Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably and displace normal cells. There are many risk factors for cancer, including exposure to carcinogens like tobacco smoke, radiation, viruses, and certain chemicals. Cancer progresses by initial mutations in genes controlling cell division, formation of tumors, and potential metastasis to other body sites. Current cancer treatments include surgery, radiation, and drugs, but future treatments may involve immunotherapy and gene therapy.

1. Cancer Page 64

2. Objectives A. Demonstrate understanding of how cancer relates to cell division B. Assess the risk factors that cause cancer C. Explain how cancer progresses within the body D. Distinguish the different types of cancers E. Compare and contrast different cancer treatments

3. What is Cancer? Cells in the body that divide out of control So What? Displaces normal cells so they can not work Who gets it? Males 1 in 2 Females 1 in 3

4. How Dangerous? 1 in 4 deaths is the U.S. are caused by cancer How does it happen? A cell changes its function How do you do that? Change the proteins that a cell makes How do you change a protein? Exposure to a mutagen

5. How does a mutagen work? Causes a change in the DNA The sequence of letters is changed Carcinogens? Anything that causes cancer

6. Carcinogens Radiation 1. Sunlight – 2. Soil – 3. Radon gas - 4. Food – 5. Nuclear Power – 6. Medical X rays – 7. Possible – Denver gets twice the U.S. ave. Colorado is four times U.S. ave. Four more than from sun Half the sun exposure Minimal exposure Equal to one year of sun Electric Power, Cell Phones, TV, Radio, Wireless internet

7. Carcinogens Chemical Tobacco Smoke 53 known carcinogens 1 in 3 cancer deaths due to smoking 2. Pesticides, Herbicides, Solvents

8. Carcinogens Food 1. High saturated fat & low fiber diets 2. Salt 3. Obesity 4. Food additives i. Food Coloring - “Red Dye #2” ii. Sugar substitues - Saccharin

9. Carcinogens Other 1. Pollution 2. Viruses Hepatitis B, Papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr, HTLV-1 3. Heredity 4. Immunodeficiency Healthy immune system keeps in check

10. Progression Initial mutation 66

11. Progression 2. Tumor 66

12. Progression 3. Metastasis Cancer moves to a new site in the body 67

13. Which cells? Cell that already divide a lot for repair Skin, Lung, and intestinal cells (Colon) Males Prostate Females Breast

14. Why so many? Cancer is named by the original cell that started to grow out of control Carcinoma - Epithelial cell (skin, breast, lung, intestine) Sarcoma – Muscle/Connective tissue Leukemia - Blood cells

15. Altered Genes Cell Cycle Genes 1. Oncogenes - Rapid Cell Division Cancer cell turns these ON 2. Tumor-Suppressor Gene - Genes that stop cell division Cancer cell turns these OFF

16. Current Treatments 1. Surgery - Cut out cells 2. Radiation - Kill cells 3. Drugs Chemotherapy - Stop cell division Hormone Therapy - Block hormones Bone Marrow Transplant - Replace all blood cells Block Angiogenesis - No new blood vessels Block Metastasis - Don’t let cells enter and level blood vessels 66

17. Future Treatments Immunotherapy - Kill cells with certain surface proteins Gene Therapy - Replace mutated genes