This document provides an overview of key concepts related to capital markets, savings, investment, and interest rates. It defines savings as current income deferred for future consumption. It presents US personal income and savings statistics. It defines investment as the purchase of new capital goods and distinguishes between gross and net investment. It discusses factors that determine interest rates and the shapes of yield curves. It also covers the differences between real and nominal interest rates and concepts like present value and household savings behavior.
A donor transfers assets to a charitable remainder trust (CRT). The donor receives payments from the CRT for life or a term of years. Upon the donor's death or the end of the term, the remaining assets pass to charity. The donor receives an income tax deduction for the charitable gift. Payments from the CRT are taxed in tiers, with ordinary income taxed first, then capital gains, and return of principal last. CRTs provide tax benefits to donors but ensure the assets ultimately pass to charity.
This document provides an overview of the first class in a series of 6 classes on personal finance called "MONEY MATTERS". The class covers calculating monthly income, determining deductions, and preparing a budget. Key points include listing sources of income, applying rules to calculate monthly amounts, identifying required and voluntary deductions on a pay stub, and using income and expense information to create a budget and financial plan. The class aims to help participants better understand and take control of their financial situation.
International business finance/abshor.marantika/ Ega Naufal Yezanya/3-03YezanyaModesthaFirst
An American business needs to convert currencies to pay suppliers in Canada, Japan, and Switzerland. To pay the Canadian supplier $25,139 is needed to buy 30,000 Canadian dollars. To pay the Japanese supplier $4,687 is needed to buy 1,000,000 yen. To pay the Swiss supplier $20,556 is needed to buy 40,000 Swiss francs.
Time value of money concepts are important because a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future due to interest and risk. There are two main methods for adjusting cash flows for time value - compounding and discounting. Compounding calculates future values while discounting calculates present values. Simple and compound interest, future value and present value formulas are used to evaluate single deposits and annuities over time. Annuities represent a series of periodic cash flows, and the time period of when cash flows occur (end vs beginning of period) impacts the calculation of future and present value.
The document discusses risks in retirement planning. It defines risk as the potential for injury or loss. Traditional planning focuses on asset allocation during accumulation, but the goal is to transition savings into lifelong income during retirement. The key risks in retirement include market risk, longevity risk, inflation risk, health expenses, and lack of guaranteed income streams. The document advocates building a "retirement income survival kit" to address these risks.
A donor transfers assets to a charitable remainder trust (CRT). The donor receives payments from the CRT for life or a term of years. Upon the donor's death or the end of the term, the remaining assets pass to charity. The donor receives an income tax deduction for the charitable gift. Payments from the CRT are taxed in tiers, with ordinary income taxed first, then capital gains, and return of principal last. CRTs provide tax benefits to donors but ensure the assets ultimately pass to charity.
This document provides an overview of the first class in a series of 6 classes on personal finance called "MONEY MATTERS". The class covers calculating monthly income, determining deductions, and preparing a budget. Key points include listing sources of income, applying rules to calculate monthly amounts, identifying required and voluntary deductions on a pay stub, and using income and expense information to create a budget and financial plan. The class aims to help participants better understand and take control of their financial situation.
International business finance/abshor.marantika/ Ega Naufal Yezanya/3-03YezanyaModesthaFirst
An American business needs to convert currencies to pay suppliers in Canada, Japan, and Switzerland. To pay the Canadian supplier $25,139 is needed to buy 30,000 Canadian dollars. To pay the Japanese supplier $4,687 is needed to buy 1,000,000 yen. To pay the Swiss supplier $20,556 is needed to buy 40,000 Swiss francs.
Time value of money concepts are important because a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future due to interest and risk. There are two main methods for adjusting cash flows for time value - compounding and discounting. Compounding calculates future values while discounting calculates present values. Simple and compound interest, future value and present value formulas are used to evaluate single deposits and annuities over time. Annuities represent a series of periodic cash flows, and the time period of when cash flows occur (end vs beginning of period) impacts the calculation of future and present value.
The document discusses risks in retirement planning. It defines risk as the potential for injury or loss. Traditional planning focuses on asset allocation during accumulation, but the goal is to transition savings into lifelong income during retirement. The key risks in retirement include market risk, longevity risk, inflation risk, health expenses, and lack of guaranteed income streams. The document advocates building a "retirement income survival kit" to address these risks.
This document provides an overview of basic macroeconomic relationships between income, consumption, and savings. It defines consumption and savings functions, and examines how consumption and savings are influenced by both income and non-income factors like wealth, expectations, interest rates, debt, and taxes. The relationships are illustrated using consumption and savings schedules, which can shift due to changes in determinants. Key concepts explained include average and marginal propensities to consume and save, and how movements along and shifts of the schedules occur.
The document provides the budget presentation for the Garnet Valley School District for fiscal year 2010-2011. It includes a summary of the district's 2009-2010 revenue budget performance and projections, showing revenues are projected to be under budget by $1.2 million. It also outlines the district's 2010-2011 budget, showing a budget to budget increase in revenues of $3.1 million and expenditures of $4.5 million, resulting in an increase to the ending fund balance of $4.5 million. Significant over-expenditures in special education from the prior year are also noted.
This document discusses the power of compound interest for savings and investments. It explains that compound interest is earned on both the principal amount and accumulated interest over time. This leads to much higher returns compared to simple interest, where interest is only earned on the principal. The document uses online calculators and examples to demonstrate how factors like investment amounts, interest rates, and length of time impact compound growth. It emphasizes that starting investments earlier and allowing interest to compound more frequently can significantly increase the total accumulated value of savings and retirement accounts.
Why financial planners should study charitable planningRussell James
Financial planners can provide significant value to clients by learning about charitable planning. Through sophisticated charitable strategies like a charitable remainder trust combined with an irrevocable life insurance trust, a couple can sell their $10 million business tax-free, receive an income tax deduction, increase their lifetime income, and leave their entire estate to their children tax-free. Charitable planning is a growing field that allows financial planners to help clients pass on both financial value and personal values to future generations and charitable causes.
Credit cards allow users to borrow money from banks at interest. If the full balance isn't paid each month, interest is charged on the remaining amount, increasing the total owed over time. For example, if someone owes $1,000 but only pays $100, at 10% interest they would owe $990 for the next month. Paying only the minimum monthly payment results in paying interest for years and ultimately paying much more than originally borrowed. Debit cards differ in that the money comes directly from the user's bank account, so there is no interest charged and it does not affect the user's credit score.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The Long Run Effect of Interest Rate and Money Supply on Petroleum Profit Tax...iosrjce
The study empirically examined the effect of interest rate and money supply on petroleum profit tax
(PET) in Nigeria. The study employed annual time series data from 1980 to 2013 collected from various issues
of Central Bank of Nigeria’s Statistical Bulletin. An Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) Model was adopted in
the analyses of the interaction among interest rate and money supply on petroleum profit tax. The granger
causality pairwise test was also conducted in determining the causal relationship among the variables. The
empirical results showed that, there was unidirectional causality between money supply and PET, money supply
has positive effect on PET in the short run but negative effect in the long run with (t=-1.35 , P<0.05)>0.05) respectively.
