about tumors:
Epithelial tumors are a type of tumor that originates from cells in the epithelium, which is a tissue that lines the surfaces and cavities of the body, such as the skin, organs, and glands. Epithelial tumors are also known as epithelial cell tumors or epitheliomas.
This document provides information on neoplasia and the classification of tumors. It defines neoplasia as new abnormal growth and discusses the distinction between benign and malignant tumors. Benign tumors are self-limited, do not invade or spread, and can be surgically removed. Malignant tumors invade nearby tissue and metastasize to distant sites. The document outlines different types of benign and malignant tumors based on cell of origin and characteristics. It also discusses features of tumor differentiation, anaplasia, and cellular changes seen in malignant tumors.
Types of Cancer its intro and difference between normal and cancerous cell.pptxSachinKumar945617
This document discusses cancer, including its characteristics, types, causes, and spread. Cancer is defined as abnormal cell growth that can invade other tissues. The main types of cancer are carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. Carcinomas make up most cancers and affect epithelial tissues. Sarcomas develop in bone and soft tissues. Leukemia originates in bone marrow and causes abnormal blood cells. Lymphomas involve lymphocytes. Multiple myeloma affects plasma cells. Cancers can spread via the lymphatic system or bloodstream to other parts of the body. Common causes of cancer include carcinogens like tobacco, viruses, radiation, and genetic mutations.
Cancer arises from uncontrolled cell growth and spread of abnormal cells. It is not a single disease but many disorders that differ in causes and responses to treatment. Some cancers like Hodgkin's lymphoma are curable, while others like pancreatic cancer are usually fatal. Understanding the molecular basis and causes of cancer has led to declines in cancer mortality in recent decades. Neoplasia refers to abnormal cell growth, and tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are self-limited and do not spread, while malignant tumors invade nearby tissue and metastasize. Cancers are classified based on the cell type of origin, such as carcinomas arising from epithelial cells and sarcomas from connective tissue cells.
Cancer, also known as a malignant tumor, is characterized by abnormal cell growth that exceeds normal limits and can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Neoplasms, which include both benign and malignant tumors, originate from a single cell that has incurred genetic changes causing uncontrolled growth. Benign tumors are generally not life-threatening, remain localized, and do not spread, whereas malignant tumors can invade other tissues and metastasize to distant sites. The behavior and characteristics of tumors are determined by their parenchymal cells and surrounding stromal tissues.
Cancer arises from genetic mutations and epigenetic changes that alter gene expression and cellular processes like growth, survival and senescence. These changes are heritable and allow cancer cells to outcompete normal cells, forming clonal tumors. Cancers are characterized by autonomous growth, lack of response to growth signals, evasion of cell death, limitless replication, angiogenesis, invasion/metastasis, altered metabolism and evading the immune system. Tumors are classified based on tissue of origin, behavior, morphology and differentiation into benign or malignant types like carcinomas, sarcomas and leukemias/lymphomas.
This document provides an overview of cancer and its genetic basis. It defines cancer as a genetic disorder where normal cell growth control is lost. Cancer arises due to mutations in genes regulating cell proliferation, development, and other functions. These mutated genes, called oncogenes, promote uncontrolled cell growth. The document discusses various cancer risk factors and causes, including genetic predisposition, carcinogens, viruses, and lifestyle factors. It also describes the roles of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer development.
The document discusses neoplasia (abnormal cell growth), including:
1. Malignant tumors cause over 1 million cancer deaths worldwide each year from cancers like gastric, lung, and breast. The highest frequency of cancers is seen in countries like Italy, France, and the US.
2. Tumors are classified based on structure, location, benign vs malignant characteristics, and organ of origin. There are over 200 tumor types grouped into 7 categories.
3. Tumors can be benign (noncancerous), malignant (cancerous), or have local destructive growth. Malignant tumors spread via metastasis and affect the body, while benign tumors do not spread or affect the body.
4.
This document provides information on neoplasia and the classification of tumors. It defines neoplasia as new abnormal growth and discusses the distinction between benign and malignant tumors. Benign tumors are self-limited, do not invade or spread, and can be surgically removed. Malignant tumors invade nearby tissue and metastasize to distant sites. The document outlines different types of benign and malignant tumors based on cell of origin and characteristics. It also discusses features of tumor differentiation, anaplasia, and cellular changes seen in malignant tumors.
Types of Cancer its intro and difference between normal and cancerous cell.pptxSachinKumar945617
This document discusses cancer, including its characteristics, types, causes, and spread. Cancer is defined as abnormal cell growth that can invade other tissues. The main types of cancer are carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. Carcinomas make up most cancers and affect epithelial tissues. Sarcomas develop in bone and soft tissues. Leukemia originates in bone marrow and causes abnormal blood cells. Lymphomas involve lymphocytes. Multiple myeloma affects plasma cells. Cancers can spread via the lymphatic system or bloodstream to other parts of the body. Common causes of cancer include carcinogens like tobacco, viruses, radiation, and genetic mutations.
