Hallstatt is an Austrian village located on the western shore of Lake Hallstatter See. It has a population of 946 and is known for its production of salt dating back to prehistoric times. The village gave its name to the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture. Some of the earliest evidence of the Celts was found in Hallstatt. Tourists can visit the world's first known salt mine above the downtown area. In winter, Hallstatt offers over 60 km of ski slopes ideal for families with modern ski lifts and cable cars.
Hallstatt is an Austrian village located on the western shore of Lake Hallstatter See. It has a population of 946 and is known for its production of salt dating back to prehistoric times. The village gave its name to the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture. Some of the earliest evidence of the Celts was found in Hallstatt. Tourists can visit the world's first known salt mine above the downtown area. In winter, Hallstatt offers over 60 km of ski slopes ideal for families with modern ski lifts and cable cars.
presentazione dettagliata sulla rivoluzione francese in 137 slides contenente: testo, immagini, mappe, link, carte geopolitiche, etc. Utile per spiegare l'argomento in aula o a distanza
460 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORYagainst slavery and aga.docxalinainglis
This document discusses how Memorial Day evolved in the post-Civil War era from the 1860s to 1915. Initially, Memorial Day ceremonies reflected sectional divisions between the North and South. However, by the 1890s, trends toward national reconciliation and unity had advanced due to the Spanish-American War. Locally, Memorial Day also became a more popular, inclusive holiday that was less focused on reverence. However, some still found issue with the standard celebrations and observed Memorial Day in their own way. The document provides examples of early incidents that stirred sectional tensions and divisive Memorial Day speeches, while also noting the trend toward bringing the regions together over this time period.
presentazione dettagliata sulla rivoluzione francese in 137 slides contenente: testo, immagini, mappe, link, carte geopolitiche, etc. Utile per spiegare l'argomento in aula o a distanza
460 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORYagainst slavery and aga.docxalinainglis
This document discusses how Memorial Day evolved in the post-Civil War era from the 1860s to 1915. Initially, Memorial Day ceremonies reflected sectional divisions between the North and South. However, by the 1890s, trends toward national reconciliation and unity had advanced due to the Spanish-American War. Locally, Memorial Day also became a more popular, inclusive holiday that was less focused on reverence. However, some still found issue with the standard celebrations and observed Memorial Day in their own way. The document provides examples of early incidents that stirred sectional tensions and divisive Memorial Day speeches, while also noting the trend toward bringing the regions together over this time period.
The document summarizes key events from 1854-1861 that increased tensions between the North and South and moved the country closer to the Civil War. It discusses influential books like Uncle Tom's Cabin that shaped Northern views of slavery, violence over the expansion of slavery in Kansas, and the caning of Senator Sumner by Congressman Brooks that further inflamed sectional tensions. Key events covered include the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision, the 1856 sacking of Lawrence, Kansas, and the split in the Democratic party over the Lecompton Constitution for Kansas statehood.
D
Western Violence: Structure, Values, Myth BID @
Richard Maxwell Brown
The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 24, No.1. (Feb., 1993), pp. 4-20.
Stable URL:
http://links.istor.org/sici?sici=0043-381O%28199302%2924%3Al%3C4%3AWVSVM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8
The Western Historical Quarterly is currently published by Western Historical Quarterly, Utah State University.
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at
http://www.istor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained
prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in
the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.
Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at
http://www.jstor.org/iournals/whq.html.
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed
page of such transmission.
The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic
journals and scholarly literatureJrom around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers,
and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take
advantage of advapces in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
""
http://www.jstor.org
Wed Dec 5 18:55:562007
Western Violence:
Structure, Values, Myth
RICHARD MAxWELL BROWN
W
estern violence nearly defies interpretation as one struggles to
make sense of the almost countless episodes and events that
have made the West such a turbulent region. Yet, despite its
complexity, the reassessment of western violence can elucidate both our
western past and our American present. By dissecting three of its compo-
nents, violence as a regional phenomenon takes on greater clarity within
and beyond the American West.
First, this essay examines the structure of western violence, especially
in the period from 1850 to 1920. The discussion will include a treatment
of a significant and typical, although often overlooked, outbreak of vio-
lence in old Arizona. An interpretation of the second component, the val-
ues closely related to structure that led westerners to commit violence, fol-
lows. Third, the mythology of western violence, the element that slips be-
yond the boundaries of the historical era emphasized here and captures
the on-going fascination of Americans, will be the subject for the final por-
tion of this contribution.
In my view, western violence after 1850 falls into roughly three peri-
ods. A conflict that I describe as the WesternCivil War of Incorporationpri-
marily shaped the intensely violent western era from the 1850s to the
1910s. The order im ...
The document discusses Bleeding Kansas, which was a series of violent conflicts in the 1850s between anti-slavery and pro-slavery groups in Kansas Territory over whether it would enter the Union as a slave state or free state. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by newspaper editor Horace Greeley to describe the violent events. Anti-slavery forces were collectively known as Free-Staters, while pro-slavery forces were called Border Ruffians. The violence continued until 1861 when Kansas joined the Union as a free state.
A PowerPoint by past Project Librarian Tom McMurdo, on how using historic newspapers on Chronicling America can show different perspectives on a historic event.
Writing Historical Fiction: Ability to Weave Recommendeddebbieheal
I explain the research behind my historical young adult trilogy, Time and Again, Unclaimed Legacy, and Every Hill and Mountain. Only after doing the research homework are writers able to smoothly weave facts into fiction ("faction?") so that readers can suspend disbelief and enjoy the story.