This document summarizes interviews conducted with various sellers at the Gandamunda Haat market in Bhubaneswar, India. It describes the market's history and operations. Key points include:
- The market was established in 2006 and has 176 vendor stalls.
- Sellers discuss the types of vegetables and packaging approaches they use to maximize sales and minimize risks and costs.
- Interviews also note transportation sharing between vendors, use of home refrigeration, and cash management strategies without credit.
- Customers comment on the social atmosphere and variety of products available, seeing it as an alternative to supermarkets.
- Younger vendors are being brought into the family businesses from a young age.
Interest rates & its effects on Investments R VISHWANATHAN
The document discusses regular investment habits and patterns when interest rates increase or decrease. It notes that decreasing interest rates attract loan takers and promote the economy, while increasing rates attract depositors and help control inflation. Major investments discussed include bank term deposits, debt funds, and gold ETFs. Factors that attract investors to banks include reputation, interest rates on deposits, and cross-selling. Bond prices and interest rates are inversely related, so investors buy bonds when rates fall and sell when they rise. The document also examines investors' preferences based on investment tenure and provides percentages of investments in different asset classes from 2011-2013. Smart investors are advised to follow daily news updates on interest rate changes.
The document is a presentation on the Indian financial system covering various topics such as interest rates, types of interest rates set by the Reserve Bank of India, factors affecting market interest rates, government securities, and public deposits. It provides definitions and levels of interest rates according to different theories. It also outlines the structure and policy rates in India including the repo rate, reverse repo rate, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity ratio set by RBI. Finally, it discusses reasons for changes in interest rates and characteristics of business cycles.
1) Interest rates affect consumption, investment, and net exports which determines aggregate demand. Higher rates decrease borrowing and demand while lower rates increase borrowing and demand.
2) Interest rates can be used to target inflation levels. Higher rates lead to lower inflation while lower rates lead to higher inflation.
3) Changing interest rates also impacts unemployment levels. Raising rates decreases output and employment while lowering rates increases output and employment.
This document defines key concepts related to capital markets, including savings, investment, interest rates, and present value. It discusses how personal savings in the US equals 3.5% of personal income based on National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) data. Interest rates are defined as the relative price of current versus future income. Different factors like risk and expected inflation determine the shape of the yield curve. Real interest rates can be negative if inflation is high. Present value calculations discount future cash flows to reflect time value of money.
The document discusses the time value of money concept. It explains that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future due to factors like interest rates and the ability to earn interest on money over time. It also discusses the difference between future value, which measures the worth of cash flows after time has passed, and present value, which measures the current worth of future cash flows. Formulas are provided for calculating future value, present value, and the value of annuities over time discounted at a given interest rate. Examples are included to demonstrate calculations.
This document discusses the time value of money concept. It defines key terms like present value, future value, interest rates, and annuities. It provides formulas to calculate future value, present value, and annuities. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating simple and compound interest, present and future value of cash flows over single and multiple periods, and ordinary and due annuities. The document also covers topics like finding interest rates, time periods, and loan amortization.
This is the third presentation for the University of New England Graduate School of Business unit GSB711 - Managerial Finance. It explores the time value of money, using examples to help students clarify this concept.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in financial economics, including:
1) Financial investment involves purchasing financial or real assets with the goal of earning a profit. Popular investments include stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and real estate.
2) The time value of money recognizes that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future due to interest earnings. Present and future value calculations allow comparison of cash flows over time.
3) Investments like stocks, bonds, and mutual funds offer return potential but also come with risk; diversification across multiple assets can help reduce risk. Generally, higher risk investments provide higher potential returns.
Here is a 3-panel comic strip teaching others about compound interest:
Panel 1:
Two friends, Sam and Emma, are talking. Sam says "I just opened a savings account that earns 5% interest each year. I deposited $1000."
Panel 2:
Emma replies "That's great! But do you know the power of compound interest? Your interest will earn interest each year, helping your money grow faster."
Panel 3:
Sam looks surprised. The bank teller overhears and says "She's right! In 10 years, with compound interest your $1000 will grow to over $1600. Your money works for you even when you're not adding more deposits."
This document discusses key concepts related to engineering economics, including capital, interest, cash flow diagrams, present worth, future value, nominal interest rates, effective interest rates, and simple vs compound interest. It provides examples and formulas for calculating future value, present worth, nominal interest rates, and effective interest rates. The key points are:
- Interest rates are used to determine the time value of money and allow economic comparisons of cash flows over different time periods.
- Compound interest accounts for interest earned on both the principal amount and previously accumulated interest.
- More frequent compounding results in a higher effective interest rate than the nominal annual rate.
- Present worth and future value formulas allow determining the equivalent value
The idea that money available at the present time is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential earning capacity. This core principle of finance holds that, provided money can earn interest, any amount of money is worth more the sooner it is received.
This document provides an overview of basic macroeconomic relationships between income, consumption, and savings. It defines consumption and savings functions, and examines how consumption and savings are influenced by both income and non-income factors like wealth, expectations, interest rates, debt, and taxes. The relationships are illustrated using consumption and savings schedules, which can shift due to changes in determinants. Key concepts explained include average and marginal propensities to consume and save, and how movements along and shifts of the schedules occur.
The document provides the budget presentation for the Garnet Valley School District for fiscal year 2010-2011. It includes a summary of the district's 2009-2010 revenue budget performance and projections, showing revenues are projected to be under budget by $1.2 million. It also outlines the district's 2010-2011 budget, showing a budget to budget increase in revenues of $3.1 million and expenditures of $4.5 million, resulting in an increase to the ending fund balance of $4.5 million. Significant over-expenditures in special education from the prior year are also noted.
This document discusses the power of compound interest for savings and investments. It explains that compound interest is earned on both the principal amount and accumulated interest over time. This leads to much higher returns compared to simple interest, where interest is only earned on the principal. The document uses online calculators and examples to demonstrate how factors like investment amounts, interest rates, and length of time impact compound growth. It emphasizes that starting investments earlier and allowing interest to compound more frequently can significantly increase the total accumulated value of savings and retirement accounts.
Why financial planners should study charitable planningRussell James
Financial planners can provide significant value to clients by learning about charitable planning. Through sophisticated charitable strategies like a charitable remainder trust combined with an irrevocable life insurance trust, a couple can sell their $10 million business tax-free, receive an income tax deduction, increase their lifetime income, and leave their entire estate to their children tax-free. Charitable planning is a growing field that allows financial planners to help clients pass on both financial value and personal values to future generations and charitable causes.
Credit cards allow users to borrow money from banks at interest. If the full balance isn't paid each month, interest is charged on the remaining amount, increasing the total owed over time. For example, if someone owes $1,000 but only pays $100, at 10% interest they would owe $990 for the next month. Paying only the minimum monthly payment results in paying interest for years and ultimately paying much more than originally borrowed. Debit cards differ in that the money comes directly from the user's bank account, so there is no interest charged and it does not affect the user's credit score.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The Long Run Effect of Interest Rate and Money Supply on Petroleum Profit Tax...iosrjce
The study empirically examined the effect of interest rate and money supply on petroleum profit tax
(PET) in Nigeria. The study employed annual time series data from 1980 to 2013 collected from various issues
of Central Bank of Nigeria’s Statistical Bulletin. An Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) Model was adopted in
the analyses of the interaction among interest rate and money supply on petroleum profit tax. The granger
causality pairwise test was also conducted in determining the causal relationship among the variables. The
empirical results showed that, there was unidirectional causality between money supply and PET, money supply
has positive effect on PET in the short run but negative effect in the long run with (t=-1.35 , P<0.05)>0.05) respectively.