Cancer arises from uncontrolled cell growth and spread of abnormal cells. It is not a single disease but many disorders that differ in causes and responses to treatment. Some cancers like Hodgkin's lymphoma are curable, while others like pancreatic cancer are usually fatal. Understanding the molecular basis and causes of cancer has led to declines in cancer mortality in recent decades. Neoplasia refers to abnormal cell growth, and tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are self-limited and do not spread, while malignant tumors invade nearby tissue and metastasize. Cancers are classified based on the cell type of origin, such as carcinomas arising from epithelial cells and sarcomas from connective tissue cells.
Cancer, also known as a malignant tumor, is characterized by abnormal cell growth that exceeds normal limits and can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Neoplasms, which include both benign and malignant tumors, originate from a single cell that has incurred genetic changes causing uncontrolled growth. Benign tumors are generally not life-threatening, remain localized, and do not spread, whereas malignant tumors can invade other tissues and metastasize to distant sites. The behavior and characteristics of tumors are determined by their parenchymal cells and surrounding stromal tissues.
Cancer arises from genetic mutations and epigenetic changes that alter gene expression and cellular processes like growth, survival and senescence. These changes are heritable and allow cancer cells to outcompete normal cells, forming clonal tumors. Cancers are characterized by autonomous growth, lack of response to growth signals, evasion of cell death, limitless replication, angiogenesis, invasion/metastasis, altered metabolism and evading the immune system. Tumors are classified based on tissue of origin, behavior, morphology and differentiation into benign or malignant types like carcinomas, sarcomas and leukemias/lymphomas.
This document provides an overview of cancer and its genetic basis. It defines cancer as a genetic disorder where normal cell growth control is lost. Cancer arises due to mutations in genes regulating cell proliferation, development, and other functions. These mutated genes, called oncogenes, promote uncontrolled cell growth. The document discusses various cancer risk factors and causes, including genetic predisposition, carcinogens, viruses, and lifestyle factors. It also describes the roles of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer development.
The document discusses neoplasia (abnormal cell growth), including:
1. Malignant tumors cause over 1 million cancer deaths worldwide each year from cancers like gastric, lung, and breast. The highest frequency of cancers is seen in countries like Italy, France, and the US.
2. Tumors are classified based on structure, location, benign vs malignant characteristics, and organ of origin. There are over 200 tumor types grouped into 7 categories.
3. Tumors can be benign (noncancerous), malignant (cancerous), or have local destructive growth. Malignant tumors spread via metastasis and affect the body, while benign tumors do not spread or affect the body.
4.
Neoplasia refers to abnormal tumor growth. Benign tumors are non-invasive and localized, while malignant tumors are invasive and spreading. Tumors are named based on the tissue of origin, such as carcinomas arising from epithelial tissue and sarcomas from connective tissue. Well-differentiated tumors resemble normal cells, while poorly-differentiated tumors have primitive, undifferentiated cells. Malignant tumors exhibit features like irregular growth, invasion, increased size and mitosis, and lack of differentiation. Dysplasia refers to disordered cell growth showing abnormalities but remaining in situ.
Cancer is predominantly a disease of middle age and elderly. Environment and genetics influence cancer risk. The global cancer burden is estimated at 10 million new cases per year, predicted to rise to 15 million by 2020. Cancer is the second most common cause of death in developed countries. The major cancers vary by sex, with lung cancer most common in men and breast cancer in women. Cancer risk depends on factors like age, sex, geography, occupation, diet, and smoking. Cancer spreads locally, through lymphatics, blood vessels, body cavities, and along epithelial surfaces. Premalignant conditions include changes in benign tumors, intraepithelial neoplasia, and malignancies from chronic inflammation.
This document defines neoplasia and provides details on the classification and nomenclature of tumors. It begins by defining a neoplasm as an abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncoordinated manner. Benign tumors are non-invasive and localized, while malignant tumors are invasive and spreading. Tumors are classified based on the tissue of origin, such as carcinomas arising from epithelial tissue and sarcomas from connective tissue. The document further describes features of benign versus malignant tumors and provides examples of tumor classifications and histological slides.
This document discusses cancer and tumors from several perspectives. It begins by defining key terms like neoplasm, tumor, and cancer. It then covers the classification of tumors based on tissue of origin and behavior. Benign and malignant tumors are compared in terms of characteristics like growth rate, invasion, and metastasis. The metastatic cascade is described as a multi-step process. The major sites of cancer metastasis are outlined. Risk factors for cancer and models of carcinogenesis on the genetic and molecular level are reviewed.
This document summarizes key facts about cancer:
- Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. The most common cancers are breast, lung, colon, rectum and prostate.
- Cancer occurs due to genetic and environmental factors like tobacco use, diet, physical activity levels, and some infections. Many cancers can be cured if detected early and treated.