Kansas has a long history dating back to early Spanish exploration in the 16th century. It became a state on January 29, 1861 after a bloody territorial period where pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces battled for control. Kansas played an important role in the Civil War, supplying over 20,000 troops to the Union army. In the late 19th century, the cattle industry and wheat farming boomed as railroads expanded across the state. Kansas continues to be an important agricultural producer while also growing its industry and urban centers. The state capital has been located in Topeka since 1861.
There were several events leading up to the Civil War that increased tensions over the issue of slavery:
1) The Missouri Compromise of 1820 attempted to regulate slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territories by prohibiting it north of the 36°30' parallel, but could not resolve the status of slavery in future territories.
2) The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 established the principle of "popular sovereignty" for determining slavery in the territories but led to violent clashes between pro- and anti-slavery settlers in "Bleeding Kansas."
3) John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, though a failure, polarized the nation and increased sectional tensions by portraying Brown as a mart
Lincoln, War, and the Slaughter of the American Working Class.docxsmile790243
Lincoln, War, and the Slaughter of the American Working Class
The American Civil War 1861-1865
The American Civil War is still, without doubt, the most traumatic experience in American History. Far more so than the American Revolution, the World Wars, and 9/11.
New estimates put the number of soldier deaths at 750,000 or above. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/science/civil-war-toll-up-by-20-percent-in-new-estimate.html
This does not include the many civilian deaths through disease, starvation, heartbreak, etc.
About 22 million lived in the North and 9 million in the South at the time of the war. There was about a 3.5 to 2.5 ratio of deaths North to South, but this means that the South lost a greater percentage of its population.
About 36,000 African American soldiers were killed.
In the following slides, we’ll recount the seminal events leading up to the war.
2
We can go back to the very foundations of the United States when the Fugitive Slave Clause (Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3) and the 3/5th Clause (Article 1, Section 2. Par. 3) of the Constitution effectively legalized slavery without explicitly mentioning slavery.
Also, Amendment 10 “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” leaves the issue of slavery and other legal, commercial, and social matters up to the states.
Arguments and ill feelings regarding these issues began almost immediately, and tensions almost led to violence in 1820 when the Missouri Compromise staved off revolt and kept the balance between slave state and free state representation.
Texas independence from Mexico followed by its attempt to join the U.S. created tensions before and after the delayed admission in December of 1845, during the Polk Administration.
Polk’s (murderous?) manipulation of international politics led to massive gains in U.S. territory. He gave Mexico little chance to a avoid war that resulted in the loss of the that nations northern half, and he negotiated for the acquisition and consolidation of the Northwest, completing the U.S. march to the Pacific.
This created all kinds of problems for the slavery balance. The Wilmot Proviso, which might have solved the problem, though admittedly in the non-extentionist favor, was rejected. When California asked to join the Union as a free state, it engendered yet another crisis. Half of the state was below the Missouri Compromise line. There was a call in Congress to split California into one free and one slave state.
Then Clay (again) proposed a compromise that delayed secession, but may have ensured it at the same time.
Battle of San Jacinto
April 21, 1836
1845
O’Sullivan
Popularizes Term
Manifest Destiny
Clays Compromise 1850
California Enters Union as a Free State
Territories to Have No Restrictions on Slavery
Enforce Fugitive Slave Law
No Slaves in D.C.
Recall from the last presen ...
The document summarizes key events leading up to the American Civil War. It discusses Bleeding Kansas, where pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces fought over whether Kansas would be a free or slave state. It also outlines the Dred Scott decision, which ruled blacks could not be citizens and Congress couldn't ban slavery in territories. Finally, it mentions John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, where he hoped to arm slaves but was captured and executed, further increasing sectional tensions.
Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin increased abolitionist protests by vividly depicting the moral evil of slavery, and Lincoln later credited it with starting the Civil War. The 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act established popular sovereignty for deciding if new states allowed slavery, fueling violence as pro- and anti-slavery settlers fought for control, with over 200 deaths. Tensions rose further as the Pottawatomie Massacre and caning of Senator Sumner polarized sections. New political parties emerged divided over slavery and immigration.
The document summarizes many of the key events and issues that contributed to rising tensions between the North and South leading up to the American Civil War. These include the passage of fugitive slave laws, the Dred Scott decision, debates over the expansion of slavery, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, and cultural differences between the largely agricultural slave-holding South and industrial North. The election of Abraham Lincoln, who opposed the expansion of slavery but could not end it where it existed, was the final spark that led Southern states to secede and the Civil War to begin with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in 1861.
John Brown holds a special place in American history and folklore as a p...Miles Sanders
John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859 in an attempt to incite a slave rebellion. His raid failed due to poor planning and lack of support from slaves. Brown and his men were captured and Brown was later tried and hanged for treason. Though the raid itself failed, it increased tensions around the issue of slavery and contributed to the start of the Civil War. Brown became a martyr for the abolitionist cause in both the North and South due to his willingness to die for the liberation of slaves. His raid and execution made him a controversial yet iconic figure in American history.
- The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed settlers in those territories to decide whether to allow slavery, igniting tensions between North and South.
- Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860 as the first Republican candidate, with no support from Southern states. In response, several Southern states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America.
- The CSA was established with Jefferson Davis as President and a constitution that protected slavery. However, rising sectional tensions over the expansion of slavery led to the outbreak of the Civil War between the Union and the Confederacy in 1861.
