The document provides an overview of the American colonies, including:
- England establishes 13 colonies in North America after forcing out the Dutch.
- The first permanent English settlement is founded at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The colonists struggled at first but tobacco cultivation helped the colony flourish.
- Other colonies were established throughout the 1600s, including colonies founded by Puritans, Dutch, Quakers, and others in different regions for varying religious and economic reasons. By 1752 there were 13 British colonies in North America.
Impact of WWI on African Americans & WomenDiana Fordham
This document summarizes how World War I transformed the roles of women and African Americans in the United States. It discusses the Great Migration of over 500,000 African Americans from the rural South to industrial northern cities to work in war industries. While African American soldiers served in segregated units and faced discrimination, their participation in the war increased racial tensions. The war also opened new opportunities for women as they took on traditionally male roles in factories, mines, and as military nurses. However, racial tensions remained high, as evidenced by the deadly 1919 Chicago Race Riot.
The document summarizes life in the trenches for soldiers during World War 1. It describes the boredom of daily life in the trenches, punctuated by moments of terror from bombardment and attacks. Trench warfare was characterized by squalid living conditions with rats, lice, and disease. Soldiers suffered from physical ailments like trench foot and shell shock. Christmas 1914 saw a spontaneous ceasefire and fraternization between British and German soldiers in some areas of the front.
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: STRESA FRONT.
Stresa Front, coalition of France, Britain, and Italy formed in April 1935 at Stresa, Italy, to oppose Adolf Hitler’s announced intention to rearm Germany, which violated terms of the Treaty of Versailles. When Italy invaded Ethiopia later that year, France and Britain tried to reconcile the action with the need to remain united against Germany, but the coalition soon dissolved.
The American Civil War was fought between 1861-1865 between the Union (Northern states) and the Confederacy (Southern states). The Union opposed slavery and wanted to preserve the country, while the Confederacy supported states' rights and slavery. Some of the major battles included Fort Sumter, Gettysburg, and in 1865 General Lee surrendered, ending the war. The Union was victorious and slavery was abolished in the United States.
The document provides information about the Great Depression in the United States through a series of lessons:
Lesson 1 details the economic troubles in the late 1920s that foreshadowed the Depression, including declining industries, falling farm prices, consumer debt, and uneven income distribution. It also covers the stock market crash of 1929 and subsequent bank failures.
Lesson 2 discusses the widespread hardship and suffering during the Depression, including shantytowns in cities, difficulties in rural areas and the Dust Bowl, and impacts on families.
Lesson 3 examines President Hoover's conservative response, which included reassurance but limited government intervention, and his shifting approach over time to take more action through organizations and agencies. However, his policies
Die Themen Infrastructure Automation / Orchestration, Cloud und Software Defined Networks sind in aller Munde und nahezu jeder Netzwerkhersteller, der etwas auf sich hält,bietet Produkte und stellenweise sogar Lösungen in dieser Buzzwordblase an.
Der in den letzten Jahren vollzogene Paradigmenwechsel hin zu mehr (Host/Segment-)Routing und weniger Layer2-Magie – Stickwort >>IP Fabric<< - sowie die Besinnung auf offene Standards (OSPF, ISIS, BGP, MPLS) nicht nur in Data-Center-Netzwerken hat neue Standards (z.B. VXLAN) beschert und Open-Source-basierte "Open Networking"-Plattformen auf dem Markt erscheinen lassen. Auf einmal ist man nicht mehr an das Betriebsystem und die Vorgaben des Hardwarevendors gebunden, sondern kann die Control-Plane einiger Gerate mit verschiedenen Linux-basierten Produkten nahezu vollstandig selbst kontrollieren und orchestrieren.
Dank der Linux-Basis und Freude am Open-Source-Gedanken mancher Hersteller sind einige Features in Open-Source-Komponenten (Linux-VRFs, MPLS-Forwarding-Plane im Kernel, etc.) gewandert und stehen somit überall zur Verfügung. Besonders zu erwähnen ist hier das Debian-basierte System von Cumulus Networks, aus deren Feder ifupdown2 sowie VRF-Support in Linux stammen. Eine Sammlung dieser Technologien und Ansätze lassen sich auch in Low-Budget- und/oder Eigenbau-Netzwerken anwenden und können hier erstaunliche und mächtige Optionen eröffnen.
Der Vortrag wird am Beispiel der Netzwerk- und Server-Infrastruktur des Freifunk Hochstift darlegen, wie man mit ein bisschen SaltStack, knapp 1000 Zeilen Python und erschwinglicher Hardware eine SDN-basierte Service-Provider Infrastruktur bereitstellen kann, in der Overlay-Netze und Anycast keine Fremdworte sind.
Neben einem “Technology-Overview” wird es eine Failosophy und Lessons Learned aus dem echten Leben eines Freifunker geben ;-)
Das Zielpublikum des Vortrags umfasst in erster Linie (Linux-)Administratoren und Netzwerker, die bereits Erfahrungen mit der jeweils anderen Welt haben und wissen was Routing ist. Eine positive Einstellung zu Automatisierung ist von Vorteil.
The document discusses the Dust Bowl period of the 1930s when drought and farming practices led to massive dust storms in the Great Plains. It analyzes John Steinbeck's depiction of migrant farmers in The Grapes of Wrath and Dorothea Lange's photographs, finding they exaggerated the experiences of the "Joad family" and other migrants. Statistics show that only about 2% of migrants to California during this period came from the Dust Bowl, with many migrating for other economic reasons, and the migrant experience was more diverse than the novels and photos suggested.
The document provides an overview of the American colonies, including:
- England establishes 13 colonies in North America after forcing out the Dutch.
- The first permanent English settlement is founded at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The colonists struggled at first but tobacco cultivation helped the colony flourish.
- Other colonies were established throughout the 1600s, including colonies founded by Puritans, Dutch, Quakers, and others in different regions for varying religious and economic reasons. By 1752 there were 13 British colonies in North America.
Impact of WWI on African Americans & WomenDiana Fordham
This document summarizes how World War I transformed the roles of women and African Americans in the United States. It discusses the Great Migration of over 500,000 African Americans from the rural South to industrial northern cities to work in war industries. While African American soldiers served in segregated units and faced discrimination, their participation in the war increased racial tensions. The war also opened new opportunities for women as they took on traditionally male roles in factories, mines, and as military nurses. However, racial tensions remained high, as evidenced by the deadly 1919 Chicago Race Riot.