This document summarizes interviews conducted with various sellers at the Gandamunda Haat market in Bhubaneswar, India. It describes the market's history and operations. Key points include:
- The market was established in 2006 and has 176 vendor stalls.
- Sellers discuss the types of vegetables and packaging approaches they use to maximize sales and minimize risks and costs.
- Interviews also note transportation sharing between vendors, use of home refrigeration, and cash management strategies without credit.
- Customers comment on the social atmosphere and variety of products available, seeing it as an alternative to supermarkets.
- Younger vendors are being brought into the family businesses from a young age.
Interest rates & its effects on Investments R VISHWANATHAN
The document discusses regular investment habits and patterns when interest rates increase or decrease. It notes that decreasing interest rates attract loan takers and promote the economy, while increasing rates attract depositors and help control inflation. Major investments discussed include bank term deposits, debt funds, and gold ETFs. Factors that attract investors to banks include reputation, interest rates on deposits, and cross-selling. Bond prices and interest rates are inversely related, so investors buy bonds when rates fall and sell when they rise. The document also examines investors' preferences based on investment tenure and provides percentages of investments in different asset classes from 2011-2013. Smart investors are advised to follow daily news updates on interest rate changes.
The document is a presentation on the Indian financial system covering various topics such as interest rates, types of interest rates set by the Reserve Bank of India, factors affecting market interest rates, government securities, and public deposits. It provides definitions and levels of interest rates according to different theories. It also outlines the structure and policy rates in India including the repo rate, reverse repo rate, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity ratio set by RBI. Finally, it discusses reasons for changes in interest rates and characteristics of business cycles.
1) Interest rates affect consumption, investment, and net exports which determines aggregate demand. Higher rates decrease borrowing and demand while lower rates increase borrowing and demand.
2) Interest rates can be used to target inflation levels. Higher rates lead to lower inflation while lower rates lead to higher inflation.
3) Changing interest rates also impacts unemployment levels. Raising rates decreases output and employment while lowering rates increases output and employment.
This document defines key concepts related to capital markets, including savings, investment, interest rates, and present value. It discusses how personal savings in the US equals 3.5% of personal income based on National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) data. Interest rates are defined as the relative price of current versus future income. Different factors like risk and expected inflation determine the shape of the yield curve. Real interest rates can be negative if inflation is high. Present value calculations discount future cash flows to reflect time value of money.
The document discusses the time value of money concept. It explains that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future due to factors like interest rates and the ability to earn interest on money over time. It also discusses the difference between future value, which measures the worth of cash flows after time has passed, and present value, which measures the current worth of future cash flows. Formulas are provided for calculating future value, present value, and the value of annuities over time discounted at a given interest rate. Examples are included to demonstrate calculations.
This document discusses the time value of money concept. It defines key terms like present value, future value, interest rates, and annuities. It provides formulas to calculate future value, present value, and annuities. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating simple and compound interest, present and future value of cash flows over single and multiple periods, and ordinary and due annuities. The document also covers topics like finding interest rates, time periods, and loan amortization.
This is the third presentation for the University of New England Graduate School of Business unit GSB711 - Managerial Finance. It explores the time value of money, using examples to help students clarify this concept.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in financial economics, including:
1) Financial investment involves purchasing financial or real assets with the goal of earning a profit. Popular investments include stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and real estate.
2) The time value of money recognizes that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future due to interest earnings. Present and future value calculations allow comparison of cash flows over time.
3) Investments like stocks, bonds, and mutual funds offer return potential but also come with risk; diversification across multiple assets can help reduce risk. Generally, higher risk investments provide higher potential returns.
Here is a 3-panel comic strip teaching others about compound interest:
Panel 1:
Two friends, Sam and Emma, are talking. Sam says "I just opened a savings account that earns 5% interest each year. I deposited $1000."
Panel 2:
Emma replies "That's great! But do you know the power of compound interest? Your interest will earn interest each year, helping your money grow faster."
Panel 3:
Sam looks surprised. The bank teller overhears and says "She's right! In 10 years, with compound interest your $1000 will grow to over $1600. Your money works for you even when you're not adding more deposits."
This document discusses key concepts related to engineering economics, including capital, interest, cash flow diagrams, present worth, future value, nominal interest rates, effective interest rates, and simple vs compound interest. It provides examples and formulas for calculating future value, present worth, nominal interest rates, and effective interest rates. The key points are:
- Interest rates are used to determine the time value of money and allow economic comparisons of cash flows over different time periods.
- Compound interest accounts for interest earned on both the principal amount and previously accumulated interest.
- More frequent compounding results in a higher effective interest rate than the nominal annual rate.
- Present worth and future value formulas allow determining the equivalent value
The idea that money available at the present time is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential earning capacity. This core principle of finance holds that, provided money can earn interest, any amount of money is worth more the sooner it is received.
This document provides a quiz to test financial literacy. It contains questions about concepts like compound interest, types of bank accounts, credit cards, long-term savings plans, investments, credit scores, and budgets. After reviewing the concepts, students are assigned to create a comic strip teaching others about one of the financial topics.
This document discusses calculating an LM3 (Local Multiplier 3) score to quantify the economic impact of local spending. It provides an example of how $100 of initial spending staying primarily local can generate $500 of total spending, compared to only $125 if most spending leaks out of the local economy. The document also provides details on how to conduct LM3 surveys to collect spending data from local businesses and calculate an accurate LM3 score.
This document contains lecture notes on macroeconomic principles and tracking the economy. It discusses definitions of recession, productivity, interest rates, and economic growth. Key points include: a recession is defined by the NBER; productivity is important for growth and is influenced by factors like technology, education, and institutions; the nominal interest rate equals the real interest rate plus expected inflation per the Fisher equation; and economic growth occurs through increases in labor productivity and technological progress.
This document provides answers to end of chapter questions from chapters 1-3 of a personal finance textbook. The answers cover topics such as calculating rates of return and interest, determining financial ratios like debt ratios and current ratios, preparing personal budgets, and calculating taxable income and tax refund amounts. Formulas and tables from the textbook are referenced in some of the calculations.
This document discusses the concept of "Infinite Banking" which is presented as a strategy for becoming your own bank through the use of whole life insurance policies. It notes some key benefits as becoming the banker, borrower, and depositor which eliminates risk and turns liabilities into assets. An illustration is provided showing how purchasing cars over 40 years through policy loans and repayments results in getting all money back plus interest earnings. The strategy is positioned as allowing one to fund major purchases like education and vacations while growing wealth over the long term in a tax-advantaged manner.