The document summarizes key events in 1861 that led to the start of the American Civil War. It describes Abraham Lincoln being elected president, which caused southern states to fear the Republican party would abolish slavery. In response, South Carolina's governor recommended the state secede if Lincoln was elected. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union. Over the next few months, six other southern states also seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. Tensions escalated and the war began in April 1861 when Confederate forces fired on Union soldiers at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
Woman Slain in Queer Love Brawl” African American WomeVannaJoy20
“Woman Slain in Queer Love Brawl”: African American Women, Same-Sex Desire, and
Violence in the Urban North, 1920–1929
Author(s): Cookie Woolner
Source: The Journal of African American History, Vol. 100, No. 3, Gendering the Carceral
State: African American Women, History, and the Criminal Justice System (Summer
2015), pp. 406-427
Published by: Association for the Study of African American Life and History
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.3.0406
Accessed: 28-01-2017 15:13 UTC
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.3.0406?seq=1&cid=pdf-
reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted
digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about
JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://about.jstor.org/terms
Association for the Study of African American Life and History is collaborating with JSTOR
to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of African American History
This content downloaded from 128.6.218.72 on Sat, 28 Jan 2017 15:13:21 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
406
“WOMAN SLAIN IN
QUEER LOVE BRAWL”:
AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN,
SAME-SEX DESIRE, AND VIOLENCE
IN THE URBAN NORTH, 1920–1929
Cookie Woolner
The New York Age, one of the leading African American newspapers, pub-
lished a front-page article in November 1926 with the graphic headline, “Women
Rivals for Affection of Another Woman Battle with Knives, and One Has Head
Almost Severed From Body.” The lengthy opening sentence proclaimed the fol-
lowing:
Crazed with gin and a wild and unnatural infatuation for another woman, Reba Stobtoff, in
whose Manhattan apartment her friends and acquaintances had gathered for a Saturday night
rent party, grabbed a keen-edged bread knife and with one fell swoop, severed the jugular vein
in the throat of Louise Wright after a fierce quarrel in which Reba had accused Louise of show-
ing too much interest in a woman named Clara, known to underworld dwellers as “Big Ben,”
the name coming from her unusual size and from her inclination to ape the masculine in dress
and manner, and particularly in her attention to other women.1
The article also revealed that, “when the police arrived, only women were present,
and it is said that no men had attended the affair.”2 Readers came across such
depictions of female same-sex desire in the 1920s, which served to conflate the
emerging concept of “lesbianism” with violence, aggression, vice, and pathologi-
cal behavior. The newspaper accounts not only informed nor ...
Woman slain in queer love brawl” african american womessuserfa5723
This article examines newspaper coverage from the 1920s of violence between African American women involved in same-sex relationships. It uses these accounts to shed light on the social networks and everyday lives of queer black women in northern cities like New York and Chicago during this era. While the black press portrayed these "lady lovers" in a negative and sensationalized manner, their stories revealed that these women faced many of the same challenges as other working-class African American migrants, including low-paying jobs, overcrowded housing, and racial segregation. The article aims to make these invisible queer women's experiences more visible through analysis of press depictions of their acts of violence amidst defacting norms.
The document summarizes events in Kansas Territory in the 1850s surrounding the issue of slavery. It discusses the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed popular sovereignty to determine slavery in the territories and repealed the Missouri Compromise banning slavery north of 36°30'. This led northern abolitionists and southern pro-slavery groups to rush into Kansas to influence elections, resulting in violence known as "Bleeding Kansas" between the factions. Key events included the Sack of Lawrence and Pottawatomie Massacre by John Brown, and the beating of Senator Charles Sumner by Congressman Preston Brooks in response to a speech criticizing slavery.
Similar to CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: HISTORY OF THE USA. PAST PAPERS EXPLAINED. 2016 SUMMER PAPER 1 DOCUMENT QUESTION (20)
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the early success of the Nazi party in Germany. It notes that while the party made progress in organization and membership in its early years after 1919, it had little impact in elections initially. The Nazis received only 6.5% of the vote in their first national election in 1924. Later elections in 1928 saw their support decline further to just 2.6% as the German economy and political situation stabilized under Stresemann. While the Nazis appealed to specific groups frustrated with the Weimar Republic, they remained a small party with less than 30,000 members by 1925.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the origins and early development of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s. It describes how the party began as the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler before Hitler joined in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. It also outlines some of the key aspects of the Nazi party platform outlined in the 25-point program, including nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a desire for more territory. Finally, it discusses Hitler's failed Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923 and how he wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.
1) Post-war instability and economic crisis weakened established political systems in countries like Germany and Italy. 2) A sense of nationalism was used by fascist leaders to promote unity and scapegoat others for the nation's problems. 3) Charismatic leaders like Hitler and Mussolini were able to gain followers by promoting fascism as an alternative to communism and liberal democracy.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1930-1933. It discusses how Germany's economic dependence on American loans led to the collapse of German industry following the 1929 Wall Street crash. This caused widespread unemployment, with over 6 million people jobless by 1932. As economic conditions deteriorated, support grew for the Nazis as they promised strong leadership and blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. The Nazis increased their Reichstag seats in elections in 1933 after Hitler became Chancellor, and he then used emergency powers to crush opposition and establish a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the Weimar Republic in Germany through tables and cartoons as part of a Cambridge IGCSE depth study on Germany. It provides information on the political and economic challenges faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919-1933 through statistical tables and illustrations. The depth study uses multiple visual elements to summarize key events and issues like inflation, unemployment, and the rise of extremism during this period of German history.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESSGeorge Dumitrache
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923George Dumitrache
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATIONGeorge Dumitrache
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...George Dumitrache
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
The document summarizes the impact of World War 1 on Germany. It discusses how Germany initially found success on the Eastern Front and made advances on the Western Front in 1918 but was eventually overwhelmed as the US joined the war effort. Germany experienced political instability, economic devastation from blockades, widespread hunger and disease, and psychological trauma from defeat. The German people bitterly blamed leaders for the defeat, sowing seeds for the rise of the Nazis in the unstable Weimar Republic that followed the war.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
This cartoon was likely published after the Stresa Pact was signed in early 1935, when Britain and France failed to raise the issue of Abyssinia with Mussolini and were perceived as turning a blind eye to his plans in hopes of keeping Italy as an ally against Germany. The cartoon directly criticizes the British and French policy of appeasing Mussolini, so the purpose was to criticize, not just inform. By criticizing the policy, the hope would be to influence and change the policy by swaying public opinion.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. PAPER 11 - MAY/JUNE 2016
The Origins of the Civil War, 1846–1861
The Sack of Lawrence, Kansas, 1856
Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question.
