials that help keep the
gum arabic. In fact, it was Senefelder who discovered acidity, as measured by the pH of the solution, at
the benefits of the components and to this day very a fixed value, regardless of its concentration. We’ll
few, if any, superior replacements have been found in come to this important concept in just a moment.
spite of all the changes and improvements made in
Corrosion inhibitors are necessary because the
the lithographic process itself.
dampening solution can be very aggressive toward
FOUNTAIN SOLUTION COMPOSITION metal parts on the press and supporting equipment.
Likewise, bactericides are necessary in order to
Modern fountain solutions generally consist of a con-
prevent unwanted bacterial and algae growth in
centrated solution of chemicals that are diluted, in the
the dampening system. This is especially critical
pressroom, to the working concentration. Typically, we
in solutions that are neutral or alkaline in pH.
might add one to six ounces of concentrate to a gallon
of water. The extent of the dilution varies depending
The wetting agent is a rather recent addition to the
on the actual concentration of the chemicals in the
mix. At one time, it was found necessary to add
concentrated solution.
2. Technical Bulletin
alcohol, typically isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol), separately because so much was required that it could
to the diluted solution such that the resultant mix not be “packed into” the fountain solution concentrate.
contained anywhere from 5%-25% alcohol. The Since there were two additions or steps required, this
purpose in doing this was to improve the ability of the was called a “Two Step” fountain solution. When
solution to “wet out” the dampening rollers and non- alcohol substitutes or replacements were introduced,
image areas of the printing plates. Because of it was often found that lesser amounts were needed,
insurance concerns (the alcohol is very flammable), and it was possible to squeeze it into the concentrate
alcohol is rarely used in North America, at least at the itself. These solutions became known as “One Step”
high concentrations formerly used. Other chemicals, solutions. Everything was in one container, which
known as wetting agents, are now used and may be simplified the mixing equipment, but more of the
present either in the fountain solution concentrate concentrate was required. One Step or Two, it doesn’t
itself, or added to the diluted solution at press-side. matter. What is important, and is often overlooked, is
Some wetting agents have been known to create that the concentration of all the active ingredients
foam problems in the circulation system, hence must be maintained at the proper level. “Over-
“defoamers” might also be found in the fountain dosing,” particularly with a One Step solution, to
solution concentrate. correct one problem, will likely create additional
problems because the other components will
In many pressrooms, all the dilutions and additions
then be present at elevated concentrations.
generally take place automatically. Figure 1 depicts
the process. The amount of concentrate to use We mentioned earlier that the main desensitizing
(typically between 1 – 6 ounces/gallon) is determined agent, gum arabic, is most effective at maintaining
by the composition of the fountain solution. When acidic pH values. What is pH? To a chemist, “pH”
alcohol was being used it was always added is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion
Table 1. Typical components in an acid fountain solution
Acid - the basis for most fountain solutions and one that provides the best
environment for the desensitizer (often gum arabic) to work; often
phosphoric acid but others, such as citric, are also used
Desensitizer - to keep the non-image area water receptive (gum arabic is still the
desensitizer of choice)
Buffering agents - to help stabilize the pH of the solution
Corrosion inhibitors - to prevent corrosion of metal components on the press
Bactericides - to prevent the growth of bacteria and algae in the dampening system
Wetting agents - to help the solution “wet” the non-image area of the plate
Defoamers - to minimize/eliminate foam in the circulating system
2
3. Glatfelter 2005
Figure 1. Automatic fountain solution mix
1 oz. – 6 oz./gallon
Concentrate Alcohol or
alcohol substitute
quot; quot;
quot;
To Press
Press-ready solution
#
Fresh water
supply
concentration. To the non-chemist, however, it is an Note that on the pH scale a solution with pH = 4 is
indicator of how “acidic” a solution is. Figure 2 shows 10 times more acidic (it has 10x the concentration
how the pH scale works. of hydrogen ions) than a solution with pH = 5,
and so on, thus the logarithmic function in the
Water contains positively charged hydrogen ions (H+)
pH definition.
