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Chemotherapy
Principles
Dr. Mohammed Fathy, MD
Lecturer of Clinical Oncology
Zagazig University
Categories of cytotoxic drugs
Cycle non-specific
Cycle specific
Phase non-specific Phase specific
Population kinetics
Gompertzian Tumour
Growth Curve
Exponential
stage
Plateau
stage
Tumor Growth
Population kinetics
Tumor Cell Heterogeneity
Drug sensitive
subpopulation
Drug resistant
subpopulation
Drug resistant
subpopulation
Drug sensitive
subpopulation
Chemotherapy
Mechanisms of drug resistance
Single drug
Resistance
Multiple drug
Resistance
C a t a b o l i c
enzymes
GSH & its
enzymes
Resistance to
Topoisomerases
inhibitors
Transport
proteins
mdr‐ 1 gene
P170
Loss of
apoptosis
Clinical uses of cytotoxic agents
Indications
Curative
Palliative
Cytoreduction
Asymptomatic
Clinical uses of cytotoxic agents
Contra-indications
Inable to assess
response to therapy or
toxcity
Short
survival
Poor
Performance
status
Asymptomatic slow-
growing & incurable
(Indolent)
Clinical uses of cytotoxic agents
Timing of
chemotherapy
Induction
cheomotherapy
Post-remission
cheomotherapy
Salvage
Neoadjuvant Adjuvant
Clinical uses of cytotoxic agents
Clinical end points in
evaluating response
Complete Response
Partial Response
Stable disease
Progressive disease
Relapse Free
Survival
Progression Free
Survival
Pathogical
Response
CLinical
Response
Clinical uses of cytotoxic agents
Responsiveness of tumors to
chemotherapy
Curable
Choriocarcinoma
Improved Survival
Aggressive NHL
Palliation
Prostate cancer
Occasional responses H&N cancer
Treatment Approach
Low dose Therapy
High dose Therapy
Dose-dense Therapy
Alternating therapy
Dose intensification
More
frequent
Highest
tolerated
dose
Palliative
To target different
subpopulation
Monitoring of cytotoxic agents
Toxicity
Disease extent
Time of toxicity
Chemotherapy
Flow Sheet
Administering cytotoxic agents IV
Vein selection
Large
forearm
veins
Metacarpal
veins on
dorsum of
hand
Antecubital
fossa
Wrist
Freely
flowing
intravenous
line
Extravasation
Administering cytotoxic agents IV
Adverse effects of chemotherapy
General
effects
Fatigue & Malaise Fever & ChillsAlopecia
Modifying
drug
dosage
Postpone
Infection
Toxicity
Debiliated
100%
Effective
Adverse effects of chemotherapy
Mylosuppressive
drugs
Nadir
ANC 2000
Plt 120,000
Increase interval
Dose reduction
Different Nadir
Different Recovery
Adverse effects of chemotherapy
Diarrhea
Recovery
Mucositis
100%75%50%
Creatinine clearance
< 55 mL/min

Abnormal liver function
Hepatoxic
Nephrotoxic
Classification of Chemotherapeutic Agents
2
1
3
4
5
Mitotic spindle agents

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Chemotherapy principles

  • 1. Chemotherapy Principles Dr. Mohammed Fathy, MD Lecturer of Clinical Oncology Zagazig University
  • 2. Categories of cytotoxic drugs Cycle non-specific Cycle specific Phase non-specific Phase specific
  • 3. Population kinetics Gompertzian Tumour Growth Curve Exponential stage Plateau stage Tumor Growth
  • 5. Tumor Cell Heterogeneity Drug sensitive subpopulation Drug resistant subpopulation Drug resistant subpopulation Drug sensitive subpopulation Chemotherapy
  • 6. Mechanisms of drug resistance Single drug Resistance Multiple drug Resistance C a t a b o l i c enzymes GSH & its enzymes Resistance to Topoisomerases inhibitors Transport proteins mdr‐ 1 gene P170 Loss of apoptosis
  • 7. Clinical uses of cytotoxic agents Indications Curative Palliative Cytoreduction Asymptomatic
  • 8. Clinical uses of cytotoxic agents Contra-indications Inable to assess response to therapy or toxcity Short survival Poor Performance status Asymptomatic slow- growing & incurable (Indolent)
  • 9. Clinical uses of cytotoxic agents Timing of chemotherapy Induction cheomotherapy Post-remission cheomotherapy Salvage Neoadjuvant Adjuvant
  • 10. Clinical uses of cytotoxic agents Clinical end points in evaluating response Complete Response Partial Response Stable disease Progressive disease Relapse Free Survival Progression Free Survival Pathogical Response CLinical Response
  • 11. Clinical uses of cytotoxic agents Responsiveness of tumors to chemotherapy Curable Choriocarcinoma Improved Survival Aggressive NHL Palliation Prostate cancer Occasional responses H&N cancer
  • 12. Treatment Approach Low dose Therapy High dose Therapy Dose-dense Therapy Alternating therapy Dose intensification More frequent Highest tolerated dose Palliative To target different subpopulation
  • 13. Monitoring of cytotoxic agents Toxicity Disease extent Time of toxicity Chemotherapy Flow Sheet
  • 14. Administering cytotoxic agents IV Vein selection Large forearm veins Metacarpal veins on dorsum of hand Antecubital fossa Wrist Freely flowing intravenous line Extravasation
  • 16. Adverse effects of chemotherapy General effects Fatigue & Malaise Fever & ChillsAlopecia Modifying drug dosage Postpone Infection Toxicity Debiliated 100% Effective
  • 17. Adverse effects of chemotherapy Mylosuppressive drugs Nadir ANC 2000 Plt 120,000 Increase interval Dose reduction Different Nadir Different Recovery
  • 18. Adverse effects of chemotherapy Diarrhea Recovery Mucositis 100%75%50% Creatinine clearance < 55 mL/min  Abnormal liver function Hepatoxic Nephrotoxic
  • 19. Classification of Chemotherapeutic Agents 2 1 3 4 5 Mitotic spindle agents