3. SOURCE A
Gentlemen, Officers and Soldiers! This is the most glorious day of my life! This is
the day I am a border ruffian! The US Marshal has just given you his orders and
has kindly invited me to address you. Now boys, let your work be well done!
Faint not as you approach the city of Lawrence but, remembering your mission,
act with true Southern heroism. At the word, spring like your bloodhounds at
home upon that damned accursed abolition hold. Yes, ruffians, draw your
revolvers and Bowie knives and cool them in the heart’s blood of all those
damned dogs that dare defend that breathing hole of hell. Tear down their
boasted Free State Hotel till it shall fall to the ground. Throw into the River
Kansas their printing presses. Do the Sheriff’s entire command! For today Mr
Jones is not only Sheriff, but Deputy Marshal, so that whatever he commands
will be right and under the administration of the US government.
From a speech by David Atchison, US Senator
for Missouri 1844–55, 21 May 1856.
4. SOURCE B
As soon as General Atchison had concluded, the militia moved forward
towards the town in solid column until near the hotel. Sheriff Jones had writs
issued by the First District Court of the United States to destroy the Free
State Hotel and the offices of the Herald of Freedom and Free State. The Free
State office was first destroyed, the press being thrown into the river. The
hotel was fired several times but put out by the bravery of some of the
young men, who were not deterred by the threats of the mob. After the red
flag of the South Carolinians had been hoisted upon the hotel, four cannons
were pointed towards it. When the cannonading commenced, it was thought
prudent for women and children to leave the town. Some ladies, sitting upon
College Hill west of the town, during the cannonading, were fired upon.
From ‘Kansas: Its Interior and Exterior Life’, by Sara T. L.
Robinson, wife of the Free State ‘governor’ of Kansas, 1856.
5. SOURCE C
When the Sheriff’s posse entered the city of Lawrence to enforce the laws,
the town seemed deserted by the brave warriors who had been defending
the place. They had left two days before, leaving their wives and children to
the tender mercies of the ‘heartless border ruffians’. If they are honest in
their belief that the law and order citizens of the Territory are ‘ruffians’, does
it not show cowardice in them to run off and leave their families entirely
unprotected when a few hundred men, with the fortifications of Lawrence,
could have kept at bay an army of thousands? After all Robinson’s boasting,
less than five hundred men took possession of the city without firing a gun.
We have often denounced the paupers sent out from the brothels of the
east as cowards, and the events of the past week go to show that we were
right in our conjecture.
From the ‘Squatter Sovereign’, 27 May 1856.
6. SOURCE D
The attack and burning of Lawrence brought a great change in popular
feeling. ‘We will stand it no longer,’ was the substance of what I heard on
every side from the free-state adherents. Before I left, it had become the
universal conviction that a civil war had commenced. At the same moment
came the news from Washington of the outrage committed in the Senate
chamber upon the person of Mr Sumner. I well remember the effect this had
upon many, who concluded that the rule of force and violence had been
inaugurated even in the highest places of the land and was no longer
restricted to the lawless inhabitants of the frontier.
From ‘The Englishman in Kansas’
by Thomas Gladstone, 1857.
7. REQUEST
Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources.
(a) To what extent do Sources B and C agree about the reaction of the people
of Lawrence to the attack by the Border Ruffians? [15]
(b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that ‘a civil war had
commenced’ in Kansas in 1856? [25]
9. INDICATIVE CONTENT
a) To what extent do Sources B and C agree about the reaction of the people
of Lawrence to the attack by the Border Ruffians? [15]
According to Source B, the reaction of the people of Lawrence was mixed:
some stayed to defend the town against the Border Ruffians while others left
for their own safety. According to B, the former were the young men, the
latter women and children, which conforms to the traditional view of the role
of men and women in conflict. In contrast, Source C states that the men had
already moved out, leaving their women and children behind without any
protection. This reversal of tradition enables Source C to describe the men of
Lawrence as cowards. Source B says that the women and children left after
the attack by the Border Ruffians, implying that their men stayed behind to
defend the town.
10. INDICATIVE CONTENT cont.
The sources are similar in that they show a withdrawal from Lawrence by
some if not all of its inhabitants in response to the Border Ruffians’
aggression. They also show that the occupying forces were acting to uphold
federal law. Source C is more critical of the response of Lawrence to the attack
as shown by labelling them cowards. The language of Source B is less
emotional, more descriptive, if still favouring the people of Lawrence. The
difference can be explained by the authorship of the two sources: Source C
comes from a leading pro-slavery newspaper commenting on the events at
Lawrence. Source B is from a book written by the wife of the man who was
leading the Free State movement.