- Cancers are classified as benign or malignant tumors. Benign tumors are not cancerous while malignant tumors are and can spread to other parts of the body through metastasis.
This document summarizes key concepts related to neoplasia (tumors/cancers). It defines neoplasia as uncontrolled cell proliferation that continues even after removing the stimulus. Tumors are classified based on characteristics like cell type, malignancy, differentiation, and metastasis potential. Malignant tumors are invasive and metastatic compared to benign tumors. Degree of differentiation refers to how closely tumor cells resemble the normal tissue they originated from. Dysplasia and carcinoma are also described.
Ca ovary staging(AJCC 8th Edition& FIGO 2014) and classificationDr.Bhavin Vadodariya
Pathological classification of ovary in details.
Principles of Staging in Ca Ovary.
Staging according to AJCC 8th edition & Figo 2014.
Summary of changes in 8th Edition AJCC
This document discusses neoplasms and tumors. It begins by defining neoplasia and neoplasms, and distinguishes between benign and malignant tumors. It then describes the two basic components of tumors - the parenchyma comprising proliferating tumor cells, and the supportive stroma. Several special categories of tumors are discussed such as mixed tumors, teratomas, and blastomas. The document also covers tumor characteristics such as rate of growth, clinical and microscopic features, local invasion and metastasis. It provides details on classification of tumors based on cell type and discusses the mechanisms of invasion and metastasis.
1. The document discusses neoplasia (abnormal growth of cells) and cancer. It defines key terms like neoplasm, tumor, benign and malignant tumors.
2. It describes how tumors are classified based on cell of origin, biological behavior, appearance and other features. Examples of different tumor types are provided.
3. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are growth rate, invasion of surrounding tissue, metastasis, and differentiation of cells. Malignant tumors tend to grow and spread more rapidly.
Cancer is caused by genetic mutations that alter key cellular processes like growth, survival and senescence. These mutations are passed down to daughter cells, allowing cancer cells to grow uncontrollably. The accumulation of mutations gives cancers abilities like self-sufficient growth, evading cell death and spreading to other areas. Benign tumors are well-differentiated, localized and do not invade other tissues or metastasize. Malignant tumors are poorly differentiated, grow and spread rapidly, invade locally and metastasize to distant sites. The ability to metastasize defines a tumor as cancerous.
1. Neoplasia refers to abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are slow-growing and localized, while malignant tumors proliferate rapidly and can spread throughout the body.
2. Tumors are classified based on their cell of origin - carcinomas arise from epithelial cells, sarcomas from mesenchymal cells. Special tumor categories include teratomas (derived from multiple germ layers), mixed tumors (containing two cell types), and blastomas (embryonic cell tumors more common in children).
3. Characteristics used to distinguish benign from malignant tumors include rate of growth, degree of differentiation, invasion of surrounding tissues, and metastasis. Malignant tumors
The major categories of cancer and the best plan to save on their treatment c...PrudentRx Program
Your body cells grow and multiply in an orderly process, known as cell division, that results in the development of new cells that your body needs. Cancer is a disease in which some of the body cells grow abnormally and spread to other parts of the body. Cancer can start in any part of the body.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and occurs when regulatory mechanisms that control cell division break down. There are over 100 types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body. Cancer cells have characteristics like uncontrolled growth, ability to metastasize to other parts of the body, abnormal surface antigens, ability to stimulate blood vessel growth, and resistance to programmed cell death. The main types of cancer include carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and melanomas. An oncologist manages a patient's cancer care from diagnosis through treatment by explaining the diagnosis, treatment options, managing symptoms and side effects, and working with a cancer care team.
Cancer is major disease in found in human. Abnormal growth of cell in the body is called as cancer. There are many types of cancer like lung cancer, breast cancer, Bladder cancer, Kidney cancer, leukemia, melanoma, etc. To treat cancer each cancer has different cancer treatment. To cure cancers buy cancer medicine online from http://www.onlinepillmart.com/category/cancer-therapy
Neoplasia & carcinogenesis.pptx dr.jawahar singh.pptx 1jawahar singh
This document summarizes a presentation on neoplasia and carcinogenesis. It begins with definitions of neoplasia and discusses the nomenclature and classification of neoplasms as benign or malignant. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are described. The document then covers the molecular basis of cancer, outlining a multistep process of carcinogenesis involving oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, and genes regulating apoptosis. It describes the hallmarks of cancer and discusses epidemiology, etiology, tumor immunity, and clinical aspects of neoplasia.
Cancer is abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that can invade tissues and spread to other parts of the body. It is caused by changes in gene expression leading to imbalanced cell proliferation and death. The document defines several key cancer-related terms and describes how cancers are classified based on their origin, morphology, grade, and stage. It also lists several hallmarks of cancer cells, including unlimited growth, self-sufficiency, evasion of cell death, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
Cancer causes cell to divide uncontrollably. Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the world. But survival rates are improving for many types of cancer, thanks to improvements in cancer screening, treatment and prevention. Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells.
