CAPE Sociology Marx theory of_population-1
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Marx believed that population growth is tied to the economic system and the two cannot be separated. To Marx, poverty and unemployment were caused not by overpopulation itself, but by the failure of the capitalist system to provide enough jobs. Surplus population was the consequence of real production and the uneven distribution of wealth under capitalism. Marx also argued that under socialism, reproductive behavior would develop in full harmony with society. However, critics note that communist countries still saw the need to check population growth, contrary to Marx's assumptions, calling into question his view that economic inequality is the sole cause of differences in birth rates.
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Marxist theory on population growth
1) Marx rejected Malthus' theory that population growth itself caused poverty and famine. Instead, Marx argued that poverty under capitalism was caused by unequal distribution of wealth and lack of jobs, not overpopulation.
2) According to Marx, a well-ordered socialist society could support population growth through increased production and wealth, unlike capitalism which creates a "reserve army of labor" and unemployment.
3) Key differences between Marx and Malthus include Marx's view that poverty is caused by the contradictions of capitalism rather than natural population pressures, and his theory that technological changes under capitalism displace workers rather than Malthus' belief that population naturally outstrips food production.
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This document summarizes Thomas Malthus' theory of population growth. It outlines Malthus' key assumptions, including that population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically, leading to an imbalance. It also discusses Malthus' ideas around positive and preventive population checks. The document then summarizes several criticisms of Malthus' theory, including that technological advances have allowed food production to keep pace with population growth, and that migration and birth control have disrupted the relationship between population and subsistence assumed by Malthus.
Population Theorists
The document discusses several population theories:
1. Thomas Malthus believed population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically, leading to famine, disease, and war. He advocated preventative checks like delayed marriage.
2. The Club of Rome warned that at current growth rates, limits to population and industry will be reached by 2100 due to resource depletion and pollution.
3. Esther Boserup argued that population growth enables agricultural innovation and higher productivity through techniques like irrigation.
4. Julian Simon believed human ingenuity allows resources to be substituted and supplies increased, so there are no real limits to growth. The ultimate resource is human creativity.
A Brief Discussion on demographic transition theory.
Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
IT IS GIVEN BY: FrankW. Notestein. Frank Wallace Notestein (August 16, 1902 – February 19, 1983)
The demographic transition theory is a generalized description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one demographic regime to another.
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this presentation will give a basic knowledge about age and sex structure, population pyramid with different countries age-sex structure along with Bangladesh perspective.
Population Theories
Thomas Malthus theorized that population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically, leading to periodic catastrophes from famine and disease. He argued this would keep population in check. The Club of Rome warned that at current growth rates, limits to growth from resource depletion would be reached within 100 years. Esther Boserup argued that population growth spurs technological innovation and higher agricultural productivity, increasing food supply. While their theories differ, all raised important issues around sustainability and limits to growth that remain relevant today.
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This document summarizes Demographic Transition Theory and discusses optimal population. It describes the five stages of demographic transition that countries generally progress through as they develop economically: (1) high birth and death rates; (2) declining death rates and high birth rates leading to population growth; (3) declining birth rates as well as death rates; (4) low birth and death rates as population growth stabilizes; and (5) potentially declining population. It then discusses India's progression through these stages and the implications, including a current demographic dividend opportunity due to a large working-age population. The document estimates an optimal global population of 1.5-2 billion people based on allowing basic human rights and preservation of biodiversity.
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Marxist theory on population growth
1) Marx rejected Malthus' theory that population growth itself caused poverty and famine. Instead, Marx argued that poverty under capitalism was caused by unequal distribution of wealth and lack of jobs, not overpopulation.
2) According to Marx, a well-ordered socialist society could support population growth through increased production and wealth, unlike capitalism which creates a "reserve army of labor" and unemployment.
3) Key differences between Marx and Malthus include Marx's view that poverty is caused by the contradictions of capitalism rather than natural population pressures, and his theory that technological changes under capitalism displace workers rather than Malthus' belief that population naturally outstrips food production.
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2. The Club of Rome warned that at current growth rates, limits to population and industry will be reached by 2100 due to resource depletion and pollution.
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4. Julian Simon believed human ingenuity allows resources to be substituted and supplies increased, so there are no real limits to growth. The ultimate resource is human creativity.
A Brief Discussion on demographic transition theory.
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IT IS GIVEN BY: FrankW. Notestein. Frank Wallace Notestein (August 16, 1902 – February 19, 1983)
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Population Theories
Thomas Malthus theorized that population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically, leading to periodic catastrophes from famine and disease. He argued this would keep population in check. The Club of Rome warned that at current growth rates, limits to growth from resource depletion would be reached within 100 years. Esther Boserup argued that population growth spurs technological innovation and higher agricultural productivity, increasing food supply. While their theories differ, all raised important issues around sustainability and limits to growth that remain relevant today.