11. CONTEXT
(b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that ‘a civil war had
commenced’ in Kansas in 1856? [25]
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 established two new Territories in the mid-
West. This jeopardised the careful balance of slave and Free States achieved
until then. It also meant the end of the 1820 Missouri Compromise which
confined slavery to lands below latitude 36”30’ North – with the exception of
Missouri. Rather than deciding itself whether the Territories should be slave or
free, the US Congress accepted Senator Douglas’s idea of popular sovereignty,
which left the decision to resident voters in Kansas and Nebraska. Kansas
became the focus of the struggle between pro- and anti-slavery forces.
Immediately to the west of Missouri, a slave state, but north of the 1820
Missouri Compromise line, Kansas became the key battleground. Pro-slavery
supporters in Missouri had no distance to travel as Kansas was on the other
side of the Missouri river. Abolitionists, strongest in New England, had a much
longer journey, though the first arrived in 1854, establishing the new city of
Lawrence.
12. CONTEXT cont.
Though most settlers went to Kansas for economic reasons, those committed
for or against slavery made the most noise, even taking the law into their
own hands at times. John Brown was the best-known example of the latter,
as shown by the Pottawatomie massacre of May 1856. This was a response
to the sack of Lawrence, the opening ‘conflict’ in the struggle for dominance
in Kansas. Similar examples of violence during the summer of 1856, often, if
inaccurately, described as ‘battles’, resulted in the label ‘Bleeding Kansas’.
The federal elections of 1856 led to a decline in hostilities. In 1857, the
struggle for control of Kansas became more political than military, the focus
of the debate being the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution. Though
estimates vary about how many people died in the conflict (between 50 and
100), Kansas joined the USA as a free state in January 1861.
13. ANALYSIS
Source D can be seen as supporting the assertion as it states the universal
conviction that ‘a civil war had commenced’ in Kansas, an assertion
supported to a great degree by the caning of Senator Sumner in the US
Congress. The other sources come down more on the side of rejecting the
hypothesis. Source A, while a blood-curdling speech, can be seen as
exhorting men who are authorised by US federal law – and led by a federal
officer – to use force against the people and premises of Lawrence. The
reasons why such extreme action is needed are not specified. Source B
shows little resistance from the people of Lawrence to the Border Ruffians’
attack on their city. Source C says much the same. If a civil war requires the
use of force by both sides, then the sources as a group do not suggest that
civil war had commenced.
14. EVALUATION
All three processes of source evaluation can be used to evaluate these
sources. Firstly, cross-referencing and provenance show differences of
interpretation which must discount the reliability of some sources. The
greatest contrast is between Sources B and C and their accounts of which
groups of the citizens of Lawrence remained in town to meet the incursion
of the Border Ruffians, as already considered in sub-question (a). That
Source C is a newspaper report and intended to rally support for the Pro-
slavery cause undermines its reliability. Source B has a different, less political
purpose and thus is preferable. Source A is similar to Source C, if with a still
narrower focus – to energise ‘troops’ into battle. Its reliability is equally
questionable. Source D focuses on the consequences of the sack of
Lawrence, the author describing the convictions of the Free State supporters
that a civil war had begun.
15. EVALUATION cont.
Here provenance comes into play. Source D is the only source written by
someone not directly involved in the conflict. At the same time, Thomas
Gladstone was in Kansas in 1856 and thus his comments are based on
personal observation. He reports the reactions of people on one side of the
conflict only but does so unemotionally, giving his observations greater
credence.
16. EVALUATION cont.
Then contextual knowledge can be used to evaluate the sources. Even the
term ‘Bloody Kansas’, a term not mentioned in any of the sources, can be
used to provide some support for the hypothesis. Similarly, the people of
Kansas and their supporters were so divided that both sides were prepared
to use violence – think of Beecher’s Bibles aka Sharpe’s Rifles being sent out
to Kansas by Northern abolitionists. Finally, the violent actions of John Brown
at Pottawatomie in 1856 show how close Kansas was to a local civil war. It did
not occur, however. Events in Kansas in 1857–58 were more peaceful than
violent, even though the differences between the two sides persisted.
Southern supporters quickly lost heart, especially as the vast majority of
emigrants into Kansas came from Northern states.
17. PAPER 12 - MAY/JUNE 2016
The Origins of the Civil War, 1846–1861
The Wilmot Proviso
Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question.
18. SOURCE A
It is well known that there is no slavery in Mexico. Should the United States
therefore acquire any territory from that government, could human beings, or
negroes, be held as property by citizens emigrating with slaves to that territory
from the Southern States? We think not. Unless we are mistaken, negroes can
only be held as property by statute law. Then, until Congress would pass a law
authorising slavery – and that they would never do – negroes could never be
held as property in any such territory. The following is the form in which this
proviso was passed by the House: That there shall be neither slavery nor
involuntary servitude in any territory on the continent of America which shall
thereafter be acquired by or annexed to the United States by virtue of this
appropriation of funds or in any other manner whatsoever, except for crimes
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. The votes on this proviso
stood: yeas 113; nays 106.
From ‘The Spirit of Democracy’, Ohio, 27 February 1847.
19. SOURCE B
The Wilmot Proviso, it will be seen, has been killed in the Senate, by the
decisive majority of 31 to 21. We have feared this from the first. We knew that
some Whig Senators who are against the extension of Slave Territory would
nonetheless vote against the Proviso. It was clearly doomed. No matter: the
PRINCIPLE is fixed. The House will not consent to incorporate another inch of
Slave Territory. Many who voted in favour in the House were not enthusiastic
for it but their constituents were and will continue to be. The battle is not yet
fought out but the end is unmistakable. Fair notice has been given that Slavery
shall not stealthily cross the Rio Grande and spread itself on the other side.
The next Congress must complete the work in ratifying the Treaty with Mexico
and in organising the territory acquired from her, if such there be. Advocates
of Universal Freedom, let us calmly and steadily move on! Our victory, though
postponed, is morally certain.