Financial mathematics can help manage wealth by providing logical and quantitative tools for making reasoned financial decisions. Some key areas covered in the document include:
- Calculating profit, revenue, loss, and percentages to understand business finances.
- Analyzing costs such as product costs, prices, and overheads to determine business viability.
- Understanding simple and compound interest calculations to evaluate loans, investments, and borrowing costs over different time periods.
- Applying concepts like depreciation to model the decreasing value of assets like vehicles over time.
- Goal setting examples that demonstrate using interest calculations for purchases like a car or house, as well as long-term investments and starting a business.
This document discusses a financial strategy called Infinite Banking that allows individuals to become their own bank. It summarizes how using a specially designed whole life insurance policy can allow people to access tax-deferred and tax-free earnings, borrow from their own policy at favorable rates, and get back every dollar spent on major purchases like cars, college, and homes. The strategy aims to eliminate interest payments to banks and recapture lost opportunity costs by putting individuals in control of their own money through a "triple play" that makes them the banker, borrower, and depositor.
This document provides an overview of a beginner's guide to wealth building workshop. It discusses starting a personal investment plan and contributing to defined contribution plans like 401(k)s to save for retirement. It emphasizes the importance of tax shelters and gauging your investment attitude. Sample budgets are provided to help with financial planning. The workshop also discusses creating a balance sheet to track assets and liabilities, and starting the savings habit by paying yourself first. Later sections cover various investment vehicles like stocks, bonds, mutual funds and their associated markets and indexes to consider for building an investment portfolio.
Econ315 Money and Banking: Learning Unit #09: Interest Ratesakanor
The document provides information about interest rates, including yield to maturity, rate of return, and real vs nominal interest rates. It discusses:
- Yield to maturity is the interest rate that equates the present value of debt payments to the instrument's current value.
- Rate of return considers the purchase price, sale price, and any payments to calculate return over a period of time for investments sold before maturity.
- Real interest rates adjust nominal rates for inflation to show returns in terms of purchasing power rather than dollar amounts. The Fisher equation defines the relationship between real and nominal rates.
The document discusses key concepts and skills related to evaluating multiple cash flows, including computing future and present values of multiple cash flows. It provides examples of calculating future and present values of cash flows using both individual and Excel spreadsheet approaches. It also covers annuities and perpetuities, which are special cases of present and future value calculations involving regular, equal payments over time. Sample problems demonstrate calculating values for investments, loans, mortgages, and other financial scenarios involving multiple cash flows.
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PPT BY FINMAN Time value of money officialMary Rose Habagat
The document discusses time value of money concepts and calculations. It explains that time value of money allows comparison of cash flows that occur at different points in time. It then covers key time value of money concepts like future value, present value, compound interest, annuities, and perpetuities. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations for future value, present value, ordinary annuities, annuities due, and mixed cash flow streams using tables and Excel functions. The document aims to develop an understanding of time value of money principles and computations that are important for accounting, finance, management, and personal financial planning.
This document summarizes a research paper about hardware-enhanced association rule mining using hashing and pipelining (HAPPI). The HAPPI architecture proposes three hardware modules: 1) a systolic array that compares candidate itemsets to a database to find frequent itemsets, 2) a trimming filter that determines item frequencies to eliminate infrequent items, and 3) a hash table that is used to filter unnecessary candidate itemsets. The HAPPI architecture aims to reduce the number of candidate itemsets and database items loaded into hardware to address bottlenecks in previous hardware approaches for association rule mining. Experimental results showed that HAPPI significantly outperforms previous hardware and software methods.
1. The document describes a proposed system called HAPPI (HAsh-based and PiPelIned) architecture for hardware-enhanced association rule mining. HAPPI aims to solve performance bottlenecks in existing Apriori-based hardware schemes by reducing the frequency of loading the database into hardware.
2. HAPPI includes three hardware modules - a systolic array to compare candidate itemsets with database items, a trimming filter to eliminate infrequent items, and a hash table to filter unnecessary candidate itemsets.
3. The proposed HAPPI system is intended to address limitations of existing Apriori-based approaches that involve repeatedly loading large candidate itemsets and databases into hardware.
The document discusses a facial recognition system based on locality preserving projections (LPP). It begins by explaining that existing facial recognition systems using PCA and LDA aim to preserve global structure but local structure is more important. It then proposes a system using LPP, which aims to preserve local manifold structure by modeling the image space as a nearest-neighbor graph. The system represents faces as "Laplacianfaces" in a low-dimensional subspace that preserves local structure for more accurate identification. It provides theoretical analysis showing how PCA, LDA and LPP can be derived from different graph models.
Facial recognition systems analyze facial images to identify individuals. They measure facial features to create a unique template for each face. Historically, early systems used neural networks to recognize aligned faces. More advanced techniques like eigenfaces, laplacianfaces, and locality preserving projections map faces into subspaces to analyze them. Facial recognition has improved accuracy in identifying faces with variations in expression. However, it has limitations as it only utilizes a subset of human facial nodal points and does not account for manifold structure or biometric characteristics. Future areas of development include 3D recognition and unobtrusive audio-video identification systems.
Worldwide market and trends for electronic manufacturing servicesStudsPlanet.com
New Venture Research Corporation is a market research and business development consultancy that has specialized in contract manufacturing and outsourcing for over 15 years. They produce widely quoted syndicated research on the electronics manufacturing services industry. The presentation summarizes trends in the worldwide electronics assembly market between 2007-2012, with the computer and communications segments growing the fastest. It also reviews growth in the EMS market by geographic region as well as direct labor costs and leading contract manufacturers in key regions like Mexico, Eastern Europe, and China. In conclusion, the author predicts continued strong growth in the EMS market, particularly in low-cost regions, over the next 5 years.
This document provides an executive summary of the world electronic industries from 2008 to 2013. It finds that while the electronics industry experienced a decline in 2009 due to the financial crisis, production of professional electronic equipment is expected to drive overall growth above average between 2008 and 2013. Specifically, industrial and medical electronics will contribute significantly to industry growth. Additionally, China is projected to outperform other regions in recovering from the economic downturn. The summary highlights innovation and integration across various applications as keys to the long-term prospects of the electronics industry.
The document summarizes Alfred Weber's locational theory model, known as the Weberian model or the least cost approach. The key points are:
1. The Weberian model explains the optimal location of industrial facilities using the locational triangle. Transportation is the most important element of the model.
2. Solving the Weber model involves three stages - finding the least transport cost location, adjusting for labor costs, and adjusting further for agglomeration economies.
3. Transportation cost is the primary factor in determining optimal location, according to the model. Labor costs and agglomeration economies are secondary adjustment factors.
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck developed a model for analyzing and comparing cultures based on their underlying values and orientations. The model identifies six key dimensions along which cultures vary: humanity's relationship with nature, concepts of time, views of human activity, social relationships, basic human nature, and orientation towards space. These dimensions provide a framework for understanding differences in how cultures approach issues like social organization, time orientation, and human nature. While useful, the model is limited by its vagueness, difficulty of measurement, and lack of direct focus on business and management issues.
