This document summarizes cancer chemotherapy and the various classes of chemotherapeutic drugs. It describes the mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, antibiotics, and other classes of drugs. The principles of cancer chemotherapy are to arrest tumor progression by causing cytotoxicity or apoptosis in cancer cells, often targeting DNA or metabolic pathways essential for cell replication. Drugs are generally used in combination to achieve maximal cell killing while remaining within a tolerable toxicity range.
Definition
Anticancer, or antineoplastic, drugs are used to treat malignancies, or cancerous growths. Drug therapy may be used alone, or in combination with other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy.
Purpose
Anticancer drugs are used to control the growth of cancerous cells. Cancer is commonly defined as the uncontrolled growth of cells, with loss of differentiation and commonly, with metastasis, spread of the cancer to other tissues and organs. Cancers are malignant growths. In contrast, benign growths remain encapsulated and grow within a well-defined area. Although benign tumors may be fatal if untreated, due to pressure on essential organs, as in the case of a benign brain tumor, surgery or radiation are the preferred methods of treating growths which have a well defined location. Drug therapy is used when the tumor has spread, or may spread, to all areas of the body.
Definition
Anticancer, or antineoplastic, drugs are used to treat malignancies, or cancerous growths. Drug therapy may be used alone, or in combination with other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy.
Purpose
Anticancer drugs are used to control the growth of cancerous cells. Cancer is commonly defined as the uncontrolled growth of cells, with loss of differentiation and commonly, with metastasis, spread of the cancer to other tissues and organs. Cancers are malignant growths. In contrast, benign growths remain encapsulated and grow within a well-defined area. Although benign tumors may be fatal if untreated, due to pressure on essential organs, as in the case of a benign brain tumor, surgery or radiation are the preferred methods of treating growths which have a well defined location. Drug therapy is used when the tumor has spread, or may spread, to all areas of the body.
this slide contain information about antibody mediated anti-cancer therapy like antibody drug conjugates (ADC), Bispecific monoclonal antibody, Immuno-checkpoint therapy, biomarkers, mechanism of action of all 3 therapies, approved drugs of each category
Chemotherapy classes
for more lectures please contact
Dr. Salah Mabrouk Khallaf
MD Medical Oncology & BMT
South Egypt Cancer Institute
Email: salahmab76@yahoo.com
Antibody drug conjugates current status and future perspectivesPranav Sopory
ADC are an emerging class of new anti-cancer agents.
They are the future of oncological management.
Discussed here are their past, present and probable future.
this slide contain information about antibody mediated anti-cancer therapy like antibody drug conjugates (ADC), Bispecific monoclonal antibody, Immuno-checkpoint therapy, biomarkers, mechanism of action of all 3 therapies, approved drugs of each category
Chemotherapy classes
for more lectures please contact
Dr. Salah Mabrouk Khallaf
MD Medical Oncology & BMT
South Egypt Cancer Institute
Email: salahmab76@yahoo.com
Antibody drug conjugates current status and future perspectivesPranav Sopory
ADC are an emerging class of new anti-cancer agents.
They are the future of oncological management.
Discussed here are their past, present and probable future.
CANCER: A group of disease involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other part of the body.
CHEMOTHERAPY: the term chemotherapy is describe as the use of chemicals or drugs to treat cancer.
CYTOTOXIC DRUG: lysis both normal and cancer cells
This presentation comprises of various chemotherapeutic agents used in ENT malignancies and other conditions. Its classifies the agents and briefly discusses the dosage and their common side effects.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. • CANCER: is disease characterized by loss in
normal control mechanism’s that govern cell
survival, poliferation and differentiation.
• METASTASIS: is ability of tumor stem cells to
migrate to distant sites in body to colonize
various organs.
• ONCOGENE: mutant form of normal gene found
in naturally occuring tumors w/c when expressed
in non-cancerous cells cause them to behave like
cancer cells.
6. PRINCIPLES OF CANCER
CHEMOTHERAPY
• Cause a lethal cytotoxic event or apoptosis in
cancer cell that can arrest tumor’s
progression.
• Attack is generally directed towards DNA or
against metabolic sites essential to cell
replication. ( E.G DNA and RNA synthesis w/c
have purines and pyrimidines presence).