MBBS 2nd Year Pathology - Neoplasia : IntroductionNida Us Sahr
Chapter 7 (Neoplasia) from Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (9th Edition) for MBBS 2nd Year.
After going through this presentation, it will be easy to understand Neoplasia from Robbins.
Presentation1 NEOPLASIA III II YEAR UNDER - Copy_2.pptxPharmTecM
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new abnormal tissue growths), including definitions, classifications of benign and malignant neoplasms, characteristics of each, and precancerous conditions. It discusses that neoplasms have proliferating parenchymal cells and supportive stroma. Malignant neoplasms are less differentiated, grow more rapidly, are locally invasive, and can metastasize. The molecular basis of cancer involves accumulation of genetic mutations from environmental agents and defects in DNA repair over time.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Neoplasia refers to abnormal tumor growth. Benign tumors are non-invasive and localized, while malignant tumors are invasive and spreading. Tumors are named based on the tissue of origin, such as carcinomas arising from epithelial tissue and sarcomas from connective tissue. Well-differentiated tumors resemble normal cells, while poorly-differentiated tumors have primitive, undifferentiated cells. Malignant tumors exhibit features like irregular growth, invasion, increased size and mitosis, and lack of differentiation. Dysplasia refers to disordered cell growth showing abnormalities but remaining in situ.
Cancer is predominantly a disease of middle age and elderly. Environment and genetics influence cancer risk. The global cancer burden is estimated at 10 million new cases per year, predicted to rise to 15 million by 2020. Cancer is the second most common cause of death in developed countries. The major cancers vary by sex, with lung cancer most common in men and breast cancer in women. Cancer risk depends on factors like age, sex, geography, occupation, diet, and smoking. Cancer spreads locally, through lymphatics, blood vessels, body cavities, and along epithelial surfaces. Premalignant conditions include changes in benign tumors, intraepithelial neoplasia, and malignancies from chronic inflammation.
This document defines neoplasia and provides details on the classification and nomenclature of tumors. It begins by defining a neoplasm as an abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncoordinated manner. Benign tumors are non-invasive and localized, while malignant tumors are invasive and spreading. Tumors are classified based on the tissue of origin, such as carcinomas arising from epithelial tissue and sarcomas from connective tissue. The document further describes features of benign versus malignant tumors and provides examples of tumor classifications and histological slides.
This document discusses cancer and tumors from several perspectives. It begins by defining key terms like neoplasm, tumor, and cancer. It then covers the classification of tumors based on tissue of origin and behavior. Benign and malignant tumors are compared in terms of characteristics like growth rate, invasion, and metastasis. The metastatic cascade is described as a multi-step process. The major sites of cancer metastasis are outlined. Risk factors for cancer and models of carcinogenesis on the genetic and molecular level are reviewed.
This document summarizes key facts about cancer:
- Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. The most common cancers are breast, lung, colon, rectum and prostate.
- Cancer occurs due to genetic and environmental factors like tobacco use, diet, physical activity levels, and some infections. Many cancers can be cured if detected early and treated.
- Cancers are classified as benign or malignant tumors. Benign tumors are not cancerous while malignant tumors are and can spread to other parts of the body through metastasis.
This document summarizes key concepts related to neoplasia (tumors/cancers). It defines neoplasia as uncontrolled cell proliferation that continues even after removing the stimulus. Tumors are classified based on characteristics like cell type, malignancy, differentiation, and metastasis potential. Malignant tumors are invasive and metastatic compared to benign tumors. Degree of differentiation refers to how closely tumor cells resemble the normal tissue they originated from. Dysplasia and carcinoma are also described.
Ca ovary staging(AJCC 8th Edition& FIGO 2014) and classificationDr.Bhavin Vadodariya
Pathological classification of ovary in details.
Principles of Staging in Ca Ovary.
Staging according to AJCC 8th edition & Figo 2014.
Summary of changes in 8th Edition AJCC
This document discusses neoplasms and tumors. It begins by defining neoplasia and neoplasms, and distinguishes between benign and malignant tumors. It then describes the two basic components of tumors - the parenchyma comprising proliferating tumor cells, and the supportive stroma. Several special categories of tumors are discussed such as mixed tumors, teratomas, and blastomas. The document also covers tumor characteristics such as rate of growth, clinical and microscopic features, local invasion and metastasis. It provides details on classification of tumors based on cell type and discusses the mechanisms of invasion and metastasis.
1. The document discusses neoplasia (abnormal growth of cells) and cancer. It defines key terms like neoplasm, tumor, benign and malignant tumors.
2. It describes how tumors are classified based on cell of origin, biological behavior, appearance and other features. Examples of different tumor types are provided.
3. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are growth rate, invasion of surrounding tissue, metastasis, and differentiation of cells. Malignant tumors tend to grow and spread more rapidly.
