The document discusses carbohydrates, including what they are, their importance, classification, preparation and properties of glucose. It covers the structure and isomerism of glucose, tests for glucose, and discusses diabetes. Key points covered include that carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, provide a source of energy, and glucose is the most common monosaccharide that plays a role in diabetes when blood sugar levels cannot be regulated.

1. Carbohydrates
A. Kannan
Assistant Professor of Chemistry
Vivekananda College
Tiruvedakam West

2. Objectives
• What are carbohydrates?
• Importance
• Classification
• Preparation, properties & structure of Glucose
• Structure & isomerism of Glucose
• Test for Glucose
• Diabetes

3. What are Carbohydrates?
• Naturally occurring organic molecules
• Composed of C, H and O atoms

4. Importance
Carbohydrates fulfill three basic needs
Food Cloth Shelter

6. How are Carbohydrates produced?
How are we obtain energy
from Carbohydrates?

8. Can you compare Carbohydrate and
Hydrocarbon?
Carbohydrates Hydrocarbons
Composition of C, H & O
Glucose
Composition of C & H
Methane, Petrol, Diesel
Provide energy to animal Provide energy to industry
Emit Carbon dioxide Emit Carbon dioxide

17. MONOSACCHARIDES
No of C-atoms Potentially active
carbonyl group
Trioses
Tetroses
Pentoses Aldoses Ketoses
Hexoses
Heptoses “These carbohydrates cannot
Octoses be hydrolyzed into simpler compounds”

18. Glucose
• Preparation
• Properties
• Physical
• Chemical
• Structure
• Test for Sugar
• Diabetics

20. Properties of Glucose
Physical Properties
Colourless
Odorless
Crystalline solid
mpt 146 C
Soluble in water

21. Chemical Properties of Glucose
Oxidation (mild condition)

22. Mild oxidation

23. Oxidation (strong)

24. Reduction (mild)

25. Reduction (strong)

26. • Reaction with hydroxylamine

27. Reaction with Phenyl hydrazine

28. Reaction with Hydrogen Cyanide

29. On fermentation

30. Structural Elucidation
Open Structure Ring Structure

31. • Presence of 6-Carbon
– Glucose reacts with HI/P produces n-hexane
• Prsence of carbonyl compound
Glucose reacts with Hydroxylamine to form oxime

32. Presence aldehyde group
On mild oxidation Glucose forms Gluconic acid
Presence primary alcohol group
Gluconic acid is oxidised with Nitric acid to form glucaric
acid

33. Glucose is readily dissolved in water
Glucose does not contain Carboxylic acid
Presence of 5-OH groups
Glucose forms pentaacetate derivative with acetic
anhydride

44. Uses
• As food
• In the preparation of sweets, candies, syrups
and confectionery
• In the preparation of glycerol
• In silvering of mirrors and vat-dyeing as a
reducing agent
• As an intravenous injection

45. Test for Glucose

46. Diabetes
Inability to maintain the blood sugar level
Defeciency in insulin secretion
Frequent urination, thirst, dry skin, blurred vision,
hunger & slow recovery from injuries and illness

49. Check your knowledge
Which one of the following is known as blood sugar?
a) Glucose b) starch c) Cellulose d) Sodium chloride
Which one of the following nutrients give energy to us?
a) protein b) carbohydrate c) water d) fat