7. TREATMENT STRATEGIES:
• GOAL OF TREATMENT:
• 1. ERADICATION OF EVERY NEOPLASTIC CELL.
If cure not possible so next step is control of disease
( stop from spreading).
Initially the neoplastic cell is reduced ( either by
surgery / radiation) followed by chemotherapy,
immunotherapy or combination of treatments.
PALLIATION: alleviation of symptoms + avoidance
of life threatening toxicity is goal of advanced
stage cancer.
8. INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENT:
• 1. chemotherapy is indicated when neoplasm are
disseminated and not feasable for surgery.
• 2. also used as supplemental treatment to attack
micrometastases following surgery and radiation
treatment “ ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY”.
• 3. neo adjuvant chemotherapy is given prior to
surgery to shrink cancer.
• 4. maintenance chemotherapy is given in low
doses to assist in prolonging remission.
9.
10. CELL CYCLE
• PODOPHYLLOTOXIN
• BLEOMYCIN
• Mitotic phase ( cell
divides)
• VINCA ALKALOIDS
G2
S
• DNA is replicated
• ANTIMETABOLITES
• PODOPHYLLOTOXIN
M
G1
• Synthesis of
enzymes needed for
DNA synthesis
11. • Rapidly dividing cells are generally more
sensitive to anticancer drugs whereas slowly
proliferating cells are less sensitive.
• G0 phase cell survive most agents.
12. • CELL CYCLE SPECIFICITY OF DRUGS:
• NORMAL CELL and cancer cell both go through
growth cycle difference is in number
• Chemotherapeutic agents effective only against
replicating cells are called “ CELL CYCLE SPECIFIC”
• Antimetabolites
• Bleomycin
• Antibiotics
• Vinca alkaloids
• etoposide
13. • Effective for high growth fraction malignancies as
hematologic cancers.
• NON CELL CYCLE SPECIFIC DRUGS:
• More toxicity in cycling cells but are useful against
tumors that have low % of replicating cells e.g
• Alkylating agents
• Cisplatin
• Nitrosoureas
• Solid tumors + low + high growth fraction
malignancies.
14. TUMOR GROWTH RATE:
• Initially rapid but growth rate decreases as
tumor size ↑.
• This occurs b/c of unavailability of nutrients
and oxygen caused by ↓ blood circulation.
15. TREATMENT REGIMENS AND
SCHEDULING:
• LOG KILL:
• Destruction of cancer cells by chemotherapeutic
agents follow first order kinetics i.e given dose of
drug destroys a constant fraction of cells not
constant number of cells.
• Diagnosis of leukemia made when 109 total
leukemic cells .
• Five log kill means pt becomes asymptomatic ie is
in remission.
16. PHARMACOLOGIC SANCTUARIES:
• Leukemic or other tumor cells sometimes find
sanctuaries in tissues such as CNS where
chemotherapeutic agents cannnot penetrate
require IT drugs to eliminate leukemic cells or
irradiation of craniospinal axis
17. TREATMENT PROTOCOLS:
• Combination drug chemotherapy is more
successful than single drug treatment
• COMBINATION OF DRUGS:
• Cytotoxic agents with different toxicities,
different molecular sites and MOA are
combined.
• Better effects due to potentiated effects.
• If similar toxicity drugs combined dose should
be reduced.
18. ADVANTAGES OF COMBINATION
THERAPY:
• 1. provide maximal cell killing within range of
tolerated toxicity.
• 2. are effective against broader range of cell
lines in heterogenous tumor population.
• 3. may delay or prevent development of
resistant cell lines.
20. MINIMIZING ADR:
• Megaloblastic anemia caused by methotrexate
can be overcome by FOLINIC ACID (
LEUCOVORIN)
• Neutropenia ( human granulocyte colony
stimulating factor) FILGRASTIM can be given.
21. ALKYLATING AGENTS:
• Highly reactive , transfer their alkyl groups to
imp cellular constituents DNA or RNA at an
electron rich site making them non-functional.
• Alkylation takes place by chemical formation
of (+) charged carbonium ion that reacts with
functional constituents of DNA.
22. NITROGEN MUSTARDS
• MECHLORETHAMINE:
• Hodgkins disease ( 3 and 4 stage)
• MOPP regimen ( mechlorethamine, oncovin,
procarbazine and prednisolone).