The document discusses Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's model of cross-cultural value orientations, which identifies six basic dimensions that cultures vary along: relationship to nature, time orientation, activity orientation, relationships among people, human nature, and space/property. These dimensions influence a culture's values regarding important issues like work, family, and social relations. While insightful, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's framework has weaknesses like being vague, difficult to measure, and not directly addressing business and management concerns.
This document outlines a model mediation procedure and agreement for intellectual property disputes in the UK. It provides guidance for conducting a mediation, including procedures for exchanging information, conducting the mediation, reaching and formalizing any settlement agreement, ensuring confidentiality, and allocating costs. Key aspects include having representatives with full authority to settle, preparing concise case summaries and documents to share, maintaining confidentiality of mediation discussions, and jointly sharing mediation fees and expenses.
Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner identified seven cultural dimensions along which cultures can be classified based on their research on business executives. These seven dimensions are universalism versus particularism, communitarianism versus individualism, neutral versus emotional, diffuse versus specific cultures, achievement versus ascription, human-time relationship, and human-nature relationship. Their 1997 book "Riding The Waves of Culture" explores these seven value orientations between cultures.
Toyota built a new car factory in Burnaston, UK, creating over 3000 jobs. Burnaston was chosen as the site because it was a large, flat, greenfield site next to major roads with access to suppliers and a local workforce. The new factory had positive economic effects, including jobs, increased spending, and supplier companies moving to the area. However, it also increased traffic and destroyed greenfield land. While most benefits were local, there was a potential downside if it reduced sales or jobs elsewhere.
The International legal environment of businessStudsPlanet.com
The document discusses the international legal environment of business. It covers topics such as international law and agreements, business structures abroad, and dispute resolution. It also examines the international business environment, risks of international transactions, and origins and sources of international law. International business involves entities from multiple countries and issues around trade, capital, personnel across borders under different legal systems and government policies.
India's textile industry is one of the largest in the world, contributing 14% to industrial production and employing over 35 million people. It is the largest provider of employment after agriculture and earns 27% of India's total foreign exchange through textile exports. The industry has grown significantly since economic liberalization in 1991 and includes cotton, silk, wool, readymade garments, and hand-crafted textiles segments. It faces competition from countries like China but also has opportunities for growth in the domestic market and through trade agreements. The government is taking initiatives to support the industry through skills training programs and new textile parks.
This document discusses key concepts related to documentary sales and international transactions. It defines key terms like documentary sale, negotiability, bills of lading, and documentary draft. It explains the stages of a documentary transaction and how the risks are allocated between buyers and sellers under different trade terms like CIF. The document also summarizes several cases that illustrate how these concepts are applied, such as who is responsible if goods are stolen during transport depending on whether it is an FOB or CIF contract.
This document discusses various leadership roles and responsibilities. It begins by listing numerous roles of strategic leaders such as visionary, builder, acquirer, implementer, integrator, and motivator. It then provides more details on the roles of staying informed, promoting culture, adapting to change, exercising ethics, and making corrections. The document also discusses developing new capabilities through senior management intervention and cooperation. It outlines actions demonstrating social responsibility like family policies and community involvement. Finally, it discusses leading corrective adjustments through both reactive and proactive changes to strategy and alignment of activities.
The document provides information on various credit insurance products offered by ECGC (Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India) to exporters and banks. It describes short-term and medium/long-term export credit insurance that protects against payment risks and lending risks. It also outlines domestic credit insurance, overseas investment insurance, and exchange fluctuation covers. Statistics on ECGC's growth over time and profiles of specific insurance policies are included.
This document discusses various methods for resolving international commercial and business disputes. It notes that international litigation can be complicated by differences in judicial systems and challenges enforcing judgments across borders. The International Court of Justice allows disputes between nations but not individuals. Arbitration and mediation provide alternatives where a neutral third party decides the outcome (arbitration) or makes non-binding suggestions to reach a settlement (mediation). Other options include negotiation, expert determination, and utilizing dispute resolution processes under international treaties like the World Trade Organization. Overall, the best approach is to prevent disputes through risk management and carefully drafting contracts.
This document provides an overview of India's foreign trade policy for 2009-2014. It discusses India's growing exports and trade share in recent years. It then outlines the economic crisis and declining exports. The policy aims to arrest this decline and achieve annual export growth targets. It describes various components of the policy including import/export controls, duty exemption schemes, and promotional measures. Stimulus measures by the government and RBI to boost exports are also summarized.
This document discusses various types of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their international operations. It defines MNEs as firms that engage in foreign direct investment and own or control value-adding activities in more than one country. The document also discusses measures of internationalization like the transnationality index. Finally, it covers topics like developing country MNEs, small and medium enterprises, and "born global" firms that seek international operations from the start.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
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Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
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Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
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Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666Stone Art Hub
Stone Art Hub offers the best competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai, ensuring affordability without compromising quality. With a wide range of exquisite marble options to choose from, you can enhance your spaces with elegance and sophistication. For inquiries or orders, contact us at ☎ 9928909666. Experience luxury at unbeatable prices.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
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HOW TO START UP A COMPANY A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE.pdf46adnanshahzad
How to Start Up a Company: A Step-by-Step Guide Starting a company is an exciting adventure that combines creativity, strategy, and hard work. It can seem overwhelming at first, but with the right guidance, anyone can transform a great idea into a successful business. Let's dive into how to start up a company, from the initial spark of an idea to securing funding and launching your startup.
Introduction
Have you ever dreamed of turning your innovative idea into a thriving business? Starting a company involves numerous steps and decisions, but don't worry—we're here to help. Whether you're exploring how to start a startup company or wondering how to start up a small business, this guide will walk you through the process, step by step.
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
2. Some Useful Terminology
• Savings: Current income which is deferred for future
consumption (i.e., not spent)
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3. Some Useful Terminology
• Savings: Current income which is deferred for future
consumption (i.e., not spent)
National Income: $8,512.3 B
+ Dividend Payments, Interest, Gov’t Transfers, etc.: $582.5B
- Taxes: $1,077.2 B
= Personal Disposable Income: $8,017.6 B
- Personal Consumption Expenditures: $7,727.2 B
= Personal Savings: $290.4B (3.5% of Personal Income)
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4. Some Useful Terminology
• Savings: Current income which is deferred for future
consumption (i.e., not spent)
National Income: $8,512.3 B
+ Dividend Payments, Interest, Gov’t Transfers, etc.: $582.5B
- Taxes: $1,077.2 B
= Personal Disposable Income: $8,017.6 B
- Personal Consumption Expenditures: $7,727.2 B
= Personal Savings: $290.4B (3.5% of Personal Income)
• Note that there are many ways to save (savings account,
bonds, stocks, etc.)
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6. Some Useful Terminology
• Investment: The purchase of new capital goods.
– Gross Investment: Total purchases of new capital goods
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7. Some Useful Terminology
• Investment: The purchase of new capital goods.
– Gross Investment: Total purchases of new capital goods
• Gross Private Investment: $1,611.2 B
• Gross Public Investment: $355 B
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8. Some Useful Terminology
• Investment: The purchase of new capital goods.