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The document identifies ten important determinants of mortality based on a review of sources. The top ten determinants are:
1. Income level and employment status, as wealthier nations have lower mortality rates.
2. Nutritional status, as malnutrition increases risk of death from infection.
3. Epidemics, as disease outbreaks can cause many deaths, like the 1918 influenza pandemic.
4. Injuries, both intentional and unintentional, account for around 9% of deaths globally.
5. Personal behaviors like diet, alcohol and tobacco use, and hygiene practices impact mortality.
6. Education levels, especially of women, influence health behaviors and outcomes.
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Push-Pull hypothesis
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Todaro’s Model of Migration
Mobility Field Theory
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The document discusses the demographic transition model (DTM), which predicts population growth over time based on changes in birth rates and death rates. The DTM has five stages:
1) Birth and death rates are high due to disease and lack of healthcare. No countries are in this stage today.
2) Death rates begin to decline due to improved sanitation and healthcare, while birth rates remain high. Countries like Afghanistan and Bhutan are in this stage.
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4) Birth and death rates level off and become balanced as development is complete. Countries
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This document discusses the demographic transition model and its stages as applied to Bangladesh. It begins with an overview of the 4 standard stages of demographic transition: 1) pre-industrial with high birth and death rates, 2) transitional with high birth but decreasing death rates, 3) industrialization with decreasing birth and death rates, and 4) post-industrial with low birth and death rates. It then applies these stages to Bangladesh, noting it is in stage 3. The document outlines challenges Bangladesh may face as a result of its demographic transition, such as education, health services, nutrition, housing, and women's status. It stresses the need to prepare for changes brought on by demographic transition.
Malthusian theory of population
This document outlines Thomas Malthus' theory of population and its key concepts. Malthus believed that population grows geometrically while the food supply grows arithmetically, resulting in a "population trap." He argued for preventative and positive checks to balance population and resources. The document also discusses criticisms of Malthus, the microeconomic theory of fertility, and how his ideas relate to population issues in Pakistan.
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Demographic transistion
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2) Thomas Malthus argued that population growth alone does not lead to development and that capital accumulation is necessary for continued growth.
3) Walt Rostow proposed a model of economic growth occurring in five stages: traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption.
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2) Rulers are not concerned with limiting population growth that could threaten their rule. However, as colonies gained independence, rulers feared a rise in "costly" partial subjects seeking rights.
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- Marx analyzed society in terms of infrastructure (economic base) and superstructure, and how the mode of production shapes social classes and consciousness. Conflict arises when the relations of production constrain further development.
- Later theorists like Gramsci and Althusser expanded on concepts like hegemony and ideology to explain how ruling classes maintain power through non-violent means via cultural and educational institutions.
- The document examines ongoing debates around Marxism and whether
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2. Nutritional status, as malnutrition increases risk of death from infection.
3. Epidemics, as disease outbreaks can cause many deaths, like the 1918 influenza pandemic.
4. Injuries, both intentional and unintentional, account for around 9% of deaths globally.
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3) Walt Rostow proposed a model of economic growth occurring in five stages: traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption.
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This document discusses three modes of production: domestic, tributary, and capitalist. The domestic mode is organized through kinship relations and family labor for subsistence. The tributary mode involves classes where producers give tribute to rulers. The capitalist mode private ownership of production by capitalists who profit from worker labor. It provides examples of each, including indigenous subsistence corn farmers who also grow coffee for sale, and secondhand clothing vendors in Zambia's informal economy.
Population Theories
This document discusses several theories of population:
1. Malthusian theory argues that population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically, leading to population pressing against the food supply. Checks on population growth include preventative checks like birth control and positive checks like famine.
2. Marxist theory critiques Malthus, arguing poverty is caused by unequal distribution of resources under capitalism, not overpopulation.
3. Neo-Malthusian theory revives Malthus' ideas in the 20th century, promoting family planning over famine/war as population controls.
4. Demographic transition theory describes countries transitioning from high birth/death rates to low as they develop,
Malthus
Thomas Malthus was an 18th century British scholar who developed the theory of population arguing that population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically, inevitably leading to food scarcity. He believed preventive checks like moral restraint were needed to slow population growth, otherwise population would be kept in check by "positive checks" like famine, disease and war imposed by nature. Malthus also developed the "iron law of wages" which stated that in the long run, wages cannot rise above the subsistence level and will be pushed back down by population growth outstripping food supply.
PRESENTATION ON ECONOMY AND SOCIALISM .pptx
Economy means the collective activities of producers and consumers in a region, market, or industry.