Cancer is caused by genetic mutations that alter key cellular processes like growth, survival and senescence. These mutations are passed down to daughter cells, allowing cancer cells to grow uncontrollably. The accumulation of mutations gives cancers abilities like self-sufficient growth, evading cell death and spreading to other areas. Benign tumors are well-differentiated, localized and do not invade other tissues or metastasize. Malignant tumors are poorly differentiated, grow and spread rapidly, invade locally and metastasize to distant sites. The ability to metastasize defines a tumor as cancerous.
1. Neoplasia refers to abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are slow-growing and localized, while malignant tumors proliferate rapidly and can spread throughout the body.
2. Tumors are classified based on their cell of origin - carcinomas arise from epithelial cells, sarcomas from mesenchymal cells. Special tumor categories include teratomas (derived from multiple germ layers), mixed tumors (containing two cell types), and blastomas (embryonic cell tumors more common in children).
3. Characteristics used to distinguish benign from malignant tumors include rate of growth, degree of differentiation, invasion of surrounding tissues, and metastasis. Malignant tumors
The major categories of cancer and the best plan to save on their treatment c...PrudentRx Program
Your body cells grow and multiply in an orderly process, known as cell division, that results in the development of new cells that your body needs. Cancer is a disease in which some of the body cells grow abnormally and spread to other parts of the body. Cancer can start in any part of the body.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and occurs when regulatory mechanisms that control cell division break down. There are over 100 types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body. Cancer cells have characteristics like uncontrolled growth, ability to metastasize to other parts of the body, abnormal surface antigens, ability to stimulate blood vessel growth, and resistance to programmed cell death. The main types of cancer include carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and melanomas. An oncologist manages a patient's cancer care from diagnosis through treatment by explaining the diagnosis, treatment options, managing symptoms and side effects, and working with a cancer care team.
Cancer is major disease in found in human. Abnormal growth of cell in the body is called as cancer. There are many types of cancer like lung cancer, breast cancer, Bladder cancer, Kidney cancer, leukemia, melanoma, etc. To treat cancer each cancer has different cancer treatment. To cure cancers buy cancer medicine online from http://www.onlinepillmart.com/category/cancer-therapy
Neoplasia & carcinogenesis.pptx dr.jawahar singh.pptx 1jawahar singh
This document summarizes a presentation on neoplasia and carcinogenesis. It begins with definitions of neoplasia and discusses the nomenclature and classification of neoplasms as benign or malignant. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are described. The document then covers the molecular basis of cancer, outlining a multistep process of carcinogenesis involving oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, and genes regulating apoptosis. It describes the hallmarks of cancer and discusses epidemiology, etiology, tumor immunity, and clinical aspects of neoplasia.
Cancer is abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that can invade tissues and spread to other parts of the body. It is caused by changes in gene expression leading to imbalanced cell proliferation and death. The document defines several key cancer-related terms and describes how cancers are classified based on their origin, morphology, grade, and stage. It also lists several hallmarks of cancer cells, including unlimited growth, self-sufficiency, evasion of cell death, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
Cancer causes cell to divide uncontrollably. Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the world. But survival rates are improving for many types of cancer, thanks to improvements in cancer screening, treatment and prevention. Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells.
MBBS 2nd Year Pathology - Neoplasia : IntroductionNida Us Sahr
Chapter 7 (Neoplasia) from Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (9th Edition) for MBBS 2nd Year.
After going through this presentation, it will be easy to understand Neoplasia from Robbins.
Presentation1 NEOPLASIA III II YEAR UNDER - Copy_2.pptxPharmTecM
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new abnormal tissue growths), including definitions, classifications of benign and malignant neoplasms, characteristics of each, and precancerous conditions. It discusses that neoplasms have proliferating parenchymal cells and supportive stroma. Malignant neoplasms are less differentiated, grow more rapidly, are locally invasive, and can metastasize. The molecular basis of cancer involves accumulation of genetic mutations from environmental agents and defects in DNA repair over time.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. epithelial tumors are and how
they are classified
Epithelial tumors are a type of tumor that originates from cells in the
epithelium, which is a tissue that lines the surfaces and cavities of the body,
such as the skin, organs, and glands. Epithelial tumors are also known as
epithelial cell tumors or epitheliomas.
Epithelial tumors are classified based on their appearance and behavior. The
two main categories of epithelial tumors are benign and malignant tumors.
Benign tumors are non-cancerous growths that do not invade nearby tissues or
spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, on the other hand, are
cancerous growths that can invade nearby tissues and organs, and spread to
other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
3. epithelial tumors are and how
they are classified…
Malignant epithelial tumors are further classified based on the type of cell from
which they originate and their growth patterns. Some common types of
malignant epithelial tumors include squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell
carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma. Squamous cell
carcinomas arise from squamous cells, which are flat, scale-like cells that form
the surface of the skin and lining of the organs. Basal cell carcinomas arise from
basal cells, which are small, round cells located at the base of the epidermis.