– Gross Investment: Total purchases of new capital goods
• Gross Private Investment: $1,611.2 B
• Gross Public Investment: $355 B
– Net Investment: Gross investment less depreciation of existing
capital (capital consumption)
• Net Private Investment: $500 B
• Net Public Investment: $250 B
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9. NIPA Accounts
• Recall, the accounting identity in the NIPA accounts:
GDP = C + I + G + NX
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10. NIPA Accounts
• Recall, the accounting identity in the NIPA accounts:
GDP = C + I + G + NX
• GDP = Gross Private Savings + Taxes + C
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11. NIPA Accounts
• Recall, the accounting identity in the NIPA accounts:
GDP = C + I + G + NX
• GDP = Gross Private Savings + Taxes + C
Gross Private Savings = I + (G-T) + NX
I (Public + Private) : $1,966 B
+ (G-T): $106B
+ NX: - $559B
Gross Private Savings: $1,513B (16% of GDP)
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12. NIPA Accounts
• Recall, the accounting identity in the NIPA accounts:
GDP = C + I + G + NX
• GDP = Gross Savings + Taxes + C
I + (G-T) + NX = Gross Private Savings
I (Public + Private) : $1,966 B
+ (G-T): $123B
+ NX: - $487B
Gross Private Savings: $1,513B
Personal Savings ($290B) = Gross Private Saving ($1,513B) - Depreciation
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14. Interest Rates
• What is an interest rate?
– The interest rate is the relative price of current
spending in terms of foregone future income.
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15. Interest Rates
• What is an interest rate?
– The interest rate is the relative price of current
spending in terms of foregone future income.
– Example: if the interest rate is 5% (Annual),
you must give up $1.05 worth of next year’s
income in order to increase this year’s spending
by $1.
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23. Real vs. Nominal Interest Rates
• As with any other variable, the nominal interest rate is in
terms of dollars. (the cost of a current dollar in terms of
forgone future dollars). To calculate the real interest rate,
we need to correct for the purchasing power of those
dollars.
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24. Real vs. Nominal Interest Rates
• As with any other variable, the nominal interest rate is in
terms of dollars. (the cost of a current dollar in terms of
forgone future dollars). To calculate the real interest rate,
we need to correct for the purchasing power of those
dollars.
• Exact: (1+i ) = (1+ r )*(1 + inflation rate)
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25. Real vs. Nominal Interest Rates
• As with any other variable, the nominal interest rate is in
terms of dollars. (the cost of a current dollar in terms of
forgone future dollars). To calculate the real interest rate,
we need to correct for the purchasing power of those
dollars.
• Exact: (1+i ) = (1+ r )*(1 + inflation rate)
• Approximation: i = r + inflation rate
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27. Real vs. Nominal Interest Rates
• As with any other variable, the nominal interest rate is in
terms of dollars. (the cost of a current dollar in terms of
forgone future dollars). To calculate the real interest rate,
we need to correct for the purchasing power of those
dollars.
• Exact: (1+i ) = (1+ r )*(1 + inflation rate)
• Approximation: i = r + inflation rate
• How can real interest rates be negative?
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28. Real vs. Nominal Interest Rates
• As with any other variable, the nominal interest rate is in
terms of dollars. (the cost of a current dollar in terms of
forgone future dollars). To calculate the real interest rate,
we need to correct for the purchasing power of those
dollars.
• Exact: (1+i ) = (1+ r )*(1 + inflation rate)
• Approximation: i = r + inflation rate
• How can real interest rates be negative?
– Ex ante vs. ex post
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29. Present Value
• With a positive interest rate, income received in the future
is less valuable that income received immediately.
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30. Present Value
• With a positive interest rate, income received in the future
is less valuable that income received immediately.
• At a 5% annual interest rate, $1.05 to be received in one
year is equivalent to $1 to be received today (because $1
today could be worth $1.05)
$1(1.05) = $1.05
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31. Present Value
• With a positive interest rate, income received in the future
is less valuable that income received immediately.
• At a 5% annual interest rate, $1.05 to be received in one
year is equivalent to $1 to be received today (because $1
today could be worth $1.05)
$1(1.05) = $1.05
• Therefore, the present value of $1.05 to be paid in one year
(if the annual interest rate is 5%) is $1.
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32. Present Value
• With a positive interest rate, income received in the future
is less valuable that income received immediately.
• At a 5% annual interest rate, $1.05 to be received in one
year is equivalent to $1 to be received today (because $1
today could be worth $1.05)
$1(1.05) = $1.05
• Therefore, the present value of $1.05 to be paid in one year
(if the annual interest rate is 5%) is $1.
• In general, the PV of $X to be paid in N years is equal to
PV = $X/(1+i)^N
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33. Income vs. Wealth
• Your wealth is defined and the present value of your
lifetime income.
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34. Income vs. Wealth
• Your wealth is defined and the present value of your
lifetime income.
• For example, suppose you expect your annual income to
be $50,000 per year for the rest of your life. If the annual
interest rate is 3%:
Wealth = $50,000 + $50,000/(1.03) + $50,000/(1.03)^2 + ……
= $50,000/(.03) = $1,666,666 (Approx)
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35. Household Savings
• Without an active capital markets,
household consumption is restricted to
equal current income (that is, C=Y)
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36. Household Savings
• Without an active capital markets,
household consumption is restricted to
equal current income (that is, C=Y)
• With capital markets, the present value of
lifetime consumption must equal the present
value of lifetime income (assuming all debts
are eventually repaid)
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37. A two period example
• Suppose that your current income is equal
to $50,000 and you anticipate next year’s
income to be $60,000. The current interest
rate is 5%.
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38. A two period example
• Suppose that your current income is equal
to $50,000 and you anticipate next year’s
income to be $60,000. The current interest
rate is 5%.
• In the absence of capital markets, your
consumption stream would be $50,000 this
year and $60,000 next year.
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40. Borrowing to increase current consumption
• To increase your current consumption, you
could take out a loan. Your current
consumption would now be
C = $50,000 + Loan
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41. Borrowing to increase current consumption
• To increase your current consumption, you could
take out a loan. Your current consumption would
now be
C = $50,000 + Loan
• However, you must repay your loan next year.
This implies that
C’= $60,000 – (1.05)Loan
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42. Borrowing to increase current consumption
• To increase your current consumption, you could take out
a loan. Your current consumption would now be
C = $50,000 + Loan
• However, you repay your loan next year. This implies that
C’= $60,000 – (1.05)Loan
• For example, if you take out a $10,000 loan, your current
consumption would be $60,000, while your future income
would be $60,000 - $10,000(1.05) = $49,500
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44. Borrowing Limits
Note that you need to be able to repay your
loan next year. Therefore,
$60,000 > (1.05)Loan
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45. Borrowing Limits
• Note that you need to be able to repay your
loan next year. Therefore,
$60,000 = (1.05)Loan
• Your maximum allowable loan is
$60,000/1.05 = $57,143 (this is associated
with zero future consumption)
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46. Borrowing Limits
• Note that you need to be able to repay your
loan next year. Therefore,
$60,000 = (1.05)Loan
Your maximum allowable loan is
$60,000/1.05 = $57,143 (this is associated
with zero future consumption)
Therefore, your maximum current
consumption is $107,143
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49. Saving to increase future consumption
• You could increase future consumption by saving some of
your income (i.e. a negative loan). Suppose you put
$20,000 in the bank, your current consumption is now
$30,000.