and negatively charged hydroxyl ions (OH-). Ions are
simply atoms or molecules that are electrically charged. Figure 3 shows how the pH of a hypothetical foun-
When the pH = 7, there is an equal number of each, tain solution would change as its concentration is
and we say that the water has a neutral pH. However, increased. In the graphic arts, it is customary to
if there are more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions, refer to the concentration in terms of ounces of
H+ > OH-, then the water is considered acidic (if concentrate per gallon of diluted solution (ounces/
OH- > H+, then the water is alkaline). The greater gallon). The region where gum arabic is most effective
the ratio, the more acidic (or alkaline) the water. is around pH = 4 – 4.5. By increasing the
Figure 2. Concentration, in moles/liter of hydrogen and
hydroxyl ions, and their relationship to pH
Concentration and pH
OH- 0.1 0.000000001 ~0
pH 14 7 1
H+ ~0 0.000000001 0.1
3
4. Technical Bulletin
Figure 3. Differences between regular and buffered fountain solutions
Buffered
Unbuffered
pH
Concentration, ounces/gallon
concentration we not only increase the gum arabic fairly confident that the proper numbers of ounces
concentration, we also cause the pH to decrease, per gallon of etch (also known as fountain solution
perhaps to an excessively low level. As the pH concentrate) were present. With buffered solutions,
becomes too low, we can dissolve carbonate pH was no longer a reliable measure of concentra-
in the paper’s coating. tion. To overcome this, an alternative methodology
was sought, and in 1976, the use of conductivity
This is where the concept of “buffered” solutions
measurements was introduced1.
comes into play. By adjusting the chemistry of the
solution, it is possible to ensure that the pH of the Conductivity refers to the electrical conductivity
solution stays fairly constant, regardless of the concen- (the opposite of electrical resistance) of the solution.
tration of the fountain solution concentrate. This effect Solutions that contain dissolved ions conduct
is also depicted in Figure 3. Buffering agents keep the electricity—the more ions the higher the conductivity.
pH constant, in spite of contamination by materials These ions come not only from the hydrogen ions,
from both the ink and paper that would alter the pH but other materials present in the fountain solution.
Figure 4 depicts the general relationship between
of an unbuffered solution.
etch concentration, pH and electrical conductivity.
Although buffered fountain solutions offered the
advantage of a controlled pH, they created a new As can be seen, the change in conductivity with etch
problem. Historically, a pressman would check the concentration is linear, thus making it an ideal tool for
pH of the solution and, by knowing the pH could be checking the concentration of etch. The pH of the
4
5. Glatfelter 2005
Figure 5. Typical changes in pH/ conductivity
Figure 4. Typical changes in pH and
with concentration, two different solutions
conductivity for an acid etch
pH, Solution A and B
pH
Conductivity, Solution A
Conductivity
Conductivity, Solution B
Conductivity
Conductivity
pH
pH
Concentration, ounces/gallon
Concentration, ounces/gallon
solution is still important, however, and needs for pH. As shown in Figure 5, it is quite possible
to be checked as well. to formulate two fountain solutions having similar
pH-concentration characteristics but different
Fountain solution manufacturers have many materials
conductivity-concentration curves.
at their disposal when it comes to formulating their
products. Each of these components may contribute Understanding how all the pieces fit together will
to the overall electrical conductivity of the solution in make clear why both the pH and the conductivity
its own way, thus it is important to remember that of the fountain solution are important.
the conductivity of the solution is only important
insofar as it relates to the concentration of the etch.
Bates, J. B., and Blom, B. E., “Accurately monitoring concentration of
1
There is no “magic” value for conductivity as there is alkaline fountain solutions,” Newspaper Production, 5(7), 20-25 (1976).
5
6. Technical Bulletin
Frequently Asked Questions
Q
1. Is it true they still use alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) Below pH = 4, calcium carbonate, used in
at fairly high levels in European pressrooms? many of our paper coatings, can dissolve. The
A problem is aggravated as the pH gets lower
The answer is “yes” but this is changing.
and can be worsened by certain fountain
Environmental, health and safety regulations
solution components.
forced North American pressrooms to find
Q
alternatives to alcohol many years ago.
4. If calcium carbonate were dissolved into the
Europe has been slow in adopting these
fountain solution, would the pH begin to rise?
changes primarily because the use of alcohol
A
in the fountain solution was extremely helpful,
Yes, if the fountain solution were not “buffered.”
and the regulatory climate did not discourage
On the other hand, if the fountain solution were
its use. Again, this is changing.
buffered, the calcium carbonate contamination
would not increase the pH of the solution
Q
2. I’ve been told to make sure the conductivity unless the absorption capacity of the buffer
of my etch stays between 1500 – 2000. were reached. As discussed earlier, the
A
Is this correct? buffering agent serves to keep the pH fairly
constant in the presence of contaminants.