Adenocarcinomas arise from glandular cells, which produce and secrete fluids
such as mucus. Transitional cell carcinomas arise from transitional cells, which
are specialized cells that line the bladder and other organs that stretch and
contract.
4.
5. various types of epithelial
tumors
Epithelial tumors can be broadly
classified into two categories
based on their behavior: benign
and malignant tumors. Benign
tumors are non-cancerous
growths that do not invade
nearby tissues or spread to other
parts of the body. Malignant
tumors, on the other hand, are
cancerous growths that can
invade nearby tissues and organs,
and spread to other parts of the
body through the bloodstream or
lymphatic system.
6. Types…
Some common types of benign epithelial tumors include:
Adenomas - These are benign tumors that arise from glandular tissue.
They can occur in various organs such as the colon, breast, and thyroid
gland.
Papillomas - These are benign tumors that arise from the epithelial
tissue lining the skin or mucous membranes. They are often seen as
small, wart-like growths and can occur in various parts of the body,
including the bladder, mouth, and throat.
Fibromas - These are benign tumors that arise from fibrous tissue,
which is found in various parts of the body such as the skin, bone, and
muscle.
Lipomas - These are benign tumors that arise from adipose tissue,
which is fat tissue. They can occur in various parts of the body and are
often seen as soft, round, movable lumps under the skin.
7. Types…
Some common types of malignant epithelial tumors include:
Carcinomas - These are malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cells.
They can occur in various organs such as the lung, breast, and colon.
Sarcomas - These are malignant tumors that arise from connective tissue,
such as muscle, bone, or cartilage. They are not strictly epithelial tumors,
but they can occur in epithelial tissues and are often classified together
with carcinomas.
Melanomas - These are malignant tumors that arise from melanocytes,
which are pigment-producing cells in the skin.
Lymphomas - These are malignant tumors that arise from lymphatic tissue,
which is part of the immune system. They are not strictly epithelial tumors,
but they can occur in epithelial tissues and are often classified together
with carcinomas.
8.
9. different types of malignant
epithelial tumors
Malignant epithelial tumors, also known as carcinomas, are a diverse
group of cancers that arise from different types of epithelial cells. Some
common types of malignant epithelial tumors include:
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This type of cancer arises from the
squamous cells, which are flat, scale-like cells that form the surface of
the skin and lining of the organs. SCCs can occur in various parts of the
body, such as the skin, lung, esophagus, and cervix. They often present
as a raised, scaly patch or a firm, red nodule.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): This type of cancer arises from the basal
cells, which are small, round cells located at the base of the epidermis.
BCCs are the most common type of skin cancer and often appear as a
pearly, raised bump or a pink, scaly patch.
10. Malignant…
Adenocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from glandular cells, which
produce and secrete fluids such as mucus. Adenocarcinomas can occur in
various organs, such as the lung, colon, pancreas, and breast. They often
present as a lump or mass that may be felt or seen on imaging tests.
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC): This type of cancer arises from
transitional cells, which are specialized cells that line the bladder and
other organs that stretch and contract. TCCs are the most common type of
bladder cancer and often present with symptoms such as blood in the
urine, frequent urination, and pain during urination.
11.
12. malignant…
Other less common types of malignant epithelial tumors include:
Small cell carcinoma: This type of cancer arises from small cells and can
occur in various parts of the body, such as the lung, bladder, and prostate.
Large cell carcinoma: This type of cancer arises from large cells and can
occur in the lung and other parts of the body.
Neuroendocrine carcinoma: This type of cancer arises from cells that have
both epithelial and neuroendocrine features and can occur in various
organs, such as the lung, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract.
Carcinoid tumor: This is a type of neuroendocrine tumor that can occur in
various organs, such as the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and appendix.
Mesothelioma: This is a rare type of cancer that arises from the mesothelial
cells, which line the pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium. It is often caused
by exposure to asbestos.
13.
14. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of cervical
carcinoma, which can be classified as either large cell nonkeratinizing or
large cell keratinizing. Nonkeratinizing carcinoma is characterized by
squamous cells with slightly darker nuclei and a moderate amount of
cytoplasm, growing in distinct nests separated by stroma. In some nests,
squamous cells show signs of differentiation and degeneration in the
center. Keratinizing carcinoma is characterized by cells with very dark
nuclei and densely eosinophilic cytoplasm, growing in irregular invasive
nests. Many of these nests contain central "pearls" filled with abundant
keratin. The average age of patients with squamous cell carcinoma is
51.4 years.