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia.
• Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia.
• 10mg vial reconstituted with 10ml 0.9% NACl
given IV.
• ADR: vesicant action.
23. CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE:
• Converted to 4-hydroxycyclophosph
CyP2B enzyme → in tumor cell cleav
phosphoramide and acrolein
• Phosphoramide mustard is responsib
activity.
• ADR :
• Acrolein causes hemorrhagic cystitis
• Ample fluid should be taken
• MESNA ( mercaptoethane sulfonate)
cystitis traps acrolein.
• allopecia
24. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
USES:
1. malignant lymphomas.
2. Hodgkins disease.
3. neuroblastoma.
4. breast and ovarian cancer.
IV dose 50mg/kg divided dose over 2-5 days.
Orally 1-5 mg/kg for initial and maintenace
treatment
27. •
•
•
•
•
•
USE:
1. non-small cell and small cell lung cancer.
2. esophageal and gastric cancer.
3. head and neck cancer.
4. genitourinary cancer ( testicular + bladder)
Oxaliplatin in advanced colon cancer.
28. •
•
•
•
ADR:
Neurotoxic ( peripheral neuropathy)
Nephrotoxic( reduced by hydration and mannitol)
Carboplatin less nephrotoxic but causes tinnitus
and hearing loss but greater myelosuppression.
• DOSE: 20mg/m2 for 5 days.
• 75-100mg/m2 once over 4 weeks for ovarian
cancer.
29. PROCARBAZINE:
• Is reactive agent that forms hydrogen peroxide
w/c generates free radicals that cause DNA
strand scission.
• KINETICS: orally active penetrates tissues
including CSF
• USE: component regimen for Hodgkins
lymphoma
• ADR: myelosuppressant
• GI irritation
30. ANTIMETABOLITES
• CCS drugs acting primarily in S phase of cell cycle.
• METHOTREXATE:
• MOA: competitively inhibits enzyme
dihydrofolate reductase w/c catalyzes reduction
of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate→ blocks
synthesis of purines and pyrimidines→ results in
interfering of formation of DNA, RNA and protein
• Polyglutamate derivatives of methotrexate imp
for cytotoxic reactions.
31. • RESISTANCE:
• 1. drug accumulation decreased.
• 2. changes in drug sensitivity or activity of
dihydrofolate reductase.
• 3. decrease formation of polyglutamate.
• KINETICS:
• IV and oral good distribution except CNS.
• Not metabolized clearance depends on renal function.
• Adequate hydration needed to prevent crystallization
in renal tubules.
34. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meningiocarcinoma given IT.
ADR:
1.mucositis.
2.bone marrow suppression.
3.bloody diarrhea.
4.wt loss.
Leucovorin rescue( tetra hydrofolate is
accumulated more readily by normal cells)
• It bypasses dihydrofolate reductase step in folic
acid synthesis dose 15mg (10mg/m2 every 6 hrly)
35. PYRIMIDINE ANALOGUE:
• 5-FLUOROURACIL:
• Prodrug gets converted to → 5-fluoro-2deoxyuridine (5dump) w/c binds to enzyme
thymidylate synthase and folate cofactors→
covalently preventing formation of thymidylate
and inhibits DNA synthesis.
• 5FU forms Futp ( 5 fluorodine 5 tri phosphate)
w/c is incorporated into RNA where it interferes
with RNA processing and mRNA translation.
36. • USES:
• Treatment of bladder, breast, colon, head and
neck, liver and ovarian cancers.
• DOSE:
• 12mg/kg IV for 4 days.
• 6 mg/kg on alternate days for 4 doses.
• ADR:
• Myelosuppression.
• ALLOPECIA
• jaundice
37. PURINE ANTAGONIST:
•
•
•
•
6-MERCAPTOPURINE:
Thiopurine.
Prodrug
Mercaptopurine in presence of hypoxanthine guanine
phosphoribosyl transferase → thioinosine mono
phosphate (TIMP) → inhibits purine synthesis.
• TIMP → thiguanine mono phosphate and thioguanine
triphosphate .
• Cytotoxic effect of mercaptopurine is result of
incorporation of these nucleotides into DNA.