Socialism is an economic system where everyone in society equally owns the factors of production.
Lenin's Theory of Imperialism
This document discusses Lenin's theory of imperialism and provides an eco-materialist critique. It summarizes Lenin's view that imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism and would lead to its collapse. However, it argues that abundant, cheap energy from fossil fuels allowed capitalism to overcome crises and outcompete socialist systems. As fossil fuel depletion increases, the limits of capitalism and imperialism may be reached as complexity can no longer be sustained without growing energy inputs. Systemic failures could induce further complex "solutions" and conflicts over declining resources.
Malthus theory
Thomas Malthus published his influential theory of population growth in 1798, proposing that human populations grow geometrically while the food supply grows arithmetically, inevitably leading to famine unless checks on population occur. Malthus suggested "positive checks" like famine and disease and "negative checks" like delayed marriage that reduce birth rates. While controversial, his theory inspired Darwin's concept of the struggle for survival and examined the relationship between population and resources. Malthusian catastrophe predicts population will be forced to return to subsistence levels once it outstrips agricultural production. His theory remains debated but influenced later thinkers exploring limits to economic and population growth.
Econ 1020Winter 2019Overview of Economic HistoryThe Eco.docx
Econ 1020
Winter 2019
Overview of Economic History:
The Economic Systems Prior to Capitalism
Outline:
· Historical development and description of pre-capitalist economic systems (up to the end of the 16th century):
Description and comparison on the basis of:
1. TECHOLOGY
2. ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
3. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
4. IDEOLOGY
· Prehistoric communal societies
· Transition to class-divided civilizations:
· Slave society
· Feudalism
· Assessment of pre-capitalistic economic system: the defining characteristics
PREHISTORIC COMMUNAL SOCIETIES
They emerged 100,000 years ago (when the homo sapiens – our current species – appeared). They lasted for about 90 percent of human history.
· TECHNOLOGY: simple stone tools; hunting and fishing, gathering of fruits and vegetables.
· ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS: isolated extended families (minimal division of labor between men/women and young/old). Strengthening of communal bonds was the driving force of economic interaction (survival was a concern, but it was not the dominant economic drive) => collective nature of economic institutions (non-market societies).
· SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS: collective decision-making, direct democracy (i.e. consensus of the group).
· IDEOLOGY: collectivist thinking; cooperation; high degree of equality; beliefs in myths; the value of tradition => the belief in collective action was the glue that held each society together.
How did a transition to a class-based civilization occur?
· The ideology, social institutions and economic institutions of the early communal economy all held back rapid technological progress => yet, they were sufficient to promote extremely slow technological progress over the tens of thousands of years.
· Development of better tools and agriculture
· Dramatic increase in productivity => people could produce a surplus above their subsistence needs (using jars from newly developed pottery, people could put more food away for winter to prevent starvation in cold climates).
· From collective labor to division of labor => cumulative process (specialization and development of intellectual work => further increase in productivity).
· Higher productivity => increase in population and social & economic stability (from villages to towns to cities).
· Higher productivity => accumulation of goods and wealth => economic and political inequality.
· Surplus => wealth => wars => wars brought prisoners, who were enslaved.
=> Movement to a system in which some people owned slaves and others were slaves (dominant classes VS subordinate classes).
SLAVE SOCIETY
· TECHNOLOGY: bronze and iron tools; agriculture.
· ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS: slaves work; masters take the product.
· SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS: Class differentiation; masters rule.
· IDEOLOGY: elitist prejudice, naturalization of slavery, gender discrimination, racism.
Constraints and limitations (after hundreds of years):
1. Economic problem: stagnation of productivity;
2. Safety issues: we.
Ch.7 #1
The document discusses different economic systems and their accumulation of wealth including:
- Capitalism which emphasizes private ownership and maximizing growth through competition and investment.
- Socialism which advocates for workers to have political power and redistribution of wealth to workers.
- Market socialism seen in China with state-owned industries and local entrepreneurs pursuing international trade.
- Other concepts discussed include privatization, nationalization, globalization, post-colonial dependency, neocolonialism, enclave economies, demographic transition, and Malthusian doctrine about population growth relative to available resources.
karl marx historial materialism, alienation, mode of production, class struggles
This document provides background information on Karl Marx and summarizes some of his key theories. It notes that Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who is considered one of the founders of sociology and social science. It then outlines some of Marx's main theories, including historical materialism, modes of production, alienation, and class struggle. Historical materialism refers to Marx's view that economic structures and relations of production determine societal change and development. The document also summarizes Marx's concepts of different modes of production like feudalism and capitalism, as well as how alienation occurs for workers under capitalism. It defines Marxism and class struggle as the conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.
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