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50. Saving to increase future consumption
• You could increase future consumption by saving some of
your income (i.e. a negative loan). Suppose you put
$20,000 in the bank, your current consumption is now
$30,000.
• Next year, your bank account will be worth $20,000(1.05)
= $21,000. Therefore, your future consumption will be
$81,000
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52. Maximizing future consumption
• Suppose you save your entire income. Your
current consumption will be zero, but your
future consumption will be
C’ = $60,000 + $50,000(1.05) = $112,500
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55. Suppose that the interest rate rises to 8%
• Note that if you don’t borrow or lend, you
are unaffected.
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56. Suppose that the interest rate rises to 8%
• Note that if you don’t borrow or lend, you are
unaffected.
• At higher interest rates, your borrowing limit falls:
Loan = $60,000/1.08 = $55,556 (higher interest
rates are bad for borrowers)
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57. Suppose that the interest rate rises to 8%
• Note that if you don’t borrow or lend, you
are unaffected.
• At higher interest rates, your borrowing
limit falls: Loan = $60,000/1.08 = $55,556
(higher interest rates are bad for borrowers)
• However, if you are saving, you receive
more interest: $50,000(1.08) = $54,000
(higher interest rates are good for savers)
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60. The interest rate is the relative price of current consumption
in terms of future consumption
• When any relative price changes, there are
two distinct effects that impact consumer
behavior
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61. The interest rate is the relative price of current consumption
in terms of future consumption
• When any relative price changes, there are two distinct
effects that impact consumer behavior
– The substitution effect: as relative prices change, consumer
typically alter purchases to favor the good that has become
cheaper
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62. The interest rate is the relative price of current consumption
in terms of future consumption
• When any relative price changes, there are two distinct
effects that impact consumer behavior
– The substitution effect: as relative prices change, consumer
typically alter purchases to favor the good that has become
cheaper
– Income Effect: Changing prices alter one’s purchasing power.
When purchasing power falls/rises, purchases fall/rise
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63. How does rising interest rates influence savings
decisions?
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64. How does rising interest rates influence savings
decisions?
• The substitution effect is unambiguous: as interest
rates rise, current consumption becomes more
expensive. Therefore, consumers spend less (i.e.
save more)
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65. How does rising interest rates influence savings
decisions?
• The substitution effect is unambiguous: as interest
rates rise, current consumption becomes more
expensive. Therefore, consumers spend less (i.e.
save more)
• The income effect depends on your current
situation: borrowers experience a negative income
effect and therefore would spend less (save more)
while savers experience a positive income effect
and therefore would spend more (save less)
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66. Impact of rising interest rates
Borrowers
• Substitution effect:
spend less (save more)
• Income effect: Spend
less (save
more)___________
Net effect: Save More
Savers
• Substitution effect:
spend less (save more)
• Income effect: spend
more (save
less)___________
Net effect: ????
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67. Aggregate Savings
• At the individual level, we would need to consider income
and substitution effects to determine the precise impact of
rising/falling interest rates on savings behavior
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68. Aggregate Savings
• At the individual level, we would need to consider income
and substitution effects to determine the precise impact of
rising/falling interest rates on savings behavior
• At the aggregate level, new savings is very close to zero
(i.e., there are approximately the same number of
borrowers as there are lenders
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69. Aggregate Savings
• At the individual level, we would need to consider
income and substitution effects to determine the
precise impact of rising/falling interest rates on
savings behavior
• At the aggregate level, new savings is very close
to zero (i.e., there are approximately the same
number of borrowers as there are lenders
• Therefore, the income effects cancel out and
higher interest rates have an unambiguous positive
effect on savings
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71. Again, assume that the interest rate is 5%, consider
two individuals
Person A
• Current income:
$10,000
• Anticipated future
income: $50,000
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72. Again, assume that the interest rate is 5%, consider
two individuals
Person A
• Current income:
$10,000
• Anticipated future
income: $50,000
Person B
• Current Income:
$50,000
• Anticipated Future
income: $8,000
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73. Again, assume that the interest rate is 5%, consider
two individuals
Person A
• Current income:
$10,000
• Anticipated future
income: $50,000
Wealth: $57,619
Person B
• Current Income:
$50,000
• Anticipated Future
income: $8,000
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74. Again, assume that the interest rate is 5%, consider
two individuals
Person A
• Current income:
$10,000
• Anticipated future
income: $50,000
Wealth: $57,619
Person B
• Current Income:
$50,000
• Anticipated Future
income: $8,000
Wealth: $57,619
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76. Consumption and Wealth
• With capital markets, consumption is not
determined by current income, but by wealth
(present value of lifetime income)
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77. Consumption and Wealth
• With capital markets, consumption is not
determined by current income, but by wealth
(present value of lifetime income)
• These two individuals, having the same wealth,
should choose the same consumption
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79. Again, assume that the interest rate is 5%, consider
two individuals
• Person A
• Current income: $10,000
• Anticipated future
income: $50,000
Wealth: $57,619
Current Spending:
$30,000
Person B
• Current Income: $50,000
• Anticipated Future
income: $8,000
Wealth: $57,619
Current Spending:
$30,000
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80. Again, assume that the interest rate is 5%, consider
two individuals
• Person A
• Current income: $10,000
• Anticipated future
income: $50,000
Wealth: $57,619
Current Spending:
$30,000
Savings: -$20,000
Person B
• Current Income: $50,000
• Anticipated Future
income: $8,000
Wealth: $57,619
Current Spending:
$30,000
Savings: $20,000
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81. Again, assume that the interest rate is 5%, consider
two individuals
• Person A
• Current income: $10,000
• Anticipated future
income: $50,000
Wealth: $57,619
Current Spending:
$30,000
Savings: -$20,000
Future Spending: $29,000
Person B
• Current Income: $50,000
• Anticipated Future
income: $8,000
Wealth: $57,619
Current Spending:
$30,000
Savings: $20,000
Future Spending: $29,000
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82. Consumption and Wealth
• With capital markets, consumption is not
determined by current income, but by wealth
(present value of lifetime income)
• These two individuals, having the same wealth,
should choose the same consumption.
• For a given level of wealth, those with high rates
of income growth would be expected to be
borrowers
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83. Suppose that economic growth in the US rises. What
should happen to aggregate savings?
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 10 20 30 40 50
Savings ($)
InterestRate(%)
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84. Suppose that economic growth in the US rises. What
should happen to aggregate savings?
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50
Savings ($)
InterestRate(%)
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85. Technology & Investment
Demand
• Recall that an economy has three sources of
growth: labor, capital, and technology
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86. Production Technology
• Recall that an economy has three sources of
growth: labor, capital, and technology
• The production function describes the
relationship between output and the three
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89. Marginal Product of Capital
• The marginal product of capital is defined as
the additional output produced by each
additional unit of capital purchased.