41. ETOPOSIDE:
•
•
•
•
Semi-synthetic derivatives of podophyllotoxin
Given IV
MOA:
Inhibit topoisomerase 2 w/c results in breakage
or inhibition of DNA strands and facilitating
accumulation of DNA breaks.
• USE:
• Testicular and prostrate carcinomas
• DOSE: 50-100mg/m2 for 5 days.
42. PACLITAXEL:
• Taxanes.
• MOA: binds to β tubulin subunit of microtubule ( diff
from vinca)→ promote microtubule polymerization,
inhibit depolymerization→ arrested in G2 and M
phases.
• USE: ovarian and breast cancer
• IV 75mg/m2 over 3 hrs infusion
• ADR: neutropenia
• Thrombocytopenia
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Hypersensitivity ( give dexa and H1 antagonist)
43. ANTIBIOTICS
• ADRIAMYCIN( DOXORUBICIN ,
DAUNORUBICIN)
• Anthracycline antibiotics
• MOA: cause DNA damage by intercalation into
DNA → intercalation interferes with action of
topoisomerase 2 resulting in blockade of
synthesis of DNA and RNA.
• Intracellular formation of free radicals also
cause DNA damage.
44. • Given IV
• Doxorubicin dose 75mg/m2 repeated after 21
days.
• USE
• Hodgkins lymphoma
• Myeloma
• Sarcoma
• Breast, endometrial, ovarian
• Lung
• Thyroid cancers
46. BLEOMYCIN:
• Glycopeptide mixture
• MOA: binds to DNA cause single strand and
double strand DNA breaks following free
radical formation and inhibition of DNA
synthesis.
• Cell cycle specific
• Active in G2 phase
47. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
DOSE
IV or IM or SC weekly 10-30units/m2
USE:
Hodgkins lymphoma
Head + neck cancer
Squamous cell cancer of cervix
Testicular cancer.
49. OTHER ANTI-CANCER AGENTS:
• L-ASPARGINASE:
• Is an enzyme used to treat acute lymphocytic leukemia
of childhood.
• MOA:
• Hydrolyzes asparagine w/c is required for growth of
tumor cell.
• Inhibits asparagine → drug shuts off protein + nucleic
acid synthesis.
• DOSE: 6000-10,000 IV every 3rd day for 3-4 weeks.
• ADR: hypersensitivity, pancreatitis.
50. PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR
• IMATINIB:
• MOA: is specific anticancer drug acts on
specific oncogene.
• Inhibits tyrosine kinase activity of protein
product of B cr-Abl oncogene that is expressed
in chronic myelogenous leukemia→ as result
proliferation of oncogene inhibited→
apoptosis results.
52. GROWTH RECEPTOR INHIBITOR:
•
•
•
•
BEVACIZUMAB:
Is recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody.
MOA:
Inhibits natural protein vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF) that stimulates new blood
vessel formation.
• When VEGF is targeted and bound to
bevacizumab, no growth of blood vessels , tumor
do not get oxygen and nutrient for growth.
53. • USE:
• Metastatic colorectal cancer IV or infusion
5mg/kg once every 14 days.
• ADR:
• Myelosuppression
• Hypertension
• Stroke
• Angina
• CHF
55. GONADAL HORMONE ANTAGONIST:
• TAMOXIFEN:
• MOA: acts by binding to estrogen receptors and
blocking estrogen dependent transcription in cells in G
phase.
• USE: breast cancer
• ADR: b/c it has agonist action in endometrium can
cause endometrial hyperplasia
• Nausea
• Vomitting
• Venous thrombosis
• Hot flushes.
57. AROMATASE INHIBITOR:
• ANASTRAZOLE:
• Inhibit aromatase w/c catalyses conversion of
androstenedione (androgenic precursor) to
estrone ( estrogenic hormone)
• USE: advanced breast cancer
• ADR: hot flushes, bone and back pain
• Dyspnea
• DOSE: 1mg orally daily
58. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES:
• RITUXIMAB:
• Monoclonal antibody binds to surface protein in
non-hodgkin’s cell induces complement mediated
lysis , direct cytotoxicity and induction of
apoptosis
• USE: low grade lymphoma.
• ADR:
• Myelo suppression
• Hypersensitivity.