From the ‘New York Daily Tribune’, 3 March 1847.
20. SOURCE C
In short, the Wilmot Proviso is Abolition – Abolition in the most dangerous
form and, if it is not now resisted and defeated by peaceful compromise on
the Missouri basis, it will end in the utter ruin of slaveholders, or compel them
to resistance by the sword. The Mexican treaty may add territory enough to
make ten or fifteen new states. All of these the despot Proviso will force to
exclude slavery and of course add them to non-slave states. The Proviso will
limit the slave states to their present number while new free states, without
limit, may be admitted into the Union.
From the Charleston (South Carolina) ‘Mercury’, 11 August 1847.
21. SOURCE D
The whole of the North has taken up arms against us on this matter and we
have no alternative. In the South, whatever differences may exist on the old
party questions, all are united upon one point – and that is that the
presidential candidate whom it may support must declare uncompromising
hostility to the spirit of the Proviso. The Proviso aims at the annihilation of
the black race and the depopulation of the Southern states by means of
starvation. Anyone aware of the rapid increase in the black population of the
South is also aware that the day will come when an outlet must be found for
the multitudes who cannot obtain food from its overtasked soil. If we do not
secure this outlet, starvation and insurrection will speedily obliterate all that
the hand of man has done in the fair land of the South.
From the Jacksonville (Florida) News, 17 September 1847.
22. REQUEST
Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources.
(a) To what extent do Sources B and D agree about the aims of the Wilmot
Proviso? [15]
(b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that there was never any
chance that the Wilmot Proviso would pass? [25]
24. INDICATIVE CONTENT
(a) To what extent do Sources B and D agree about the aims of Wilmot
Proviso? [15]
Source D reads oddly when it asserts that the Wilmot Proviso aims to
annihilate the black race and to depopulate the South. It does explain how
the Wilmot Proviso, which would prevent the expansion of slavery into
territories to be acquired from Mexico, would thereby result in huge
demographic pressures in the South. The rapidly growing slave population
would have to stay in the South, causing economic pressures so great that
famine and depopulation would result. This is a very fanciful set of
assertions.
25. INDICATIVE CONTENT cont.
Source B makes no mention of the problems which the South might face if
the Wilmot Proviso became law, which is a major difference between the
two sources. Source B focuses not on the South but on the new lands to be
acquired from Mexico. Even though the Wilmot Proviso had been defeated
by the US Senate, Source B is confident that in time any new lands would
be Free Soil rather than slave-based. The two sources are similar in that
they both consider the issue of slavery in the context of newly acquired
territories. They focus on completely different aspects of that issue. This
contrast is a consequence of their different origins, North and South.
26. CONTEXT
(b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that there was never
any chance that the Wilmot Proviso would pass? [25]
The Wilmot Proviso was an attempt to restrict the expansion of slavery into
the territories acquired from Mexico following the war of 1846–48. It was
first introduced in the House of Representatives by David Wilmot, a Northern
Democrat from Pennsylvania in August 1846, three months into the war with
Mexico. It was passed by the House of Representatives but rejected by the
Southern-dominated Senate, both in 1846 and 1847. By 1848 the war was
over and peace agreed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, where Mexico conceded huge
amounts of land to the USA.
27. CONTEXT cont.
The documents refer to the second attempt to introduce the Proviso. The
President of the time was James Polk, also a Democrat. He refused to
endorse the Proviso. Wilmot and fellow Northern Democrats were not
abolitionists. Rather they believed in the importance of Free Labour to the
American way of life and saw the expansion of slavery into new territories as
threatening that importance. In contrast, Southern slave owners saw a need
to expand their ‘peculiar institution’ into new territories in order to preserve
their position in the carefully balanced distribution of power within the USA.
In this respect, the problems of the West began to widen divisions between
North and South. Only with the Compromise of 1850 did North and South
reach agreement about how the new lands taken from Mexico should be
governed – and that Compromise was short-lived as within four years it had
begun to unravel.
28. ANALYSIS
Though the sources do not comment directly on the fate of the Wilmot
Proviso, they do express views and reveal attitudes which show either strong
opposition to or positive acceptance of the Proviso, which makes its passage
either impossible or possible. Three sources support the assertion: B, C and D.
Source B talks of the Proviso having been ‘killed’ in the Senate, as being
‘clearly doomed’. However, Source B goes on to argue that the failure of the
US Congress to pass the Proviso is irrelevant. If the expansion of slavery has
not been prohibited, neither has it been authorised. Source B argues that in
reality the House of Representatives would never support such a proposal.
The defeat of the Proviso does not mean the defeat of the principle. Source C
shows how the Wilmot Proviso never stood a chance simply because Southern
opposition to its terms were so strong. The source argues that there needs to
be either a compromise on the matter or its rejection by means of civil war.
Neither allows the acceptance of the Wilmot Proviso. Source D also shows
how the Proviso would never be passed because North and South had
become divided on sectional lines.
29. ANALYSIS cont.
Source A is the one source which suggests that there was a chance that the
Wilmot Proviso might pass. It argues that the House of Representatives
would never pass a law allowing the expansion of slavery, which is what was
required by the US constitution. This meant that in practice the Wilmot
Proviso would be implemented. In this respect, the argument of Source A is
similar to that of Source B.