• In the previous slide, the first unit of capital
generated 25 units of output while the second
unit of capital raised total output from 20 to 45
• Therefore, the MPK of the first unit of capital
is 25 while the MPK of the second unit of
capital is 20
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90. Diminishing marginal product implies that as the
capital stock rises, the marginal product of
additional capital falls
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 2 4 6 8 10
Capital
Output
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
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91. Marginal Product and Investment Demand
• Recall that investment refers to the purchase
of new capital equipment by the private
sector
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92. Marginal Product and Investment Demand
• Recall that investment refers to the purchase
of new capital equipment by the private
sector
• Firms are profit maximizers and, hence,
only take actions that increase firm value
(present value of lifetime earnings)
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93. Marginal Product and Investment Demand
• Recall that investment refers to the purchase of
new capital equipment by the private sector
• Firms are profit maximizers and, hence, only take
actions that increase firm value (present value of
lifetime earnings)
• Therefore a firm will only buy a new piece of
capital when the contribution of that capital to
firm value is greater that its cost
P(k) > PV(MPK)
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94. A Numerical example
• Suppose that the current interest rate is 5% and that the
cost of a unit of machinery is $100. Capital is assumed to
depreciate at a rate of 10% per year.
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95. A Numerical example
• Suppose that the current interest rate is 5% and that the
cost of a unit of machinery is $100.
• Given the technology from the previous slide, the marginal
product of the first unit of capital is $25/yr. Income stream
will this capital generate?
• Year 1: $25
Year 2: $25(1-.10) = $22.50
Year 3: $25(1-.10)(1-.10) = $20.25
Year 3: $25(1-.10)(1-.10)(1-.10) = $18.23 …………
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96. A Numerical example
• What is the present value of this income stream?
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97. A Numerical example
• What is the present value of this income stream?
PV = $25/(1.05) + $22.50/(1.05)^2 + $20.25/(1.05)^3 + …….
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98. A Numerical example
• What is the present value of this income stream?
PV = $25/(1.05) + $22.50/(1.05)^2 + $20.25/(1.05)^3 + …….
PV = $25/( i + depreciation ) = $25/(.15) = $167
• Is this a positive NPV project? Yes ( $167 > $100)
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99. A Numerical example
• What is the present value of this income stream?
PV = $25/(1.05) + $22.50/(1.05)^2 + $20.25/(1.05)^3 + …….
PV = $25/( i + depreciation ) = $25/(.15) = $167
• Is this a positive NPV project? Yes ( $167 > $100)
• In fact, solving the above expression tells us that this is a positive
NPV project for any interest rate under
i = (MPK/Pk) – depreciation = ($25/$100) - .10 = .15 = 15%
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101. Interest rates and investment
• Note that once the first unit of capital has
been purchased, the second unit of capital
only has a marginal product of 20.
• Therefore, for this unit of capital to be a
positive PV project, the interest rate must
be lower than 20/100 - .10 = .1 = 10%
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104. Interest rates and investment
• Diminishing marginal product of Capital
guarantees that the demand for investment
is downward sloping (increasing rates of
investment require lower interest rates)
• To get the total demand for loans, multiply
the investment curve by the price of capital)
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106. Investment Demand
• It is assumed that labor and capital are
compliments. That is, when employment
rises, the productivity of capital increases as
well.
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107. Investment Demand
• It is assumed that labor and capital are
compliments. That is, when employment
rises, the productivity of capital increases as
well.
• Therefore, as a rise in employment should
increase the demand for capital and, hence,
the demand for loans
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108. Investment Demand
• It is assumed that labor and capital are
compliments. That is, when employment rises, the
productivity of capital increases as well.
• Therefore, as a rise in employment should increase
the demand for capital and, hence, the demand for
loans
• Further, any technological improvement should
also raise the demand for investment
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110. A rise in investment demand
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5
10
15
20
25
0 100 200 300 400 500
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111. Capital Market Equilibrium
• For now, assume that there is
no government and the US is a
closed economy
• Add up individual firm’s hiring
decisions to get aggregate
investment
• Add up individual household
decisions to get aggregate
savings
• A capital market equilibrium is
an interest rate that clears the
market (i.e.,savings equals
investment)
• Here, i*= 10%, S* = I*= 300
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4
8
12
16
20
0 100 200 300 400 500
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112. Example: Post-war Germany
• It is estimated that 20-25% of
Germany’s capital stock was
destroyed during WWII. How
would the German capital
market respond to this?
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8
12
16
20
0 100 200 300 400 500
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113. Example: Post-war Germany
• It is estimated that 20-25% of
Germany’s capital stock was
destroyed during WWII. How
would the German capital
market respond to this?
• A lower capital stock decreases
increases the productivity of
new investment and, thus
increases investment demand
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
0 100 200 300 400 500
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114. Example: Post-war Germany
• It is estimated that 20-25% of
Germany’s capital stock was
destroyed during WWII. How
would the German capital
market respond to this?
• A lower capital stock decreases
increases the productivity of
new investment and, thus
increases investment demand
• The resulting higher
equilibrium has a higher
interest rate, higher savings and
investment
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
0 100 200 300 400 500
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115. Example:The Bubonic Plague
• The Bubonic Plague, or “Black
Death” ravaged Europe in the
1300’s. From 1347-1352,
approximately 30% of the
population in Europe was killed
(25 million). What impact will
this have on capital markets?
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 100 200 300 400 500
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116. Example:The Bubonic Plague
• The Bubonic Plague, or “Black
Death” ravaged Europe in the
1300’s. From 1347-1352,
approximately 30% of the
population in Europe was killed
(25 million). What impact will
this have on capital markets?
• A decrease in employment
lowers the productivity of
investment (labor and capital
are complements) and, hence,
investment demand
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 100 200 300 400 500
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117. Example:The Bubonic Plague
• The Bubonic Plague, or “Black
Death” ravaged Europe in the
1300’s. From 1347-1352,
approximately 30% of the
population in Europe was killed
(25 million). What impact will
this have on capital markets?
• A decrease in employment
lowers the productivity of
investment (labor and capital
are complements) and, hence,
investment demand
• The result: lower interest rates,
savings, and investment
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 100 200 300 400 500
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118. Temporary vs. Permanent Shocks
• Unlike labor markets, the
timing and persistence of
productivity shock are
important
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8
12
16
20
0 100 200 300 400 500
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119. Temporary vs. Permanent Shocks
• Unlike labor markets, the
timing and persistence of
productivity shock are
important
• New capital takes time to
install. Therefore, productivity
improvements must be long
lasting to effect investment
demand
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 100 200 300 400 500
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120. Temporary vs. Permanent Shocks
• Unlike labor markets, the
timing and persistence of
productivity shock are
important
• New capital takes time to
install. Therefore, productivity
improvements must be long
lasting to effect investment
demand
• A temporary improvement in
productivity will increase
savings (as consumers smooth
this extra income), but have no
impact on investment
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 100 200 300 400 500
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121. Temporary vs. Permanent Shocks
• Unlike labor markets, the
timing and persistence of
productivity shock are
important
• New capital takes time to
install. Therefore, productivity
improvements must be long
lasting to effect investment
demand
• On the other hand, a permanent
technological improvement will
increase investment, but have
little impact on savings
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
0 100 200 300 400 500
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