16. Verrucous Carcinoma
Verrucous carcinomas are exophytic tumors that resemble condylomas
and have frondlike papillae. They rarely metastasize but can locally
invade extensively. Death typically occurs due to complications like
ureteral obstruction, infection, or hemorrhage. Histologically, there is no
cytologic atypia or mitotic activity in the epithelium, and the papillae
lack a central fibroconnective tissue core. Mitotic activity may be
present at the base of the tumor, and invasive nests of epithelium are
observed. Treatment involves modified radical hysterectomy for
confined cervical lesions, while pelvic lymphadenectomy is not
necessary. Radiation therapy is used for advanced cancers, but
maintaining dose intensity is crucial. Partial radiation therapy may lead
to more aggressive tumor growth. Pelvic exenteration is reserved for
cases unsuitable for radiation therapy or when it is ineffective.
20. Papillary Squamous Cell
Carcinoma
Papillary squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix resemble
transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract. Immunochemical tests
can differentiate primary genital tract transitional cell carcinoma from
urinary tract transitional tumors. Invasive papillary transitional cell
carcinomas of the cervix are aggressive and should be distinguished
from benign squamous papillomas and condyloma acuminata.
Treatment depends on tumor size and spread.
21. Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma:
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas resemble lymphoepitheliomas in
other locations. They are well circumscribed and composed of
undifferentiated cells surrounded by inflammatory infiltrates. Treatment
involves radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Most
patients have a good prognosis.
Adenocarcinoma:
Adenocarcinomas account for a significant portion of cervical
carcinomas and their prevalence has increased worldwide. Mucinous
adenocarcinoma is the most common type and can be categorized into
endocervical, intestinal, or signet-ring types. Endometrioid
adenocarcinoma is the second most common type and can be
challenging to identify the site of origin, which influences therapy.
22. causes and risk factors of
epithelial tumors
The development of
epithelial tumors is
often multifactorial,
involving a complex
interplay of genetic,
environmental, and
lifestyle factors.
Some of the
common causes and
risk factors
associated with
epithelial tumors
include:
23. causes and risk factors of
epithelial tumors
Genetic factors: Some people may inherit genetic mutations or
variations that increase their risk of developing certain types of
epithelial tumors. For example, individuals with certain mutations in the
BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes have a higher risk of developing breast, ovarian,
and other types of cancers. Other genetic syndromes that can increase
the risk of epithelial tumors include Lynch syndrome and Li-Fraumeni
syndrome.
24. causes and risk factors of
epithelial tumors
Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental factors such
as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, asbestos, and tobacco smoke can increase
the risk of developing epithelial tumors. For example, exposure to UV
radiation from the sun or tanning beds can increase the risk of skin
cancers such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
Exposure to asbestos can increase the risk of mesothelioma, while
smoking tobacco can increase the risk of lung cancer, bladder cancer,
and many other types of cancers.
Age and sex: As people age, their risk of developing epithelial tumors
increases. Additionally, certain types of epithelial tumors are more
common in men or women. For example, prostate cancer is more
common in men, while breast cancer is more common in women.
25. causes and risk factors of
epithelial tumors
Medical history: People who have a history of certain medical
conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, human papillomavirus
(HPV) infection, or chronic hepatitis B or C infection have an increased
risk of developing certain types of epithelial tumors.
26. symptoms and signs of
epithelial tumors
The symptoms and signs of epithelial tumors can vary depending on the
location and stage of the cancer. In the early stages, many epithelial
tumors may not cause any noticeable symptoms, which is why regular
cancer screening is important for early detection. However, as the
tumor grows or spreads to other parts of the body, the following
symptoms may occur:
A lump or mass: A visible or palpable lump or mass may be present in
the affected area. For example, a breast lump may be a sign of breast
cancer, while a skin lesion may be a sign of skin cancer.
Changes in skin color or texture: Skin cancers such as basal cell
carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma may cause changes in the color
or texture of the skin, such as a scaly, crusty, or ulcerated area.
27. symptoms and signs of
epithelial tumors
Changes in bowel or bladder habits:
Colon and bladder cancers may cause
changes in bowel or bladder habits,
such as diarrhea, constipation, or blood
in the stool or urine.
Difficulty swallowing or breathing:
Cancers of the esophagus, lung, or
throat may cause difficulty swallowing
or breathing.
28. symptoms and signs of
epithelial tumors
Unexplained weight loss: Some cancers such as pancreatic cancer and
stomach cancer may cause unexplained weight loss.
Fatigue and weakness: Cancer-related fatigue and weakness can be a
common symptom of many types of cancer.
if a doctor suspects that a person may have an epithelial tumor, they
may perform a variety of diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis,
determine the stage of the cancer, and develop a treatment plan. These
tests may include:
Biopsy: A sample of the tumor tissue is removed and examined under a
microscope to determine if cancer is present.
29. symptoms and signs of
epithelial tumors
Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, or PET
scans may be used to determine the size and location of the tumor, and to
see if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Blood tests: Blood tests may be used to look for certain markers that are
associated with certain types of cancer.
