The document provides an overview of carbon and its compounds, highlighting carbon's unique properties such as tetravalency, catenation, polymerization, and isomerism. It discusses the various allotropes of carbon, including diamond, graphite, and fullerene, and the significance of carbon-containing compounds, particularly hydrocarbons. Additionally, it covers chemical reactions involving carbon compounds and differentiates between soaps and detergents.

1. 1
Carbon and its
Compounds
ONE SHOT
CLASS - 10th

2. 2
Carbon and its
Compounds

3. Atomic number of CARBON is 6 (6p and 6e)
Also it has 6 neutrons.
Mass number = 12 (6p + 6n).
Electronic configuration is 2,4
Valency is 4 so it is Tetravalent.
About CARBON

4. Importance of carbon
● Main element present in all living organisms.
● Almost all fuel that we use are made of carbon.
● Other organic substance like carbohydrate, protein,
fats, alcohol, vinegar, glucose etc contain carbon.
● Plastics have carbon.
Uniqueness in carbon
● Carbon can form huge number of compounds.
● Number of carbon compounds are greater than all non-carbon
compounds.
● Carbon based organic chemistry is studied as a separate branch
of chemistry.

5. ● Catenation
● Tetra-Covalency
● Polymerisation
● Isomerism
Why CARBON is Unique?

6. 1. Tetra-Covalency
Valency of Carbon is 4 and it form compounds only by sharing electrons.
Covalent Bond: The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic
configuration is 2, 4. It requires, 4 electrons to achieve the inert gas
electronic configuration.
But carbon cannot form an ionic bond because :
• It could gain four electrons forming C4- cation. But it would be difficult
for the nucleus with six protons to hold on to ten electrons.
• It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cations. But it requires a large
amount of energy to remove four electrons.

7. 2. Catenation
It is a property which is present in Carbon which leds to direct bonding
between atoms of same element to form long chains, branches or ring
structures.

8. 3. Polymerisation
The chemical process that combines several monomers to form a
polymer or polymeric compound.
4. Isomerism
Compounds having same molecular formula, but different structures are
called isomers and this property is called isomerism.

9. Types of covalent bond

10. Allotropes of Carbon
Different forms of an element that has same chemical properties,
but different physical properties are known as allotropes.
There are three allotropes of carbon- diamond, graphite and
fullerene.

11. Diamond
It exists as a three-dimensional network
with strong carbon-carbon covalent
bonds. Diamond is hard in nature with high
melting points.
It shines in presence of light and it is a bad
conductor of electricity. The most common
use of diamond is in making jewellery. It is
also used in cutting and drilling tools.

12. Graphite
● In Graphite each Carbon atom is
bonded with other three carbon atoms
in order to form hexagonal rings.
● It serves as good conductor of heat
and electricity.
● It is used as dry lubricant for machines
parts as well as it is used in lead
pencils.

13. Fullerene
● Fullerence is the hollow cage which
exists in the form of sphere. It
resembles the structure of fullerene.
● But along with hexagonal rings,
sometimes pentagonal or heptagonal
rings are also present.

14. Types of compounds
Carbon Compound Compounds containing carbon.
Organic Compound Compounds containing carbon and
nitrogen.
HydroCarbon Compounds containing carbon and
hydrogen only.

15. Classification of Hydrocarbons

16. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons : (Open Chain)
No. of Carbon
Atoms
Alkane Alkene Alkyne
1 (Meth-)
2 (Eth-)
3 (Prop-)
4 (But-)
5 (Pent-)

17. Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

18. Cycloalkane

19. Functional Groups

20. Functional Groups

21. Functional Groups

22. IUPAC Nomenclature

23. Homologous series
Homologous series is a series of compounds with similar
chemical properties and same functional group differing
from the successive member by CH2

24. Lewis dot Structure
CH4

25. Lewis dot Structure

26. Electron dot Structure
Ethane Ethene

27. Chemical properties of carbon compounds
1. Combustion reaction
i) C + O2 → CO2 + heat and light
ii) CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light
iii) CH3CH2OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light
2. Oxidation reaction

28. Chemical properties of carbon compounds
3. Addition reaction

29. Chemical properties of carbon compounds
4. Substitution reaction

30. Ethanol
2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2CH3CH2O-Na+ + H2
CH3–CH2OH → CH2=CH2O-Na+ + H2O
GROUP Alcohol Family
Molecular formula C2H5OH
Nature Neutral

31. Ethanoic Acid
GROUP Carboxylic Acid Family
Molecular formula CH3OOH
Nature Acidic

32. Distinguish between Soap and Detergent
Soap Detergent
● Soaps work well in soft water.
● Biodegradable.
● They have relatively weak cleansing
action.
● They are Na or potassium salts of
long chain fatty acids.
● Detergents work well both in soft
and hard water.
● Non-biodegradable.
● They have strong cleansing action.
● They are sodium salts of long chain
benzene sulphonic acids.
Cleansing action of Soap