The document summarizes life in the trenches for soldiers during World War 1. It describes the boredom of daily life in the trenches, punctuated by moments of terror from bombardment and attacks. Trench warfare was characterized by squalid living conditions with rats, lice, and disease. Soldiers suffered from physical ailments like trench foot and shell shock. Christmas 1914 saw a spontaneous ceasefire and fraternization between British and German soldiers in some areas of the front.
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: STRESA FRONT.
Stresa Front, coalition of France, Britain, and Italy formed in April 1935 at Stresa, Italy, to oppose Adolf Hitler’s announced intention to rearm Germany, which violated terms of the Treaty of Versailles. When Italy invaded Ethiopia later that year, France and Britain tried to reconcile the action with the need to remain united against Germany, but the coalition soon dissolved.
The American Civil War was fought between 1861-1865 between the Union (Northern states) and the Confederacy (Southern states). The Union opposed slavery and wanted to preserve the country, while the Confederacy supported states' rights and slavery. Some of the major battles included Fort Sumter, Gettysburg, and in 1865 General Lee surrendered, ending the war. The Union was victorious and slavery was abolished in the United States.
The document provides information about the Great Depression in the United States through a series of lessons:
Lesson 1 details the economic troubles in the late 1920s that foreshadowed the Depression, including declining industries, falling farm prices, consumer debt, and uneven income distribution. It also covers the stock market crash of 1929 and subsequent bank failures.
Lesson 2 discusses the widespread hardship and suffering during the Depression, including shantytowns in cities, difficulties in rural areas and the Dust Bowl, and impacts on families.
Lesson 3 examines President Hoover's conservative response, which included reassurance but limited government intervention, and his shifting approach over time to take more action through organizations and agencies. However, his policies
Die Themen Infrastructure Automation / Orchestration, Cloud und Software Defined Networks sind in aller Munde und nahezu jeder Netzwerkhersteller, der etwas auf sich hält,bietet Produkte und stellenweise sogar Lösungen in dieser Buzzwordblase an.
Der in den letzten Jahren vollzogene Paradigmenwechsel hin zu mehr (Host/Segment-)Routing und weniger Layer2-Magie – Stickwort >>IP Fabric<< - sowie die Besinnung auf offene Standards (OSPF, ISIS, BGP, MPLS) nicht nur in Data-Center-Netzwerken hat neue Standards (z.B. VXLAN) beschert und Open-Source-basierte "Open Networking"-Plattformen auf dem Markt erscheinen lassen. Auf einmal ist man nicht mehr an das Betriebsystem und die Vorgaben des Hardwarevendors gebunden, sondern kann die Control-Plane einiger Gerate mit verschiedenen Linux-basierten Produkten nahezu vollstandig selbst kontrollieren und orchestrieren.
Dank der Linux-Basis und Freude am Open-Source-Gedanken mancher Hersteller sind einige Features in Open-Source-Komponenten (Linux-VRFs, MPLS-Forwarding-Plane im Kernel, etc.) gewandert und stehen somit überall zur Verfügung. Besonders zu erwähnen ist hier das Debian-basierte System von Cumulus Networks, aus deren Feder ifupdown2 sowie VRF-Support in Linux stammen. Eine Sammlung dieser Technologien und Ansätze lassen sich auch in Low-Budget- und/oder Eigenbau-Netzwerken anwenden und können hier erstaunliche und mächtige Optionen eröffnen.
Der Vortrag wird am Beispiel der Netzwerk- und Server-Infrastruktur des Freifunk Hochstift darlegen, wie man mit ein bisschen SaltStack, knapp 1000 Zeilen Python und erschwinglicher Hardware eine SDN-basierte Service-Provider Infrastruktur bereitstellen kann, in der Overlay-Netze und Anycast keine Fremdworte sind.
Neben einem “Technology-Overview” wird es eine Failosophy und Lessons Learned aus dem echten Leben eines Freifunker geben ;-)
Das Zielpublikum des Vortrags umfasst in erster Linie (Linux-)Administratoren und Netzwerker, die bereits Erfahrungen mit der jeweils anderen Welt haben und wissen was Routing ist. Eine positive Einstellung zu Automatisierung ist von Vorteil.
The document discusses the Dust Bowl period of the 1930s when drought and farming practices led to massive dust storms in the Great Plains. It analyzes John Steinbeck's depiction of migrant farmers in The Grapes of Wrath and Dorothea Lange's photographs, finding they exaggerated the experiences of the "Joad family" and other migrants. Statistics show that only about 2% of migrants to California during this period came from the Dust Bowl, with many migrating for other economic reasons, and the migrant experience was more diverse than the novels and photos suggested.
The document provides background information on the Vietnam War between the United States and Vietnam. It discusses how the US initially provided aid to France in its war against Vietnam and later directly intervened out of concerns about communism spreading. It outlines key events that led to the escalation of US involvement such as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that authorized the president to expand the war without congressional approval. The document also examines the impact of the war, including over 58,000 American deaths and over $200 billion spent.
The Culture Wars and War on Terror - Bush 43 to Biden.pdfDave Phillips
This document provides a summary of major political, social, and international events in the United States from 2000 to the present. It discusses controversial presidential elections, the 9/11 terrorist attacks and resulting War on Terror policies, wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, economic crises like the Great Recession, and the rise of sociopolitical movements around issues like climate change, gun control, LGBTQ rights, Black Lives Matter, and the 2020 elections of Donald Trump and Joe Biden.
The document discusses different approaches taken by Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Marcus Garvey to address problems faced by African Americans after the Reconstruction era.
Washington believed African Americans needed vocational job training and economic opportunities provided by whites. Du Bois argued civil and social rights were being denied and consistent advocacy was needed to fight for equal rights and opportunities. Garvey felt African Americans had no economic prospects and proposed the creation of black nations in Africa for self-determination.
The document examines the differing views on the problems facing African Americans and solutions proposed, including Washington prioritizing job skills and economic cooperation, Du Bois advocating for rights and civic participation, and
The document summarizes the emergence of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II. Key events included the establishment of opposing political/economic systems in their countries, tensions over influence in Europe and Asia, an arms race including nuclear weapons, and conflicts/crises in areas like Korea, Hungary, and the Middle East that demonstrated the global ideological struggle between capitalism and communism. Covert actions and espionage by both sides intensified the rivalry and distrust between the two superpowers.
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 attempted to balance the number of slave and free states admitted to the Union. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and divided the Louisiana Territory along the 36°30' parallel between free and slave territory. However, the issue of slavery continued dividing the nation and fueled the formation of new political parties in the 1850s. Rising tensions led several southern states to secede from the Union after Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, in an effort to form the Confederate States of America and protect the institution of slavery.
The French and Indian War ignited tensions between France and England over land in North America. While the French and their Indian allies won early battles, British victory at Quebec proved a turning point that led to France ceding lands to Britain per the 1763 Treaty of Paris. However, the war left Britain with large debts, leading them to impose taxes on the colonies through acts like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts over colonial protests centered on "no taxation without representation." Tensions rose further as groups like the Sons of Liberty organized resistance and the Boston Massacre occurred in 1770.
Overview of trench warfare in WWI with effects it had on the war and the soldiers involved. At the end, it includes an assignment for students to practice writing a "primary" document.
The document summarizes aspects of Native American tribes that lived in the California region, including their lifestyle and culture. It discusses the various tribes that inhabited the region, including the Cahuilla, Yuman, Pomo, and Miwok. It describes their food sources like acorns, nuts, and seafood. It covers their traditional clothing like breechcloths, skirts, and moccasins. It also summarizes the types of homes they lived in, their religious beliefs and ceremonies, traditions like the Big Head Dance, arts/crafts including baskets and pottery, and mentions the last Yahi tribe member Ishi.
John Brown holds a special place in American history and folklore as a p...Miles Sanders
John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859 in an attempt to incite a slave rebellion. His raid failed due to poor planning and lack of support from slaves. Brown and his men were captured and Brown was later tried and hanged for treason. Though the raid itself failed, it increased tensions around the issue of slavery and contributed to the start of the Civil War. Brown became a martyr for the abolitionist cause in both the North and South due to his willingness to die for the liberation of slaves. His raid and execution made him a controversial yet iconic figure in American history.
John Brown led militant abolitionist groups in Kansas in the 1850s, employing violent tactics against pro-slavery groups. In 1859, Brown led an unsuccessful raid on the federal armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia intending to arm slaves and incite rebellion. Brown and his followers were eventually killed or captured by local militias and U.S. Marines. The group collapsed primarily due to the external military force applied by the U.S. government in response to Brown's illegal and treasonous acts, as well as a lack of support from the local population and some abolitionists who advocated nonviolence.
A PowerPoint by past Project Librarian Tom McMurdo, on how using historic newspapers on Chronicling America can show different perspectives on a historic event.
460 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORYagainst slavery and aga.docxalinainglis
This document discusses how Memorial Day evolved in the post-Civil War era from the 1860s to 1915. Initially, Memorial Day ceremonies reflected sectional divisions between the North and South. However, by the 1890s, trends toward national reconciliation and unity had advanced due to the Spanish-American War. Locally, Memorial Day also became a more popular, inclusive holiday that was less focused on reverence. However, some still found issue with the standard celebrations and observed Memorial Day in their own way. The document provides examples of early incidents that stirred sectional tensions and divisive Memorial Day speeches, while also noting the trend toward bringing the regions together over this time period.
John Brown (1800-1859) was a white American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow slavery. In 1859, he led an unsuccessful raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in an attempt to start a slave liberation movement. He was convicted of treason and murder and was hanged. Historians agree his raid escalated tensions that led to the American Civil War the following year. While some viewed Brown as a terrorist, others considered him a heroic martyr who helped end slavery. His actions remain controversial.
This document provides a summary of a sermon given about John Brown, the abolitionist who led an unsuccessful raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859. The sermon explores whether Brown should be seen as a martyr or madman for his embrace of violence to end slavery. It describes Brown's background and radicalization against slavery. It also discusses the role of the "Secret Six" - a group of wealthy abolitionists from Boston including ministers and activists who clandestinely funded and supported Brown's plans, hoping violence could help end slavery and possibly start a civil war. While their support was meant to further the cause of abolition from afar, Brown's raid was a failure that led to his execution for treason. The sermon
John Brown was opposed to slavery from birth due to his father's vocal abolitionist views. In 1837, he took an oath to end slavery in the U.S. or die trying. Throughout his life he supported abolitionist causes despite financial struggles. In 1856, his efforts in Kansas raised his profile but in 1859 he led an attempt to take over the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry to arm a slave rebellion. When local militia and U.S. Marines arrived, Brown was captured, tried, and executed for treason in December 1859. His raid increased sectional tensions and debates over slavery and secession.
John Brown raided the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia in 1859 in an attempt to start a slave rebellion and arm freed slaves. The raid failed as Brown did not gain the support of local slaves and was surrounded by local militia and US Marines. Brown was captured and later hanged for treason against Virginia. Though unsuccessful, the raid heightened sectional tensions between north and south and helped propel the nation toward civil war.
John Brown led a raid on a federal armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia in 1859 hoping to start a slave revolt. He was captured along with 21 men, including 5 black men, and was later hanged for his actions. The raid gained significant attention as it showed the divide between abolitionists in the North and pro-slavery advocates in the South. Events like the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Dred Scott decision inflamed tensions by renewing hopes of expanding slavery and ruling that blacks could not be citizens, pushing Brown and others to take action. His raid was seen as a catalyst for the eventual Civil War as it demonstrated the North was willing to use force and increased political tensions between free and slave states.
Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin increased abolitionist protests by vividly depicting the moral evil of slavery, and Lincoln later credited it with starting the Civil War. The 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act established popular sovereignty for deciding if new states allowed slavery, fueling violence as pro- and anti-slavery settlers fought for control, with over 200 deaths. Tensions rose further as the Pottawatomie Massacre and caning of Senator Sumner polarized sections. New political parties emerged divided over slavery and immigration.
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
The document provides background information on the Vietnam War between the United States and Vietnam. It discusses how the US initially provided aid to France in its war against Vietnam and later directly intervened out of concerns about communism spreading. It outlines key events that led to the escalation of US involvement such as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that authorized the president to expand the war without congressional approval. The document also examines the impact of the war, including over 58,000 American deaths and over $200 billion spent.
The Culture Wars and War on Terror - Bush 43 to Biden.pdfDave Phillips
This document provides a summary of major political, social, and international events in the United States from 2000 to the present. It discusses controversial presidential elections, the 9/11 terrorist attacks and resulting War on Terror policies, wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, economic crises like the Great Recession, and the rise of sociopolitical movements around issues like climate change, gun control, LGBTQ rights, Black Lives Matter, and the 2020 elections of Donald Trump and Joe Biden.
The document discusses different approaches taken by Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Marcus Garvey to address problems faced by African Americans after the Reconstruction era.
Washington believed African Americans needed vocational job training and economic opportunities provided by whites. Du Bois argued civil and social rights were being denied and consistent advocacy was needed to fight for equal rights and opportunities. Garvey felt African Americans had no economic prospects and proposed the creation of black nations in Africa for self-determination.
The document examines the differing views on the problems facing African Americans and solutions proposed, including Washington prioritizing job skills and economic cooperation, Du Bois advocating for rights and civic participation, and
The document summarizes the emergence of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II. Key events included the establishment of opposing political/economic systems in their countries, tensions over influence in Europe and Asia, an arms race including nuclear weapons, and conflicts/crises in areas like Korea, Hungary, and the Middle East that demonstrated the global ideological struggle between capitalism and communism. Covert actions and espionage by both sides intensified the rivalry and distrust between the two superpowers.
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 attempted to balance the number of slave and free states admitted to the Union. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and divided the Louisiana Territory along the 36°30' parallel between free and slave territory. However, the issue of slavery continued dividing the nation and fueled the formation of new political parties in the 1850s. Rising tensions led several southern states to secede from the Union after Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, in an effort to form the Confederate States of America and protect the institution of slavery.
The French and Indian War ignited tensions between France and England over land in North America. While the French and their Indian allies won early battles, British victory at Quebec proved a turning point that led to France ceding lands to Britain per the 1763 Treaty of Paris. However, the war left Britain with large debts, leading them to impose taxes on the colonies through acts like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts over colonial protests centered on "no taxation without representation." Tensions rose further as groups like the Sons of Liberty organized resistance and the Boston Massacre occurred in 1770.
Overview of trench warfare in WWI with effects it had on the war and the soldiers involved. At the end, it includes an assignment for students to practice writing a "primary" document.
The document summarizes aspects of Native American tribes that lived in the California region, including their lifestyle and culture. It discusses the various tribes that inhabited the region, including the Cahuilla, Yuman, Pomo, and Miwok. It describes their food sources like acorns, nuts, and seafood. It covers their traditional clothing like breechcloths, skirts, and moccasins. It also summarizes the types of homes they lived in, their religious beliefs and ceremonies, traditions like the Big Head Dance, arts/crafts including baskets and pottery, and mentions the last Yahi tribe member Ishi.
John Brown holds a special place in American history and folklore as a p...Miles Sanders
John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859 in an attempt to incite a slave rebellion. His raid failed due to poor planning and lack of support from slaves. Brown and his men were captured and Brown was later tried and hanged for treason. Though the raid itself failed, it increased tensions around the issue of slavery and contributed to the start of the Civil War. Brown became a martyr for the abolitionist cause in both the North and South due to his willingness to die for the liberation of slaves. His raid and execution made him a controversial yet iconic figure in American history.
John Brown led militant abolitionist groups in Kansas in the 1850s, employing violent tactics against pro-slavery groups. In 1859, Brown led an unsuccessful raid on the federal armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia intending to arm slaves and incite rebellion. Brown and his followers were eventually killed or captured by local militias and U.S. Marines. The group collapsed primarily due to the external military force applied by the U.S. government in response to Brown's illegal and treasonous acts, as well as a lack of support from the local population and some abolitionists who advocated nonviolence.
A PowerPoint by past Project Librarian Tom McMurdo, on how using historic newspapers on Chronicling America can show different perspectives on a historic event.
460 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORYagainst slavery and aga.docxalinainglis
This document discusses how Memorial Day evolved in the post-Civil War era from the 1860s to 1915. Initially, Memorial Day ceremonies reflected sectional divisions between the North and South. However, by the 1890s, trends toward national reconciliation and unity had advanced due to the Spanish-American War. Locally, Memorial Day also became a more popular, inclusive holiday that was less focused on reverence. However, some still found issue with the standard celebrations and observed Memorial Day in their own way. The document provides examples of early incidents that stirred sectional tensions and divisive Memorial Day speeches, while also noting the trend toward bringing the regions together over this time period.
John Brown (1800-1859) was a white American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow slavery. In 1859, he led an unsuccessful raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in an attempt to start a slave liberation movement. He was convicted of treason and murder and was hanged. Historians agree his raid escalated tensions that led to the American Civil War the following year. While some viewed Brown as a terrorist, others considered him a heroic martyr who helped end slavery. His actions remain controversial.
This document provides a summary of a sermon given about John Brown, the abolitionist who led an unsuccessful raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859. The sermon explores whether Brown should be seen as a martyr or madman for his embrace of violence to end slavery. It describes Brown's background and radicalization against slavery. It also discusses the role of the "Secret Six" - a group of wealthy abolitionists from Boston including ministers and activists who clandestinely funded and supported Brown's plans, hoping violence could help end slavery and possibly start a civil war. While their support was meant to further the cause of abolition from afar, Brown's raid was a failure that led to his execution for treason. The sermon
John Brown was opposed to slavery from birth due to his father's vocal abolitionist views. In 1837, he took an oath to end slavery in the U.S. or die trying. Throughout his life he supported abolitionist causes despite financial struggles. In 1856, his efforts in Kansas raised his profile but in 1859 he led an attempt to take over the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry to arm a slave rebellion. When local militia and U.S. Marines arrived, Brown was captured, tried, and executed for treason in December 1859. His raid increased sectional tensions and debates over slavery and secession.
John Brown raided the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia in 1859 in an attempt to start a slave rebellion and arm freed slaves. The raid failed as Brown did not gain the support of local slaves and was surrounded by local militia and US Marines. Brown was captured and later hanged for treason against Virginia. Though unsuccessful, the raid heightened sectional tensions between north and south and helped propel the nation toward civil war.
John Brown led a raid on a federal armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia in 1859 hoping to start a slave revolt. He was captured along with 21 men, including 5 black men, and was later hanged for his actions. The raid gained significant attention as it showed the divide between abolitionists in the North and pro-slavery advocates in the South. Events like the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Dred Scott decision inflamed tensions by renewing hopes of expanding slavery and ruling that blacks could not be citizens, pushing Brown and others to take action. His raid was seen as a catalyst for the eventual Civil War as it demonstrated the North was willing to use force and increased political tensions between free and slave states.
Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin increased abolitionist protests by vividly depicting the moral evil of slavery, and Lincoln later credited it with starting the Civil War. The 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act established popular sovereignty for deciding if new states allowed slavery, fueling violence as pro- and anti-slavery settlers fought for control, with over 200 deaths. Tensions rose further as the Pottawatomie Massacre and caning of Senator Sumner polarized sections. New political parties emerged divided over slavery and immigration.
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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2. PAPER 11 - NOVEMBER 2014
The Origins of the Civil War, 1846–1861
The Raid on Harpers Ferry, 1859
Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question.
3. SOURCE A
The recent insurrectionary movement on the part of a body of desperate
men at Harpers Ferry is a novelty, at least for the older states of the Union. It
is yet impossible to judge accurately the real origin and objects of the
outbreak or who is implicated in it beyond the misguided men who took
possession of the United States arsenal. But enough has been ascertained to
arouse the suspicion that it was the premature execution of a plot that had
the sympathy and, in many instances, the active support by the contribution
of money, of the leading Abolitionists of the North – a class whose humanity
would prompt the desolation of our states by fire and sword, the kindling of
civil war and even the disruption of the Union to accomplish their irrational
ideas of philanthropy.
From the New Orleans ‘Picayune’, 22 October 1859.
4. SOURCE B
As respects the attempts of an insane old man and his handful of followers,
it is easy to determine where responsibility really belongs. Their act is but a
part of the legitimate fruit of the repeal of the Missouri Compromise.
Another part of this paper includes a statement about the wrongs heaped
on Old Brown by slave states, for whose benefit the Compromise was
broken down, wrongs which entered his soul and made him what he is – a
monomaniac who believes himself to be a God appointed agent to set the
enslaved free. Upon the heads of those who repealed that Compromise,
and who sanctioned the lawless violence and bloodshed which grew out of
it on the plains of Kansas, rests the blood of those who fell at Harpers
Ferry. This chain of events makes up the blackest page of our national
history.
From the ‘Chicago Press and Tribune’, 20 October 1859.
5. SOURCE C
Hot-headed abolitionists, in various disguises and various ways, in the North
and in the South, are more active than ever in sowing the seeds of slave
rebellion and insurrectionary conspiracies. The Harpers Ferry raid is
suggestive of a dozen other abolition outbreaks of the same kind all along the
Northern line of slave states at any moment without warning. And if
Northern philanthropists and Puritanical preachers of the gospel are found,
with the orators and organs of the Republican party, glorifying Old Brown as a
saint and a martyr, is not the danger very much increased of a repetition of
this bloody Harpers Ferry foray? Above all, with such interpreters of Mr
Seward’s ‘irrepressible conflict’ as Old Brown, is it not abundantly manifest
that this terrible abolition crusade against the South has been pushed to the
last extremities of forbearance?
From the ‘New York Herald’, 4 December 1859.
6. SOURCE D
It has been discovered that the following is a portion of the plans of the
abolitionists, matured in Kansas by Brown and others and which he
attempted to carry out:
1. To make war upon the property of the slaveholders – not for its destruction
but to convert it to the use of the slaves. If it cannot be thus converted, then
we advise its destruction. Teach the slaves to burn their master’s buildings, to
kill their cattle and horses and let crops perish. Make slavery unprofitable in
this way, if it can be done in no other.
2. To make slaveholders objects of derision and contempt, by flogging them
whenever they shall be guilty of flogging their slaves.
3. To risk no general insurrection until we of the North go to your assistance
or you are sure of success without our aid.
From Felix de Fontaine, ‘History of American Abolitionism’, 1861.
7. REQUEST
Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources.
(a) To what extent do Sources A and B agree on who or what was responsible
for causing John Brown to lead the attack on Harpers Ferry? [15]
(b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that people in the North
supported the raid on Harpers Ferry? [25]
9. INDICATIVE CONTENT
(a) To what extent do Sources A and B agree on who or what was responsible for
causing John Brown to lead the attack on Harpers Ferry? [15]
Both sources are critical of the actual attack on Harpers Ferry. Source A calls the
raiders ‘desperate’ and ‘misguided’ while Source B describes John Brown as ‘insane’.
Though it does not mention John Brown by name, Source A does focus on the issue of
who was responsible for causing the attack. It lays the blame for the raid on ‘the
leading Abolitionists of the North’ who, it says, provided sympathy and financial
support for the plan. In other words, Brown is something of a puppet. Source B, by
contrast, does mention John Brown. Even if it sees him as insane and a ‘monomaniac’,
Source B is more sympathetic towards Brown. It sees him as driven mad by ‘the chain
of events’ leading from the repeal of the Missouri Compromise – which was
overturned by the 1850 Compromise – to ‘Bloody Kansas’ in the mid-1850s. By
breaking the Missouri Compromise and by sanctioning the later violence in Kansas,
the slave states caused John Brown to feel such a sense of injustice that he felt it
necessary to lead the attack on Harpers Ferry as the first step in the process of
restoring justice. Thus Source A blames Northern abolitionists while Source B blames
the South, a clear contrast.
10. CONTEXT
(b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that people in the North
supported the raid on Harpers Ferry? [25]
The raid on the US armoury at Harpers Ferry in late 1859 was a very dramatic
incident which did much to upset the already delicate balance between North
and South. John Brown, 59 in 1859, had been a well-connected Northern farmer
and businessman who, in the 1850s, dedicated himself to the abolitionist cause.
He had become involved in ‘Bloody Kansas’, the sack of the town of Lawrence in
1856, causing him to kill people in what became known as the Pottawatomie
massacre, which in turn led to a conflict at Ossawatomie in which his son was
killed. He spent the next two years travelling the North trying to find men,
money and materiel to start military action against slavery. He hoped that
seizing the armoury at Harpers Ferry would spark slave revolts across the South.
The raid was botched. That it happened at all, however, alarmed many in the
South, especially those who feared slave rebellions. The rapid execution by the
Virginian government of the raid’s leader, John Brown, did much to anger the
North. Many abolitionists saw him as a martyr to a noble cause. Others thought
him insane to undertake a raid which was bound to fail.
11. ANALYSIS
Two sources clearly support the assertion: A and D. Source A argues that
Northern abolitionists provided support, both in words and in money. Source D
provides extracts from a plan drawn up by abolitionists to undermine slavery
by means of a series of illegal actions, including incendiarism. Both maintain
that abolitionists in the North were plotting against slavery. One source –
Source C – is less clear-cut. It argues that ‘hot-headed abolitionists … in the
North’ are active in encouraging slave conspiracies and ‘Northern
philanthropists …are glorifying Old Brown’. This is not quite the same as
supporting the Harper Ferry raid, however. Source B does not support the
assertion. It explains the raid as being a reaction against the policies of the
Southern states to tilt the balance based on the Missouri Compromise of 1820
in their favour. On the question of Northern support for the raid, however, it is
silent. Thus content analysis would suggest some strong support for the
assertion and only limited support against.
12. EVALUATION
Source A is from a Southern newspaper and thus its argument that the North did
support the raid is to be expected. Source D provides support for these arguments,
though little trust can be placed on Source D, as is shown later. Contextual knowledge
does confirm that Brown did have some support from some Northern abolitionists,
even to the extent of funding the raid. Admittedly, only a small group did so but it did
include on its outer fringes Frederick Douglass, the ex-slave and leading abolitionist.
In addition, many more Northerners did sympathise with Brown’s efforts. Source B is
a Northern source, which focuses on explaining why the raid occurred. Though it
blames the slave states of the South for bringing about a ‘chain of events’ which
provoked John Brown into organising the raid on Harpers Ferry, it is silent on the
matter of support for the raid. However, if the South is to blame for Harper’s Ferry, by
implication Northerners are not. Source C, a second Northern source, was written two
days after the execution of John Brown. It indicates Northern support for Brown ‘as a
saint and a martyr’ but makes no mention of the raid on Harpers Ferry. The way in
which Brown faced his trial and execution aroused a great deal of sympathy in the
North. The source shows great support for John Brown after the raid but none for the
raid itself.
13. EVALUATION cont.
Source D is a rather strange source. Published at the start of the civil war two
years later, it claims to be part of John Brown’s plans at the time of the raid on
Harpers Ferry. It talks of ‘John Brown and others’, arguing that the author did
see Northerners as supporting the raid. The content of the source is confusing.
According to Point 3, the author – presumably John Brown – is addressing
slaves in the South. However, Point 1 talks of slaves in the third person. In
addition, Point 1 is very muddled indeed. How can you convert the property of
slaveholders to the benefit of slaves by burning buildings, killing cattle and
leaving crops to waste? The author is a Southern supporter writing an anti-
abolitionist history, presumably to try and sway public opinion as uncivil peace
turns to civil war. And though John Brown’s exact plans varied week by week,
meeting by meeting, his main aim was not to persecute slaveholders, as Source
D suggests. Thus Source D is most unreliable. Thus on evaluation, the sources
do support the assertion, even though only a very small minority of
Northerners actually supported the raid before it occurred.
14. PAPER 12 - NOVEMBER 2014
The Origins of the Civil War, 1846–1861
The Death of John Brown, 1859
Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question.
15. SOURCE A
John Brown dies today! We have a firm belief that this execution of Brown will
hasten the downfall of that accursed system against which he waged war. The
shock caused by his death will be more than a nine day wonder. The emotions
excited and the reflections provoked by the tragedy will go to the very
foundations of our political structure. In all parts of the union, men will ask
themselves how long this institution, which compels men to put to death their
fellows like Brown, who act on motives that command the approval of the
world, shall be suffered to disgrace the age and the civilisation in which we
live. The issue will reach hearts that have been callous until now. Before many
years it will bring the opposing forces which now divide the country face to
face for a final conflict. We have no anxiety about the result, whenever it
comes.
From the ‘Chicago Press and Tribune’, 2 December 1859.
16. SOURCE B
The execution of the old man at Charlestown yesterday was a plain admission
on the part of slavery that they dare not spare a brave man’s life and that
mercy is impossible for a system based on wrong and upheld by violence.
History will do justice to the institution of slavery and its uncompromising foe
alike, when both are gone. The comparison which this affair provokes
between the two is now plainly visible to change the popular judgement.
Slavery in the fullness of its triumph and power is a failure. Old John Brown
has succeeded in dragging down the pillars of slavery in his fall and his victory
is complete! While millions of prayers went up for the old martyr yesterday so
millions of curses were uttered against the system which so mercilessly and
ferociously cried out for his blood.
From the ‘Pittsburgh Post-Gazette’, 3 December 1859.
17. SOURCE C
The chances are ninety-nine in a hundred that before this paper reaches our
subscribers John Brown will have paid the penalty of his crimes on the
gallows. It is to be hoped, with Brown’s exit, the excitement of the North will
subside. But we confess that this hope is but of the faintest character.
Fanaticism in the North is rampant and overrides everything. Only yesterday,
the godly city of Boston, built up and sustained by the products of slave
labour, went into mourning, fasting and prayer over the punishment of the
negro stealer, murderer and traitor and from fifty pulpits the Puritan
preachers belch forth volumes of blasphemy and treason. In all the New
England villages, we may expect to hear that mock funerals have been
celebrated. It is a pity that they haven’t a witch or two to drown or burn, by
way of variety.
From the ‘Raleigh Register’, 3 December 1859.
18. SOURCE D
It is pleasing to observe the reaction which is rapidly taking place in Northern
sentiment. The sympathisers with the mad act of John Brown and his deluded
followers, though few in number, made a great deal of noise at first and
almost convinced some too credulous Southern men that their ravings were a
fair reflection of Northern feeling. But now the excitement of the moment has
passed, the strong undercurrent of genuine Northern patriotism is beginning
to be felt. Conservative Union meetings are being held throughout the entire
North and are passing resolutions condemnatory of the Virginia invasion and
of all incendiary attempts to excite the slaves against their masters.
From a Kentucky newspaper, ‘The Frankfort Commonwealth’,
17 December 1859.
19. REQUEST
Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources.
(a) Compare and contrast Sources C and D as evidence about Southern
attitudes towards the death of John Brown. [15]
(b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that the impact of
the death of John Brown was short-lived? [25]
21. INDICATIVE CONTENT
(a) Compare and contrast Sources C and D as evidence about Southern attitudes
towards the death of John Brown. [15]
Both Source C and Source D, from Southern newspapers, have their sights firmly
focused on the response of people in the North to the execution of John Brown.
Source C, from North Carolina, is most anxious about the effect the hanging of John
Brown will have in the North. The Raleigh Register hopes that ‘the excitement of the
North will subside’ but is far from hopeful that it will. In fact, it believes that there is
only the ‘faintest’ hope that it will. The newspaper asserts that ‘Northern fanaticism
is rampant and overrides everything’. It quotes the example of Boston, a city which
has benefited from the slave-based economy of the South, now mourning the death
of John Brown. Source D, from Kentucky, is more measured in its response to John
Brown’s death. It argues that the extreme passions which were to be heard in the
North ‘at first’, following the ‘mad act of John Brown’, have subsided. ‘A genuine
Northern patriotism’ is starting to replace sectional ‘ravings’. Source D makes no
direct reference to the execution of John Brown. However, it was written just over
two weeks after that death, during which time passions should have cooled slightly.
22. CONTEXT
How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that the impact of the death
of John Brown was short-lived? [25]
John Brown was hanged by the state of Virginia on 2nd December 1859,
following a one-week trial which finished exactly a month before. The trial
occurred just a week after the short-lived raid on Harpers Ferry. A jury found
him guilty on three charges: conspiracy to cause a slave insurrection; murder;
treason against the state of Virginia. The dignity which he showed in the last
month of his life did much to win support for John Brown and the abolitionist
cause. His final speech to the court and the many letters he wrote in his final
month impressed many who, while sympathetic to the abolitionist cause, were
critical of the raid itself. He died a hero and a martyr. He was buried in New
York State six days later. In the early months of the civil war, Northern troops
made John Brown the subject of the most famous civil war song of them all,
John Brown’s Body.
23. ANALYSIS
Source A clearly dismisses the assertion, arguing that ‘the shock caused by his
death will be more than a nine-day wonder’. The Chicago Press and Tribune
believes that the death of John Brown will affect those who ‘have been callous
until now’, i.e. indifferent to the abolitionists’ cause. In so doing, the differences
between North and South will become so great as to cause ‘a final conflict’, it is
argued. Source B sees the death of John Brown as a defeat for slavery. Though
the source does not consider how long the impact of John Brown’s death will
be, talk of ‘millions of curses’ against slavery suggests that it will not be short-
lived. Source C is extremely worried that John Brown’s death will be long-lasting
as ‘fanaticism in the North is rampant and overrides everything’. Sources B and
C together show how high passions are running in the North as a result of John
Brown’s death. This gives attitudes towards slavery more of an emotional basis
which will be hard to shift. Source D is more sanguine. It believes that passions
will subside, that Unionist forces in the North will offset the power of
abolitionist groups arguing for conflict with slave power. Thus Source D supports
the assertion. It is the only one of the four sources to do so in such clear terms.
24. EVALUATION
Two of the sources – A and B – are from the North, the other two from the
South. It is hard to deduce, however, from their origins where they would be
likely to stand on the issue of the impact of the death of John Brown. In fact,
both B (Northern) and C (Southern) think the impact will be long-lasting. More
important, perhaps, is the date of the sources. Three are written at the time of
Brown’s execution, the fourth a fortnight later. All are too close to the death to
help decide whether the impact was long-lasting. Contextual knowledge
becomes essential. Which side of the argument does that knowledge support?
25. EVALUATION cont.
Perhaps the most useful piece of knowledge is the composition of the song
John Brown’s Body in the first few months of the civil war by a battalion of
Northern soldiers. The fact that ordinary soldiers wanted to commemorate
John Brown in a war song is strong evidence that the impact of his death was
long-lasting. That this song became so popular is further evidence to challenge
the assertion. The song can be used to support the arguments of Source A,
which in 1859 maintained that the final conflict was coming. Relevant
contextual knowledge from the 1860s can also be used to challenge the
assertion. One example would be the response of the French novelist, Victor
Hugo, who in 1861 drew a picture of John Brown hanging from the gallows.
Only one source – D – argues for the assertion. The other three oppose it as
does all contextual evidence.
26. PAPER 13 - NOVEMBER 2014
The Origins of the Civil War, 1846–1861
The Compromise of 1850
Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question.
27. SOURCE A
How can the Union be saved? There is but one way and that is by adopting
such measures as will satisfy the states belonging to the Southern section
that they can remain within the Union consistently with their honour and
safety. The South asks for justice, simple justice and less she ought not to
take. But can this be done? Yes, easily; not by the weaker party. The North
has only to will it to accomplish it: to do justice by conceding the South an
equal right in the acquired territory; to do her duty by causing the
stipulations relative to fugitive slaves to be faithfully fulfilled; to provide for
an insertion of a provision in the constitution, by an amendment, which will
restore to the South the power she possessed before the equilibrium
between the sections was destroyed by the action of this government.
There will be no difficulty in devising such a provision.
From a speech by John Calhoun, Senator for South Carolina,
to the US Senate, 4 March 1850.
28. SOURCE B
Mr Calhoun has spoken! And what did he say? We cannot give the speech
entire in our columns, and would not if we could, but we will give a few
samples by which the reader can judge the lot. Mr C says that the South
‘has no concessions or surrender to make. She has already surrendered so
much that she has little left to surrender.’ We cannot take this seriously.
He concludes by saying that if California is admitted into the Union under
the constitution chosen by its own citizens, the South will regard it as a
final decision of the test question and ominously adds that they would be
‘infatuated not to act accordingly’. But we ought to ask pardon of our
readers for devoting so much space to such a speech. We regard it as
merely the last gasp of a dying monster.
From ‘The North Star’, 15 March 1850.
29. SOURCE C
Three bills will be presented. The first embraces the California question and
the Texas boundary question. The second bill amends the Fugitive Slave Law
of 1793, giving effect to the provisions of the constitution and securing their
rights to the Southern people. The third bill will extend the law of Maryland,
as it existed five years ago, over the District of Columbia, by which the
introduction of slaves for the purpose of traffic and sale is prohibited. The
plan is bold and simple. It will receive the authority of Mr Clay’s great mind.
He deserves the praise of the country for the bold and conservative stand he
has taken for the constitution and the rights of the states. A correspondent
on the Baltimore Sun says that it will receive the support of two-thirds of the
South. If so, the slavery question will be permanently settled.
From ‘The Democratic Banner’, Pike County, Missouri, 13 May 1850.
30. SOURCE D
Sir, the agitations which alarm us are not signs of evils to come but of
ineffective efforts of the Republic for relief from mischiefs past. There is a
way, and one way only, to put them at rest. While we leave slavery to the
care of the states where it exists, let us inflexibly direct the policy of the
federal government to circumscribe its limits and favour its ultimate
extinction. Let those who have this misfortune entailed upon them,
instead of contriving to maintain an equilibrium that never had existed,
consider carefully how at some time, by all means of their own and with
our aid, without sudden change or violent action, they may bring about
the emancipation of labour and its restoration to its just dignity and
power in the State.
From a speech by William Seward, Senator for New York,
to the US Senate, 2 July 1850.
31. REQUEST
Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources.
(a) To what extent do Sources A and D agree on how the USA should address
the issue of slavery? [15]
(b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that the 1850
Compromise helped only to further divide the USA? [25]
33. INDICATIVE CONTENT
(a) To what extent do Sources A and D agree on how the USA should address
the issue of slavery? [15]
Source A argues that the issue of slavery is best addressed by making
concessions to the South. Three are specified: equal rights in ‘the acquired
territory’, i.e. the Mexican Cession; the proper enforcement of Fugitive Slave
law; a constitutional amendment restoring equilibrium between North and
South. The first means the possibility of slavery being established in new
territories and states such as California. Source D believes the better approach
is to contain slavery within its existing limits. Thus the federal government
should allow slavery no chance to establish itself in the new territories and
states. This is in complete opposition to the first demand made by Source A.
Source D also indirectly attacks Source A’s third proposal when it rejects the
idea of maintaining an equilibrium between North and South. Source D
believes such a balance never existed in the first place. On the fugitive slave
law, Source D is silent.
34. CONTEXT
(b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that the 1850 Compromise
helped only to further divide the USA? [25]
The 1850 Compromise was a complex series of laws and policies which involved both
sections making some concessions – as was an essential part of the US political
process. It was necessary because the acquisition of new states and territories in 1845–
48 upset the delicate balance between slave and non-slave states. Agreeing the
Compromise was a long and difficult process. The North conceded a new Fugitive Slave
law, harsher than its predecessor, which the South expected Northern states to uphold
thereafter. The South conceded the entry of California into the USA as a free state – it
had wanted the state divided – and the abolition of the slave trade in Washington DC.
Both compromised over the territories of New Mexico and Utah: the North abandoned
the Wilmot Proviso, the South conceded the principle of popular sovereignty. The
South had conceded something which they could not affect thereafter – the
governance of the new lands – in order to make gains with regard to the treatment of
fugitive slaves, which were to prove illusory. The North had conceded something – a
harsher Fugitive Slave law – the success of which depended upon its cooperation.
Many Northern states refused to cooperate. In effect, the expansion of slavery which
the South hoped for did not materialise, despite their fiercest efforts in Kansas.
35. ANALYSIS
Source A argues that the proposed Compromise need not cause further
division of the USA so long as at its heart was a series of concessions to the
South. Source B is a commentary on Calhoun’s speech. It is a very critical
commentary. It explains the implications of the speech, namely that if the
concessions were not made by the North, then the South would have ‘to act
accordingly’. What that action might be is not spelt out. Secession might be
one possibility. Source C supports the assertion, arguing that the complex set
of three measures, with the backing of Senator Clay, should be acceptable to
the South and thus settle the various issues dividing North and South. Source D
argues that the Compromise might work so long as it involves no concessions
to the South, i.e. is no compromise. Sources A and D are in complete contrast
to each other. Source B dismisses Calhoun. Source C is the most positive of the
four.
36. EVALUATION
Senator Calhoun, the author of Source A, was the leader of the Southern
Democrats. His speech of 4th March 1850 was his last major speech. (He was
so frail, the speech had to be read out for him. Within a month he was dead.)
After forty years in politics, by 1850 Calhoun was increasingly pessimistic about
the future of the South within the USA. This extract from Calhoun’s speech,
relatively optimistic, is untypical of the whole speech. And though the South
did gain one of his three demands, over fugitive slaves, the other two were
ignored. Calhoun was out of touch with the new political realities. Source B
illustrates this latter point. The great Southern statesman is dismissed as a
‘dying monster’, which is a little cruel. The North Star was an abolitionist
newspaper established in 1847 by the ex-slave Frederick Douglass to represent
the views of ex-slaves. The newspaper was bound to criticise a Southern voice
on the 1850 Compromise. The North Star would probably see the Compromise
as irrelevant to the greater division within the USA, between freeman and
slaves. Source C, from a newspaper in the slave state of Missouri, is optimistic
about the chances of a settlement.
37. EVALUATION cont.
That optimism is based on two things. The first is the support for the
Compromise of Mr Clay, i.e. Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, one of the
triumvirate of US political leaders of Congress in the 1830s and 1840s. (The
others were Calhoun and Webster, representing the South and North
respectively.) The second is a report from another newspaper about the state
of opinion in the South. Clay was certainly key to agreeing the Compromise. A
hearsay report of Southern views is not that reliable. The arguments of Source
C are not that soundly based. Source D is from the leading abolitionist
Senator, who would be firmly set against any compromise short of abolition.
Thus his interpretation must be heavily discounted. All sources have their
limitations. After many months, the Compromise was agreed. Its
implementation in the 1850s did help to further divide the USA. In 1850,
however, when the sources were written, it was possible to be optimistic.
Source C is the least unreliable of the four, it can be argued.