30. EVALUATION
These sources can be evaluated either by contextual knowledge, by
provenance or by cross-referencing. The context of the Wilmot Proviso was
the war with Mexico, ‘Mr. Polk’s war’, as its many critics within the USA called
it. Sources A, B and C mention the war. Some wars unite a country, some
divide it. The war with Mexico divided the USA. Many in the North saw the
war as furthering the interests of Southern Slave Power. By the 1840s slave
owners wanted to expand US territories to include lands suitable for a slave
based economy. The acquisition of Texas in 1846 helped enormously. Gaining
further lands in the south west from Mexico would give slavery further
potential advantage. This was why Southerners took such an exception to the
Wilmot Proviso, which they saw as an attempt by the North to control the
post-war settlement and prevent their right to expand.
31. EVALUATION cont.
Source D is the most obvious statement of this viewpoint. Its second
paragraph arguing that the Proviso is intended to annihilate the black race
and depopulate the South is supported by no evidence, either from the
extracts or from contextual knowledge. Source D is reliable in expressing
Southern fears but completely unreliable in its analysis of the impact of the
Proviso, if passed. The fears are more relevant, however, to consideration of
the hypothesis that the Wilmot Proviso would never past. It never did;
Southern fears were reflected in Southern opposition in the US Senate to its
passage. In this respect, Source D is reliable.
32. EVALUATION cont.
Source C is similar to Source D in that it exaggerates the consequences of
the Wilmot Proviso intended by its supporters, presumably to alarm the
readers of a Southern newspaper and mobilise opposition to its passage.
Though Southern Senators had defeated the Proviso in March 1847, many
Southerners still feared that the supporters of the Wilmot Proviso would
make further attempts to get Congress to approve the exclusion of slavery
from the new territories. These Southern sources can be supported by a
Northern source, Source B, which states that the Wilmot Proviso had been
killed in the Senate. However, Source B also talks of the principle behind
the Wilmot Proviso, namely preventing the expansion of slavery, that it
will not be defeated and ‘the battle is not yet fought’. Contextual
knowledge of the 1850 Compromise and the Kansas-Nebraska Act would
support this assertion.
33. EVALUATION cont.
Perhaps the most trustworthy source is Source A. Its statements about
slavery in Mexico and the figures for the vote on the Wilmot Proviso in the
House of Representatives are accurate. Admittedly, its one assertion – that
Congress will never pass a law permitting slavery in the territories – is
undermined by the 1850 Compromise and the concept of popular
sovereignty but, on past practice, the assertion was a reasonable one to
make. On balance, the evaluated sources support the assertion that there
was never any chance that the Wilmot Proviso would pass.
34. PAPER 13 - MAY/JUNE 2016
The Origins of the Civil War, 1846–1861
Kansas after the Kansas-Nebraska Act: Slave or Free?
Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question.
35. SOURCE A
The repeal of the Missouri restriction, in relieving the South of a hateful
badge of inferiority, was a triumph. The abolitionists were not disheartened
by their defeat but were rather stimulated to renewed energy and more
desperate effort. They saw how they might wring victory from the grasp of
the South and they set about the work with characteristic ingenuity and
contempt of honest principle. All the vagabonds, paupers and discharged
convicts who infested the Northern cities were shipped out to Kansas. The
issue before the people of the South is simply this: shall we remain the
spectators of the struggle in Kansas until the gallant spirits from Missouri
are crushed by a horde of barbarians from the North? In the name of the
people of Virginia we respond with an unhesitating and emphatic No.
From the Richmond ‘Enquirer’ (Virginia), 18 April 1856
36. SOURCE B
Will Kansas be a free state? We answer No. Not while the existing Union
stands. Its fate is settled. We shall briefly state the reasons which force us to
this sad conclusion.
1. The South is united in its determination to make Kansas a slave state. She
has never yet failed in her purpose thus concentrated and expressed.
2. Eastern emigration will avail nothing to keep slavery out of Kansas.
3. The omnipotent power of the federal government will cooperate with the
vandals of Missouri to crush what little anti-slavery sentiment may exist in
Kansas. This will prove decisive in the struggle.
4. There are no Kansas newspapers desirous of making it a free state.
From ‘The Liberator’, 1 June 1856.
37. SOURCE C
Can Kansas be made a slave state? Thus far the pro-slavery party has
triumphed in Kansas in spite of the abolitionists and their emigrant aid
societies. They have raised their millions of money and sent upon us their
hordes of fools, armed with Sharpe’s rifles, to trample down our institutions
and confiscate our property and drive us from the country. Yet we have
peaceably whipped them at the polls, forced them to beg for mercy on the
battlefield and proven to the world that truth and justice are on our side.
And all this has been accomplished by the hardy squatters without any aid
from the South, save now and again a straggling ‘border ruffian’ from
Missouri. What then is in the way of making Kansas a slave state? Nothing
can prevent it if the southern people do but half their duty. But they must do
that or Kansas will be lost and the Union dissolved.
From ‘Debow’s Review’, New Orleans (Louisiana), June 1856.
38. SOURCE D
We secured the freedom of Kansas while the slaveholders had every possible
advantage in the contest. They had full control of every department of the
government and were in force on the border of the territory while our
emigrants had to make a journey of many hundreds of miles, much through
the slave state of Missouri. By the Plan of Freedom adopted by the Emigrant
Aid Company, Kansas was made free – very decidedly free – so that when
admitted to the Union there was no slave party within her borders. No man,
unless he be ignorant of the facts of the Kansas struggle or completely
blinded by malice or envy, will ever attempt to defraud the Emigrant Aid
Society of the glory of having saved Kansas by defeating the Slave Power in a
great and decisive contest.
From ‘The Kansas Crusade’ by Eli Thayer,
founder of the Emigrant Aid Society, 1889.
39. REQUEST
Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources.
(a) To what extent do Sources B and C agree about the reasons why Kansas
would become a slave state? [15]
(b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that the Pro-Slavery
forces had only themselves to blame for their failure to make Kansas a slave
state? [25]
41. INDICATIVE CONTENT
(a) To what extent do Sources B and C agree about the reasons why Kansas
would become a slave state? [15]
Source B identifies four specific reasons why Kansas would become a slave
state. Only one of those is mentioned by Source C, namely the ineffectiveness
of emigration aid societies. The main reason that Source C sees as making it
likely that Kansas would become a slave state was the efforts of pro-slavery
forces within Kansas. They have won both in elections and on the battlefield.
Only the occasional border ruffian has helped Kansas supporters of slavery.
Source C does continue by arguing that those efforts by themselves would
not be enough. The people of the South must help them out. This appeal to
the South suggests that the South is not doing much to help Kansas become a
slave state. This is in marked contrast to Source B which talks of the South
being united in wanting to make Kansas a slave state.
42. INDICATIVE CONTENT cont.
This is in marked contrast to Source B which talks of the South being united
in wanting to make Kansas a slave state. Also Source B stresses the
importance of the federal government and the ‘vandals of Missouri’ who will
work together to impose slavery on Kansas, a point not mentioned in Source
C. There are a number of comparisons and contrasts which can be made. In
terms of the sources, Source B comes from the Liberator, an abolitionist
paper, which makes its assertions something of a surprise. Source C, mainly
an assertion of Southern success, comes as no surprise, even if its final
doubt about the likelihood of success does undermine the rest of the
extract.
43. CONTEXT
(b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that the Pro-Slavery
forces had only themselves to blame for their failure to make Kansas a
slave state? [25]
The balance of free and slave states within the USA was always a
controversial issue. The Missouri Compromise of 1820, mentioned briefly by
Source A, applied to lands gained from France via the Louisiana Purchase. It
established a border at latitude 36”30’ beyond which slavery could not
expand. The Compromise of 1850 did not extend that line westwards and
apply it to lands gained from Mexico in 1848, as might have been expected.
Instead it introduced the idea of popular sovereignty to two new territories,
Utah and New Mexico, whereby the [white male] residents of those lands
would choose whether the lands were free or slave as they applied to
become US states. This meant that slavery might expand north of the 1820
Compromise line. [Neither territory chose slavery.]
44. CONTEXT cont.
Those wanting to make the lands of Kansas and Nebraska, acquired as part
of the Louisiana Purchase, into formal territories of the USA included the
principle of popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. This
also meant the possible expansion of slavery beyond 36”30’ north, in effect
ending this part of the Missouri Compromise. Few white settlers lived in
Kansas, which had been Indian territory until then. The 1854 Act created a
rush of settlers into the territory from both North and South. The latter were
labelled ‘border ruffians’. A series of clashes, both political and physical,
occurred in the mid 1850s before those opposed to slavery won the day.
Kansas joined the USA as a free state in January 1861.
45. ANALYSIS
Source A focuses on the strength and determination of Northern abolitionists,
as evidenced by their work in Kansas until the spring of 1856, when the
balance was tilting in favour of the anti-slavery groups in Kansas. The second
part of Source A is thus an appeal to the states and peoples of the South to
help tilt the balance in the opposite direction. Source A thus explains two
main reasons for the lack of success of pro-slavery forces: the determination
of the North and the passivity of the South. This means that Source A neither
fully supports nor fully challenges the assertion.
46. ANALYSIS cont.
Source B is unusual because it believes that pro-slavery forces would
triumph. Contextual knowledge could be used to relate the assertions of
Source B to the question. Cross referencing is probably more helpful.
Where did the source go wrong? The other sources make it evident that
Source B overestimated the power of the South and federal government
while underestimating the power of eastern immigration. There was also
an active set of newspapers in Kansas supporting the cause of freedom.
Thus Source B does not really point the finger of blame at the South.
47. ANALYSIS cont.
Source C, however, does say that pro-slavery forces, on the advance in
Kansas, would be defeated if the South does not intervene in Kansas.
Source C fully supports the hypothesis. Source D takes the opposite view,
arguing that the defeat of pro-slavery forces was the result of the
determination shown by forces for freedom, especially in the shape of
emigrant aid societies from the North East. Source analysis thus shows
Sources B and D challenging the assertion while Source C supports it and
Source A can be used either way.
48. EVALUATION
Source D is probably the easiest to evaluate. There are three reasons why its
evidence needs to be treated with great caution: it is a paean of praise for
the Emigrant Aid Society, it is written by its founder; it is published some
thirty years later and thus presumably written at that time, when memories
are more fallible. Thus the first piece of evidence against the assertion is
greatly devalued. Its companion source, B, also has to be discounted. It is
from a partisan Northern source whose evidence can easily be disproved, as
explained above. It is surprising that a newspaper on the side of freedom is
quite so pessimistic about the chances of freedom in the new territory of
Kansas – what effect will this have on the readers of the Liberator? But this
surprise does not make the source a valuable one.
49. EVALUATION cont.
The two sources from the South, A and C, are in their own ways equally
unreliable. Source A, in describing the free-soilers who moved to Kansas as
‘vagabonds, paupers and discharged convicts’, greatly distorts reality. Source
C also distorts the two sides when it refers to Northern settlers as ‘fools’ and
pro-slavery supporters as ‘hardy squatters’. This is a set of documents in
which all four sources are unreliable to some degree. Contextual knowledge
is needed to place these sources in their historical place. The chance of
establishing slavery in a state as far north as Kansas was most unlikely.
Though adjoining the slave state of Missouri, it was that much further west,
making slave-based agriculture impossible to establish.