No. As explained earlier, there is no magic value
for the conductivity reading. Different etches,
Q 5. I haven’t heard that there are any problems in
being used at their proper levels, can give
Europe, where they have been running high
different conductivity readings. The conductivity
carbonate coating for many years. Why is this?
reading is only to be used to ensure that the
A
proper concentration of etch is present. In order
European fountain solutions tend to run around
to do this, you need to have a calibration curve,
pH = 5, as opposed to North American fountain
showing the conductivity versus concentration,
solutions which run closer to, and sometimes
prepared for each etch and dilution water com-
below, pH = 4. Why the difference? Most often
bination. The pH is still important, however.
cited is the use of alcohol in European press-
rooms, but this explanation is not universally
Q
3. What happens if the pH of the fountain solution agreed upon. For example, hard water is often
is too low? found in Europe and even recommended by
A some authorities. The same concentration of
In the case of sheetfed printing inks that
etch in hard water will have a higher pH than
undergo a chemical reaction as they dry, an
in deionized water.
excessively low pH (< 3.5) can interfere with
the chemical reaction and prevent ink drying.
6
7. Glatfelter 2005
Frequently Asked Questions (continued)
Q
Q
6. You mentioned there were other fountain 7. Does it matter what the pH and conductivity of
solutions that were not acidic. Can you tell the water is that I’m using to make my press-
me more about them? ready fountain solution?
A
AIn the late 1960s, early 1970s, it was discovered Yes and no. Conductivity readings are pretty
that alkaline fountain solutions, similar in chemical much additive. For example, suppose a
composition to detergents, worked well in non- particular fountain solution, mixed at the ratio
heat web operations, primarily newspapers. They of one ounce per gallon with deionized water,
were much more cost-effective than conventional which has a conductivity of zero, gives a reading
acidic solutions and had the added benefit that of 2,000. If the same dilution had taken place
the printing plates did not need to be wiped with with water that itself had a conductivity reading
a gum arabic solution during press shutdowns. of 500, then this solution would read 2,500 on
They were used much like their acid counterparts. our meter. Thus, when making a calibration
Evolutions in their formulation also allowed them curve (conductivity versus ounces/gallon), be
to be sold in dry form. The user could add the sure to read the conductivity of the diluting water.
dry form to a predetermined amount of water
Water quality, and potentially conductivity
and in “super concentrate” form, dilute 10 gallons
readings, can change during the course of the
to make 55 gallons of the standard concentrate.
year, depending on local water supply systems.
These latter versions afforded appreciable freight
Be sure to check the conductivity/pH of the
savings to the user.
water periodically to ensure that the calibration
pH neutral solutions also appeared and enjoyed curve remains accurate.
limited success in the newspaper production
The pH of the diluting water is usually not too
industry. The popularity of neutral solutions grew
important. If it is between pH = 6 to 8, then
so that today they are extensively used in
the chemistry of the fountain solution tends
newspaper production whereas alkaline solution
to overwhelm and dominate the properties
usage has diminished. However, there appears
of the solution. However, it is good practice
to be renewed interest in alkaline solutions
to measure the pH and conductivity of the
because of their resistance to bacteria growth
solution when preparing the calibration curve,
compared to their neutral counterparts.
just in case.
7
8. Technical Bulletin
Frequently Asked Questions (continued)
8. Should I be using tap water or treated water 9. If I need to treat my water, what method should
Q
to mix my fountain solution? I use? A softener, a deionizer, or a reverse
Q osmosis unit?
Not surprisingly, it depends. The water chemistry
A of most urban water systems is sufficiently stable A softener removes the hardness minerals,
A
that it can be used “as is.” Other areas of the calcium and magnesium, from the water
country experience fluctuations, sometimes daily, and replaces them with common salt. This
often seasonally, in water quality, and this could is considered only a partial solution to water
upset the chemistry of the fountain solution and problems and is not generally recommended
perhaps the ink-water balance on press. or found in the majority of press/plate rooms.
Keep in mind that these variations in water Deionizers and reverse osmosis units remove
chemistry can also have an impact on all minerals, but the reverse osmosis (RO) units
plate processing. have the advantage of removing some organic
contaminants as well. Maintenance of RO units
is generally simpler although their initial cost is
often higher than deionizers. RO appears to be
the method of choice in most plate/press rooms.
For more information, contact:
Glatfelter
353 South Paint Street
Chillicothe, Ohio 45601
TFS_Carbonless@glatfelter.com
Technical Bulletin Issue 2005-1
First published May 2002. Revised February 2004.
Glatfelter 2005
NP034 Rev. 05/05
8