Endoscopy: An endoscope is a thin, flexible tube with a camera that is used
to examine the inside of the body, such as the throat, stomach, or colon, for
signs of cancer.
Once a diagnosis is confirmed, the treatment plan will depend on the type
and stage of the cancer, as well as the person's overall health and other
factors. Treatment options for epithelial tumors may include surgery,
radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of
these treatments.
30.
31. different treatment options
available for epithelial tumors
The treatment options for epithelial tumors depend on several factors,
including the type, location, stage of cancer, as well as the person's
overall health and preferences. The main treatment options for epithelial
tumors include:
Surgery: Surgery is often the main treatment for early-stage epithelial
tumors that have not spread to other parts of the body. During surgery,
the cancerous tissue is removed along with some of the surrounding
healthy tissue. In some cases, lymph nodes may also be removed to
check if the cancer has spread. Depending on the location and stage of
the cancer, minimally invasive surgical techniques, such as laparoscopy
or robot-assisted surgery, may also be used.
32. different treatment
Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation, such
as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells. It can be used as the primary
treatment for some types of epithelial tumors, such as skin, head and
neck, and cervical cancer, or as an adjunct therapy with surgery or
chemotherapy. Radiation therapy can cause side effects such as skin
irritation, fatigue, and nausea, which usually improve after treatment is
complete.
The treatment options for epithelial tumors depend on several factors,
including the type, location, stage of cancer, as well as the person's
overall health and preferences. The main treatment options for
epithelial tumors include:
33. different treatment
Surgery: Surgery is often the main treatment for early-stage epithelial
tumors that have not spread to other parts of the body. During surgery,
the cancerous tissue is removed along with some of the surrounding
healthy tissue. In some cases, lymph nodes may also be removed to
check if the cancer has spread. Depending on the location and stage of
the cancer, minimally invasive surgical techniques, such as laparoscopy
or robot-assisted surgery, may also be used.
Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation, such
as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells. It can be used as the primary
treatment for some types of epithelial tumors, such as skin, head and
neck, and cervical cancer, or as an adjunct therapy with surgery or
chemotherapy. Radiation therapy can cause side effects such as skin
irritation, fatigue, and nausea, which usually improve after treatment is
complete
37. Epithelial tumors, also known as carcinomas, are tumors that arise from
epithelial cells, which are the cells that make up the surface layer of
tissues and organs. Histologically, epithelial tumors can be classified into
several subtypes based on their morphological features, such as the
shape and arrangement of the tumor cells. Some common histological
subtypes of epithelial tumors include:
Adenocarcinoma: Adenocarcinomas are tumors that arise from
glandular cells and are characterized by the formation of glandular
structures. The tumor cells may have a variety of shapes and
arrangements, such as tubular, papillary, or solid patterns.
Adenocarcinomas can occur in various organs such as the breast, lung,
colon, and pancreas.
histology
38. histology
Squamous cell carcinoma:
Squamous cell carcinomas are
tumors that arise from squamous
cells and are characterized by the
formation of keratin pearls and
intercellular bridges. The tumor cells
may have a variety of shapes and
arrangements, such as nests, sheets,
or cords. Squamous cell carcinomas
can occur in various organs such as
the skin, lung, and cervix.
39. Histology…
Basal cell carcinoma: Basal cell
carcinomas are tumors that arise
from basal cells and are
characterized by the formation
of basaloid islands and
peripheral palisading. The tumor
cells may have a variety of
shapes and arrangements, such
as nests, cords, or trabeculae.
Basal cell carcinomas are most
commonly found in the skin.
40. histology
Transitional cell carcinoma: Transitional cell
carcinomas are tumors that arise from
transitional cells, which are specialized cells
that line the bladder and other organs that
stretch and contract. The tumor cells may
have a variety of shapes and arrangements,
such as nests, papillary structures, or
infiltrative patterns. Transitional cell
carcinomas are most commonly found in
the bladder
41. histology
Neuroendocrine tumors: Neuroendocrine tumors are tumors that arise
from cells that have both epithelial and neuroendocrine features. These
tumors can have a variety of shapes and arrangements, such as nests,
cords, or trabeculae. Neuroendocrine tumors can occur in various
organs such as the lung, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract.
Histological features are an important component of the diagnosis of
epithelial tumors, and can also provide information about the tumor's
aggressiveness and prognosis. Tumor staging, which describes the
extent of tumor spread, is also an important part of the diagnosis and
management of epithelial tumors.
43. refrences
Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th edition, by Vinay Kumar, Abul Abbas,
and Jon Aster.
WHO Classification of Tumours series, which provides comprehensive classifications of
tumors by histological type and other factors.
American Cancer Society (ACS) website, which provides information on various types of
cancers, including epithelial tumors.
National Cancer Institute (NCI) website, which provides information on cancer research,
diagnosis, and treatment.
UpToDate, an online medical resource that provides evidence-based information on
various medical topics, including epithelial tumors.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov