This document describes a new species of bacteria, Pectinatus sottacetonis sp. nov., that was isolated from a commercial pickle spoilage tank. The bacterium, strain FSRU B0405T, was identified as a member of the genus Pectinatus based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. P. sottacetonis is a strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming rod that is motile with distinctive X-shaped movement. Biochemical and physiological characterization differentiated P. sottacetonis from other Pectinatus species. The document proposes P. sottacetonis as a novel species based on its phenotypic and genetic
This document evaluates the use of Bacara, a new chromogenic agar, for efficiently isolating and identifying Bacillus cereus from contaminated foods. The study compares Bacara to Mannitol Egg Yolk Polymyxin (MYP), the current standard method. Inclusivity and exclusivity testing was performed using B. cereus and other bacterial strains on five media, including Bacara and MYP. Plate enumeration studies then used MYP and Bacara to isolate B. cereus from artificially contaminated foods. The results demonstrated that Bacara was better able to identify and enumerate B. cereus, even in the presence of background flora, making it a more efficient method than MYP.
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized lactic acid bacteria from various environmental samples. 21 lactic acid bacteria isolates were obtained from milk, water, soil and plant samples. 10 were identified as Lactobacillus, 3 as Enterococcus, 2 as Staphylococcus, 5 as Lactococcus, and 1 as Leuconostoc based on biochemical and physiological tests. 6 of the isolates were found to harbor plasmids. Further characterization identified 3 isolates as Enterococcus faecium and 1 each as Weissella confusa, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Some isolates showed inhibitory activity
This document summarizes laboratory experiments on Pseudo-nitzschia species isolated from Monterey Bay, California. The experiments tested the effects of nutrient stress and culturing methods on toxin production and photosynthetic performance. Results showed substantial variability between clones in growth rates and toxicity levels under identical conditions. Toxin levels increased under silicon limitation and decreased with higher growth rates in chemostat experiments. Variable fluorescence measurements indicated nutrient stress impaired photosystem II and negatively correlated with toxin accumulation.
Pesticidas em processos fermentativos do vinhoLaura Mascarin
The presence of six fungicides (azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, fludioxonil, mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil, and tetraconazole) did not negatively affect alcoholic fermentation by two yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kloeckera apiculata), and in some cases stimulated higher alcohol production. During malolactic fermentation by two lactic acid bacteria (Leuconostoc oenos and Lactobacillus plantarum), malic acid degradation was slightly lower in the presence of pesticides, except for mepanipyrim which had little effect. The fermentative microorganisms did not degrade or remove the
This document summarizes a study that isolated and identified fungi from a traditionally fermented Korean soybean block (meju) sample that was naturally contaminated with aflatoxins. A total of 230 fungal isolates were obtained from the meju and identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular analysis of β-tubulin gene and ITS rDNA sequences. The most common genera isolated were Aspergillus candidus, A. oryzae, Mucor circinelloides, and Penicillium polonicum. Three isolates from the A. oryzae/flavus group were found to be aflatoxin-producing A. flavus based on presence of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes and H
6 magalhães et al 2008 a hyaluronidase from potamotrygon motoro (freshwaterpryloock
1) Researchers purified and characterized a hyaluronidase enzyme from the venom of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro.
2) A two-step purification process involving gel filtration chromatography and ion exchange chromatography resulted in a 366-fold purification with a 79 kDa hyaluronidase enzyme.
3) The purified hyaluronidase had a pH optimum of 4.2 and maximum activity at 40°C. Its activity was inhibited by certain metal ions and heparin.
This document summarizes research evaluating the trypanocidal activity of plant extracts and identifying active constituents from Persea americana seeds. Crude extracts from 65 Mexican plant species were screened, with 39 showing activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The avocado seed methanol extract showed moderate activity, and fractionation yielded 8 trihydroxyheptadecane/nonadecane derivatives as the active compounds. These displayed similar activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, in contrast to other compounds that are more active against trypomastigotes.
This document evaluates the use of Bacara, a new chromogenic agar, for efficiently isolating and identifying Bacillus cereus from contaminated foods. The study compares Bacara to Mannitol Egg Yolk Polymyxin (MYP), the current standard method. Inclusivity and exclusivity testing was performed using B. cereus and other bacterial strains on five media, including Bacara and MYP. Plate enumeration studies then used MYP and Bacara to isolate B. cereus from artificially contaminated foods. The results demonstrated that Bacara was better able to identify and enumerate B. cereus, even in the presence of background flora, making it a more efficient method than MYP.
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized lactic acid bacteria from various environmental samples. 21 lactic acid bacteria isolates were obtained from milk, water, soil and plant samples. 10 were identified as Lactobacillus, 3 as Enterococcus, 2 as Staphylococcus, 5 as Lactococcus, and 1 as Leuconostoc based on biochemical and physiological tests. 6 of the isolates were found to harbor plasmids. Further characterization identified 3 isolates as Enterococcus faecium and 1 each as Weissella confusa, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Some isolates showed inhibitory activity
This document summarizes laboratory experiments on Pseudo-nitzschia species isolated from Monterey Bay, California. The experiments tested the effects of nutrient stress and culturing methods on toxin production and photosynthetic performance. Results showed substantial variability between clones in growth rates and toxicity levels under identical conditions. Toxin levels increased under silicon limitation and decreased with higher growth rates in chemostat experiments. Variable fluorescence measurements indicated nutrient stress impaired photosystem II and negatively correlated with toxin accumulation.
Pesticidas em processos fermentativos do vinhoLaura Mascarin
The presence of six fungicides (azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, fludioxonil, mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil, and tetraconazole) did not negatively affect alcoholic fermentation by two yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kloeckera apiculata), and in some cases stimulated higher alcohol production. During malolactic fermentation by two lactic acid bacteria (Leuconostoc oenos and Lactobacillus plantarum), malic acid degradation was slightly lower in the presence of pesticides, except for mepanipyrim which had little effect. The fermentative microorganisms did not degrade or remove the
This document summarizes a study that isolated and identified fungi from a traditionally fermented Korean soybean block (meju) sample that was naturally contaminated with aflatoxins. A total of 230 fungal isolates were obtained from the meju and identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular analysis of β-tubulin gene and ITS rDNA sequences. The most common genera isolated were Aspergillus candidus, A. oryzae, Mucor circinelloides, and Penicillium polonicum. Three isolates from the A. oryzae/flavus group were found to be aflatoxin-producing A. flavus based on presence of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes and H
6 magalhães et al 2008 a hyaluronidase from potamotrygon motoro (freshwaterpryloock
1) Researchers purified and characterized a hyaluronidase enzyme from the venom of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro.
2) A two-step purification process involving gel filtration chromatography and ion exchange chromatography resulted in a 366-fold purification with a 79 kDa hyaluronidase enzyme.
3) The purified hyaluronidase had a pH optimum of 4.2 and maximum activity at 40°C. Its activity was inhibited by certain metal ions and heparin.
This document summarizes research evaluating the trypanocidal activity of plant extracts and identifying active constituents from Persea americana seeds. Crude extracts from 65 Mexican plant species were screened, with 39 showing activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The avocado seed methanol extract showed moderate activity, and fractionation yielded 8 trihydroxyheptadecane/nonadecane derivatives as the active compounds. These displayed similar activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, in contrast to other compounds that are more active against trypomastigotes.
This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the biological activity of secondary metabolites from Simarouba tulae, an endemic plant of Puerto Rico. Extracts from S. tulae were screened for cytotoxicity using the brine shrimp lethality test and against two breast cancer cell lines. Most extracts were cytotoxic with LC50 values below 200 μg/ml. The crude extract and chloroform extract showed the highest toxicity and inhibited breast cancer cell growth by over 80%. NMR analysis of extracts indicated the potential presence of quassinoids, which are compounds known for anti-cancer properties. Further purification and testing will aim to isolate and identify bioactive compounds from S. tulae, particularly quassinoids.
This document summarizes a study examining the toxicity and antioxidant activity of two extracts from the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. Both extracts were found to lack relevant toxic effects in acute and 4-week toxicity tests in rats. The extracts exhibited antioxidant activity in non-cellular systems by reducing oxidative stress and scavenging free radicals. They also showed antioxidant effects in activated macrophages and in the plasma and erythrocytes of rats treated with the extracts for 4 weeks, indicating their compounds may be absorbed and act as antioxidants in vivo. The findings support the view that daily consumption of one extract could benefit humans by reducing oxidative stress.
Isolation and identification by pcr and analysis for probioticAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized Lactobacillus bacteria from dairy products in Iraq. Ten Lactobacillus isolates were obtained from 88 dairy samples using conventional culturing and identified using PCR and biochemical tests. The isolates were tested for probiotic properties including growth at different pH levels and salt concentrations as well as antimicrobial activity against pathogens. The Lactobacillus isolates produced inhibitory substances with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against enteric pathogens, demonstrating their potential protective effects.
Growth Pattern, Molecular Identification and Bio molecules Analysis of FOMITO...journal ijrtem
Abstract : Fomitopsis feei, a brown rot fungus is identified tentatively using morphological characteristics and confirmed phylogenetically by 28S rDNA analysis and sequence was submitted in EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. Its growth pattern was studied on eight different solid media and found to be good on Malt extract agar medium. Biomolecules such as proteins and lipid were screened qualitatively and estimated quantitatively. Aminoacid analysis by chromatography and fatty acid analysis by FAME were also done and revealed that tryptophan (20.53%), valine (20.51%) and cis-linoleic acid (43.38%) and palmetic acid (17.88%) were in high percentage.
Key words : Fomitopsis feei, growth, molecular identification and biomolecules
The student researchers purified the enzyme beta-galactosidase from E. coli using several techniques. They first lysed the E. coli cells and isolated the crude lysate. Ammonium sulfate precipitation was used to precipitate proteins, with the 30-45% fraction exhibiting the highest beta-galactosidase activity. Ion exchange chromatography further purified the samples using a salt gradient. Affinity chromatography achieved additional purification by exploiting the enzyme's affinity for its substrate. Bradford and ONPG assays measured protein concentration and enzyme activity after each step. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the isolation of pure beta-galactosidase.
[Final] Purification Of B-Gal Formal ReportAndy Chand
This document describes the purification of the enzyme β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. The purification process involved differential precipitation using ammonium sulfate to precipitate proteins, followed by size exclusion chromatography to exchange buffers and desalt the sample. Further purification was achieved using ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex column. The purified fractions were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and western blotting to identify β-galactosidase bands and ensure purity. While some purification was achieved, results indicated further optimization is needed to improve yield and obtain pure β-galactosidase for applications.
Isolation, phylogenetic analysis and screening of marine mollusc-associated b...ITSON
This study isolated and characterized 149 culturable bacteria associated with the marine mollusk Anadara broughtoni in the Sea of Japan. 27 isolates were selected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine their phylogeny. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial, hemolytic, and surface activities. Six Gram-positive and two Gram-negative isolates showed antimicrobial activity against indicator microorganisms. Butanol extracts of cell cultures and cell-free supernatants of six active strains revealed antimicrobial, hemolytic, and surface activities, indicating the presence of bioactive low-molecular-weight metabolites. Substances with hemolytic and surface activities were isolated from Bacillus pumilus An 112 and characterized as cyclic depsipeptides
This document summarizes research on screening rice genotypes for water deficiency tolerance. 33 rice genotypes from Pakistan, WARDA, and Cuba were tested under normal water conditions and 3 levels of reduced water (75%, 50%, 25% less than normal). Some genotypes from WARDA showed increased plant height and tillers but reduced leaves under reduced water. Grain yield increased in some genotypes from WARDA and Cuba with reduced water. Further tests on heat tolerance identified heat shock proteins induced in some genotypes. Efficiency tests found 3 genotypes maintained photosynthesis under low light conditions, including WAB-56-104 which reduced plant height but increased leaves and unaffected yield with reduced water.
This document summarizes research on the isolation, purification, characterization, and kinetic properties of acid phosphatase from mungbean (Vigna radiata) leaves. Key findings:
1. Acid phosphatase was purified 222-fold from mungbean leaf extracts using ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography, achieving a specific activity of 1291 nkat/mg protein.
2. SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography revealed the purified enzyme consisted of two isoforms with molecular weights of 29 kDa and 18 kDa.
3. Kinetic analysis found the 29 kDa isoform had a Km of 0
This study investigated the role of the transcriptional regulator ToxR in biofilm formation and motility in the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The study found that:
1) A V. parahaemolyticus mutant lacking ToxR showed decreased biofilm formation and reduced swarming and swimming motility compared to the wild type strain.
2) The ToxR regulator was required for rugose colony formation and expression of genes involved in exopolysaccharide production, which are important for biofilm formation.
3) ToxR did not regulate switching between opaque and translucent colony types in V. parahaemolyticus, which is associated with capsular polysaccharide production.
This document summarizes research on establishing cell suspension cultures of Piqueria trinervia, a medicinal plant that produces monoterpenes. Cell cultures were able to produce piquerol A constitutively. When fungi isolated from wild P. trinervia plants were added to elicit a defense response, the cultures produced four new compounds not found in unelicited cultures, including a new monoterpene called piquerinol. Piquerinol was the most abundant compound produced and inhibited fungal growth in vitro. The research identified piquerinol as 2-methylene-7,7-dimethylbicyclo (3,3,1) heptane-4,
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Shigella flexneri serotype 1c derived from serotype 1a by acquisition of gtrI...Swee Seong TANG
Background
Shigella spp. are the primary causative agents of bacillary dysentery. Since its emergence in the late 1980s, the S. flexneri serotype 1c remains poorly understood, particularly with regard to its origin and genetic evolution. This article provides a molecular insight into this novel serotype and the gtrIC gene cluster that determines its unique immune recognition.
Results
A PCR of the gtrIC cluster showed that serotype 1c isolates from different geographical origins were genetically conserved. An analysis of sequences flanking the gtrIC cluster revealed remnants of a prophage genome, in particular integrase and tRNAPro genes. Meanwhile, Southern blot analyses on serotype 1c, 1a and 1b strains indicated that all the tested serotype 1c strains may have had a common origin that has since remained distinct from the closely related 1a and 1b serotypes. The identification of prophage genes upstream of the gtrIC cluster is consistent with the notion of bacteriophage-mediated integration of the gtrIC cluster into a pre-existing serotype.
Conclusions
This is the first study to show that serotype 1c isolates from different geographical origins share an identical pattern of genetic arrangement, suggesting that serotype 1c strains may have originated from a single parental strain. Analysis of the sequence around the gtrIC cluster revealed a new site for the integration of the serotype converting phages of S. flexneri. Understanding the origin of new pathogenic serotypes and the molecular basis of serotype conversion in S. flexneri would provide information for developing cross-reactive Shigella vaccines.
Keywords
Shigella flexneri, Bacillary dysentery, Serotype-conversion , Evolutionary origin, Glucosyltransferase, Serotype 1c
This document discusses a study that characterized Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) isolates from poultry farm environments in Tunisia. Samples from 8 farms yielded 21 Salmonella isolates, including 16 S. enteritidis. The S. enteritidis isolates were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. PFGE identified 2 types, plasmid profiling found 4 types, and most isolates were susceptible to antibiotics. Combined methods showed the spread of a particular S. enteritidis clone related to a major worldwide clone.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluated the safety risks of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) present in the microbiota of commercial and artisanal salami in Brazil. Nineteen CNS strains were isolated from salami samples, with different species identified between commercial and artisanal salami. The strains were found to harbor multiple genes for enterotoxins and toxins and showed antimicrobial resistance. Real-time PCR and ELISA confirmed the isolated strains could express enterotoxins in vitro, posing risks for food poisoning. The study characterized the CNS species in Brazilian salami and their potential safety risks in terms of enterotoxin production and antimicrobial resistance.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes research on developing polyclonal antibodies to identify isoflavones in different legume species. Key points:
- Researchers produced polyclonal antibodies in rabbits to detect isoflavones. ELISA tests using these antibodies could quickly screen plants for isoflavone content.
- Seed samples from 8 legume species were tested for isoflavones using the ELISA. All species showed higher isoflavone levels than soybean (the typical isoflavone source), indicating other legumes may be alternative isoflavone sources.
- Extraction methods including hydrothermal treatment at 50°C increased levels of active aglycone isoflavone forms compared to no treatment.
- The research aims to characterize legume
This document describes a study that isolated 154 phytate-degrading bacteria from soil samples collected from volcanic areas in Indonesia. Six isolates with high phytase activity were selected for further analysis. The isolates were identified as different species of Bacillus based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The crude extracellular phytase enzymes from the isolates had varying optimal pH and temperature conditions for phytate dephosphorylation. Certain metal ions like Zn2+ and Fe3+ strongly inhibited the phytase activity, while Ca2+ increased activity by 10-15%.
Clinical isolates of urinary tract infection and candidiasis inhibited by T. ...Diganta Dey
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of extracts from Terminalia arjuna bark. Methanol and water extracts were tested against bacterial and fungal clinical isolates. The methanol extract showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid content. Both extracts inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria like S. aureus and fungi like Candida species. Minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 0.04-1 mg/mL. Comet assay results also indicated that the extracts induced DNA damage in Candida tropicalis. Overall, the study demonstrated the antibacterial and antifungal properties of T. arjuna bark extracts.
The document describes identifying Salmonella typhimurium from a mixed culture using differential tests. A pure culture of the Gram-negative bacteria was obtained and tested on five types of differential media. The results identified the bacteria as S. typhimurium based on its ability to ferment glucose and perform mixed acid fermentation, utilize citrate, reduce sulfur and be motile on SIM media. Standard differential testing using affordable media can successfully identify bacterial species from mixed cultures.
This document summarizes the thesis submitted by Oleksandr Panasenko for a Master's degree on the design concept of a folding wingtip mechanism for civil aircraft. The thesis investigated folding wingtip designs to allow for larger wingspans while meeting airport space restrictions on the ground. Computational fluid dynamics, structural mechanics, and kinematic analyses were conducted using CAD and CAE tools to develop and test a folding wingtip design concept for a large passenger airliner with a 71.1 meter wingspan. The analyses showed the design concept was structurally sound and able to fold the wingtips to reduce the wingspan to 64.8 meters for ground operations while maintaining adequate aerodynamic and structural performance for flight.
This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the biological activity of secondary metabolites from Simarouba tulae, an endemic plant of Puerto Rico. Extracts from S. tulae were screened for cytotoxicity using the brine shrimp lethality test and against two breast cancer cell lines. Most extracts were cytotoxic with LC50 values below 200 μg/ml. The crude extract and chloroform extract showed the highest toxicity and inhibited breast cancer cell growth by over 80%. NMR analysis of extracts indicated the potential presence of quassinoids, which are compounds known for anti-cancer properties. Further purification and testing will aim to isolate and identify bioactive compounds from S. tulae, particularly quassinoids.
This document summarizes a study examining the toxicity and antioxidant activity of two extracts from the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. Both extracts were found to lack relevant toxic effects in acute and 4-week toxicity tests in rats. The extracts exhibited antioxidant activity in non-cellular systems by reducing oxidative stress and scavenging free radicals. They also showed antioxidant effects in activated macrophages and in the plasma and erythrocytes of rats treated with the extracts for 4 weeks, indicating their compounds may be absorbed and act as antioxidants in vivo. The findings support the view that daily consumption of one extract could benefit humans by reducing oxidative stress.
Isolation and identification by pcr and analysis for probioticAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized Lactobacillus bacteria from dairy products in Iraq. Ten Lactobacillus isolates were obtained from 88 dairy samples using conventional culturing and identified using PCR and biochemical tests. The isolates were tested for probiotic properties including growth at different pH levels and salt concentrations as well as antimicrobial activity against pathogens. The Lactobacillus isolates produced inhibitory substances with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against enteric pathogens, demonstrating their potential protective effects.
Growth Pattern, Molecular Identification and Bio molecules Analysis of FOMITO...journal ijrtem
Abstract : Fomitopsis feei, a brown rot fungus is identified tentatively using morphological characteristics and confirmed phylogenetically by 28S rDNA analysis and sequence was submitted in EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. Its growth pattern was studied on eight different solid media and found to be good on Malt extract agar medium. Biomolecules such as proteins and lipid were screened qualitatively and estimated quantitatively. Aminoacid analysis by chromatography and fatty acid analysis by FAME were also done and revealed that tryptophan (20.53%), valine (20.51%) and cis-linoleic acid (43.38%) and palmetic acid (17.88%) were in high percentage.
Key words : Fomitopsis feei, growth, molecular identification and biomolecules
The student researchers purified the enzyme beta-galactosidase from E. coli using several techniques. They first lysed the E. coli cells and isolated the crude lysate. Ammonium sulfate precipitation was used to precipitate proteins, with the 30-45% fraction exhibiting the highest beta-galactosidase activity. Ion exchange chromatography further purified the samples using a salt gradient. Affinity chromatography achieved additional purification by exploiting the enzyme's affinity for its substrate. Bradford and ONPG assays measured protein concentration and enzyme activity after each step. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the isolation of pure beta-galactosidase.
[Final] Purification Of B-Gal Formal ReportAndy Chand
This document describes the purification of the enzyme β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. The purification process involved differential precipitation using ammonium sulfate to precipitate proteins, followed by size exclusion chromatography to exchange buffers and desalt the sample. Further purification was achieved using ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex column. The purified fractions were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and western blotting to identify β-galactosidase bands and ensure purity. While some purification was achieved, results indicated further optimization is needed to improve yield and obtain pure β-galactosidase for applications.
Isolation, phylogenetic analysis and screening of marine mollusc-associated b...ITSON
This study isolated and characterized 149 culturable bacteria associated with the marine mollusk Anadara broughtoni in the Sea of Japan. 27 isolates were selected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine their phylogeny. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial, hemolytic, and surface activities. Six Gram-positive and two Gram-negative isolates showed antimicrobial activity against indicator microorganisms. Butanol extracts of cell cultures and cell-free supernatants of six active strains revealed antimicrobial, hemolytic, and surface activities, indicating the presence of bioactive low-molecular-weight metabolites. Substances with hemolytic and surface activities were isolated from Bacillus pumilus An 112 and characterized as cyclic depsipeptides
This document summarizes research on screening rice genotypes for water deficiency tolerance. 33 rice genotypes from Pakistan, WARDA, and Cuba were tested under normal water conditions and 3 levels of reduced water (75%, 50%, 25% less than normal). Some genotypes from WARDA showed increased plant height and tillers but reduced leaves under reduced water. Grain yield increased in some genotypes from WARDA and Cuba with reduced water. Further tests on heat tolerance identified heat shock proteins induced in some genotypes. Efficiency tests found 3 genotypes maintained photosynthesis under low light conditions, including WAB-56-104 which reduced plant height but increased leaves and unaffected yield with reduced water.
This document summarizes research on the isolation, purification, characterization, and kinetic properties of acid phosphatase from mungbean (Vigna radiata) leaves. Key findings:
1. Acid phosphatase was purified 222-fold from mungbean leaf extracts using ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography, achieving a specific activity of 1291 nkat/mg protein.
2. SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography revealed the purified enzyme consisted of two isoforms with molecular weights of 29 kDa and 18 kDa.
3. Kinetic analysis found the 29 kDa isoform had a Km of 0
This study investigated the role of the transcriptional regulator ToxR in biofilm formation and motility in the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The study found that:
1) A V. parahaemolyticus mutant lacking ToxR showed decreased biofilm formation and reduced swarming and swimming motility compared to the wild type strain.
2) The ToxR regulator was required for rugose colony formation and expression of genes involved in exopolysaccharide production, which are important for biofilm formation.
3) ToxR did not regulate switching between opaque and translucent colony types in V. parahaemolyticus, which is associated with capsular polysaccharide production.
This document summarizes research on establishing cell suspension cultures of Piqueria trinervia, a medicinal plant that produces monoterpenes. Cell cultures were able to produce piquerol A constitutively. When fungi isolated from wild P. trinervia plants were added to elicit a defense response, the cultures produced four new compounds not found in unelicited cultures, including a new monoterpene called piquerinol. Piquerinol was the most abundant compound produced and inhibited fungal growth in vitro. The research identified piquerinol as 2-methylene-7,7-dimethylbicyclo (3,3,1) heptane-4,
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Shigella flexneri serotype 1c derived from serotype 1a by acquisition of gtrI...Swee Seong TANG
Background
Shigella spp. are the primary causative agents of bacillary dysentery. Since its emergence in the late 1980s, the S. flexneri serotype 1c remains poorly understood, particularly with regard to its origin and genetic evolution. This article provides a molecular insight into this novel serotype and the gtrIC gene cluster that determines its unique immune recognition.
Results
A PCR of the gtrIC cluster showed that serotype 1c isolates from different geographical origins were genetically conserved. An analysis of sequences flanking the gtrIC cluster revealed remnants of a prophage genome, in particular integrase and tRNAPro genes. Meanwhile, Southern blot analyses on serotype 1c, 1a and 1b strains indicated that all the tested serotype 1c strains may have had a common origin that has since remained distinct from the closely related 1a and 1b serotypes. The identification of prophage genes upstream of the gtrIC cluster is consistent with the notion of bacteriophage-mediated integration of the gtrIC cluster into a pre-existing serotype.
Conclusions
This is the first study to show that serotype 1c isolates from different geographical origins share an identical pattern of genetic arrangement, suggesting that serotype 1c strains may have originated from a single parental strain. Analysis of the sequence around the gtrIC cluster revealed a new site for the integration of the serotype converting phages of S. flexneri. Understanding the origin of new pathogenic serotypes and the molecular basis of serotype conversion in S. flexneri would provide information for developing cross-reactive Shigella vaccines.
Keywords
Shigella flexneri, Bacillary dysentery, Serotype-conversion , Evolutionary origin, Glucosyltransferase, Serotype 1c
This document discusses a study that characterized Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) isolates from poultry farm environments in Tunisia. Samples from 8 farms yielded 21 Salmonella isolates, including 16 S. enteritidis. The S. enteritidis isolates were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. PFGE identified 2 types, plasmid profiling found 4 types, and most isolates were susceptible to antibiotics. Combined methods showed the spread of a particular S. enteritidis clone related to a major worldwide clone.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluated the safety risks of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) present in the microbiota of commercial and artisanal salami in Brazil. Nineteen CNS strains were isolated from salami samples, with different species identified between commercial and artisanal salami. The strains were found to harbor multiple genes for enterotoxins and toxins and showed antimicrobial resistance. Real-time PCR and ELISA confirmed the isolated strains could express enterotoxins in vitro, posing risks for food poisoning. The study characterized the CNS species in Brazilian salami and their potential safety risks in terms of enterotoxin production and antimicrobial resistance.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes research on developing polyclonal antibodies to identify isoflavones in different legume species. Key points:
- Researchers produced polyclonal antibodies in rabbits to detect isoflavones. ELISA tests using these antibodies could quickly screen plants for isoflavone content.
- Seed samples from 8 legume species were tested for isoflavones using the ELISA. All species showed higher isoflavone levels than soybean (the typical isoflavone source), indicating other legumes may be alternative isoflavone sources.
- Extraction methods including hydrothermal treatment at 50°C increased levels of active aglycone isoflavone forms compared to no treatment.
- The research aims to characterize legume
This document describes a study that isolated 154 phytate-degrading bacteria from soil samples collected from volcanic areas in Indonesia. Six isolates with high phytase activity were selected for further analysis. The isolates were identified as different species of Bacillus based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The crude extracellular phytase enzymes from the isolates had varying optimal pH and temperature conditions for phytate dephosphorylation. Certain metal ions like Zn2+ and Fe3+ strongly inhibited the phytase activity, while Ca2+ increased activity by 10-15%.
Clinical isolates of urinary tract infection and candidiasis inhibited by T. ...Diganta Dey
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of extracts from Terminalia arjuna bark. Methanol and water extracts were tested against bacterial and fungal clinical isolates. The methanol extract showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid content. Both extracts inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria like S. aureus and fungi like Candida species. Minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 0.04-1 mg/mL. Comet assay results also indicated that the extracts induced DNA damage in Candida tropicalis. Overall, the study demonstrated the antibacterial and antifungal properties of T. arjuna bark extracts.
The document describes identifying Salmonella typhimurium from a mixed culture using differential tests. A pure culture of the Gram-negative bacteria was obtained and tested on five types of differential media. The results identified the bacteria as S. typhimurium based on its ability to ferment glucose and perform mixed acid fermentation, utilize citrate, reduce sulfur and be motile on SIM media. Standard differential testing using affordable media can successfully identify bacterial species from mixed cultures.
This document summarizes the thesis submitted by Oleksandr Panasenko for a Master's degree on the design concept of a folding wingtip mechanism for civil aircraft. The thesis investigated folding wingtip designs to allow for larger wingspans while meeting airport space restrictions on the ground. Computational fluid dynamics, structural mechanics, and kinematic analyses were conducted using CAD and CAE tools to develop and test a folding wingtip design concept for a large passenger airliner with a 71.1 meter wingspan. The analyses showed the design concept was structurally sound and able to fold the wingtips to reduce the wingspan to 64.8 meters for ground operations while maintaining adequate aerodynamic and structural performance for flight.
The document discusses how the IBM Storwize family of storage solutions provides the necessary infrastructure for business analytics. It notes that analytics has become a top priority for organizations and that data is growing exponentially. The Storwize family delivers efficiency, performance, resiliency, scalability and other features needed to support analytics workloads through capabilities like compression, flash storage acceleration, and high availability. It includes a quote from a customer that discusses how the Storwize technology allows them to process more data and gain insights not possible with their prior system.
Kartheek Gannarapu is applying for a senior time keeper or HR assistant position. He has over 8 years of experience in timekeeping and HR roles. He held positions as a senior timekeeper for Nagarjuna Contracting Company from 2014 to present and as a timekeeper for Al JIhan Gulf Horizon from 2010 to 2013. He is proficient in Microsoft Office, timekeeping systems, payroll processing, and maintaining employee records. He aims to contribute his skills in time management, monitoring, decision making, and administrative tasks to support a company's growth.
El documento describe el sistema de almacenamiento IBM Storwize V7000, que ofrece almacenamiento modular optimizado para flash y virtualizado para satisfacer las necesidades cambiantes de las empresas. Utiliza software de virtualización que permite aislar las aplicaciones del almacenamiento físico. Incluye características como compresión de datos en tiempo real con aceleración por hardware, almacenamiento en capas automatizado, y duplicación remota que mejora el uso de la red. El sistema proporciona un alto rendimiento, eficiencia y facilidad de uso para empresas de todos
El documento describe cómo la innovación abierta, mediante la colaboración y creación en comunidad, permite resolver problemas utilizando conocimiento y datos existentes para asegurar la accesibilidad para todos. La innovación abierta requiere colaboración abierta a través de las capas de TI para buscar avances conjuntos sin duplicar esfuerzos. IBM ha contribuido a proyectos de código abierto como Linux y ha liderado asociaciones para crear una fuente continua de innovación tecnológica como la Fundación OpenPower.
Mito low acid final JFS#1 10.1111-1750-3841.12937Jane Caldwell
This document describes a new method for monitoring thermal processing of plant-based foods using quantitative PCR (qPCR) to measure fragmentation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Universal primers were developed to amplify a conserved mtDNA gene (atp1) present in many plants. Using a sweet potato puree model, the increase in qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) values correlated highly with increased time and temperature of thermal processing, as well as reduction of bacterial spores. The kinetics of mtDNA fragmentation were similar to validated microbial indicators. This novel approach provides a rapid, molecular tool for validating and monitoring thermal food processing as an alternative or supplement to traditional microbiological methods.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragmentation as a potential time-temperature integrator for monitoring safety and quality in dry roasted peanuts. MtDNA fragmentation was measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and compared to reduction of the Salmonella surrogate Enterococcus faecium and changes in peanut color (Hunter L value) during roasting. While E. faecium reduction curves were highly repeatable, mtDNA fragmentation did not correlate linearly with time at a given temperature. Dissection of individual peanuts also showed differential heating effects depending on peanut part. The researchers determined that mtDNA fragmentation as measured by qPCR was too variable for validation of dry roasted peanut processes but could help evaluate heat penetration through
This document summarizes research validating a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model called SNL-EFDC for simulating flow changes caused by marine hydrokinetic energy devices. The research involved calibrating wake model parameters in SNL-EFDC by comparing predicted velocity deficits to experimental data from three flume studies of single and multiple actuator disks. The models were modified to better match experimental dimensions and parameters. Predicted velocity deficits from SNL-EFDC simulations matched physical expectations for wake recovery downstream.
JFS#2 final before print 10-9-15 jfds13139_Rev (1)Jane Caldwell
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragmentation was assessed in acidified foods using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Ct values from cucumber mtDNA at different processing stages and storage times were significantly different, indicating mtDNA fragmentation from low temperature (75C for 15 min) processing in acidic conditions (pH 3.8). Pasteurization of tomato serum at 95C for varying times highly correlated Ct values to time-temperature treatment. Longer qPCR amplicons provided greater sensitivity to differentiate heat treatments. MtDNA fragmentation is a potential tool to characterize low temperature (<100C) high acid processes, fermentations, and storage of acidic plant products.
Abiotics are non-viable bacteria and their fermentation products that can provide health benefits to hosts when consumed. Abiotics offer advantages over probiotics and prebiotics such as longer shelf life without refrigeration, stimulating the immune system through components like peptidoglycan in cell walls, and feeding beneficial gut bacteria through metabolites. Abiotics are also safer options as they cannot mutate, become pathogenic, or transfer antibiotic resistance, and provide benefits through binding toxins and pathogens without host specificity issues of probiotics.
1) O documento discute dez princípios da economia, incluindo como as pessoas tomam decisões enfrentando trade-offs, respondendo a incentivos e pensando na margem.
2) Os mercados são geralmente uma boa forma de organizar a atividade econômica, embora os governos às vezes precisam intervir para corrigir falhas de mercado.
3) O padrão de vida de um país depende de sua capacidade de produzir bens e serviços, e a inflação ocorre quando o governo emite muita moeda.
The document discusses isolating and characterizing novel pectinolytic bacteria that can break down plant biomass at high temperatures for more efficient biofuel production. Samples were collected from terrestrial and aquatic environments and incubated at 55C. Several bacterial strains were isolated, including Bacillus licheniformis and Geobacillus thermoleovorans based on 16S rRNA sequencing. These thermophilic, pectin-degrading bacteria show potential for engineering enzymes for biomass conversion to simple sugars and biofuels at industrial scales.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory
Pseudomonas alcaligenes, potential antagonist against fusarium oxysporum f.s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on isolating and characterizing the potential of Pseudomonas alcaligenes as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium wilt disease in tomatoes. Three Pseudomonas isolates (KtS1, TrN2, TmA1) were obtained from plant rhizospheres. Biochemical and 16S rRNA gene analysis identified the isolates as P. alcaligenes. In laboratory tests, the P. alcaligenes isolates strongly inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt, by over 80%. When applied to tomato plants under greenhouse conditions, the P. alcaligen
This document summarizes research on applying phosphate isotopes to trace sources and cycling of phosphorus in East Creek, a watershed in the Chesapeake Bay region. It discusses:
1) Phosphorus and high phytate levels in East Creek. Phytate is a major storage form of phosphorus found in plant materials.
2) Measuring oxygen isotopes in phosphate to track the original source of phytate as it is degraded by enzymes. Different enzymes fractionate isotopes in unique ways, allowing identification of active enzymes.
3) Phytate promotes the proliferation of microorganisms that can degrade it. Understanding phytate cycling provides insights into managing phosphorus pollution in
This document discusses improving the organic production of vegetables. It describes various organic inputs that can be used such as compost, vermicompost, plant and fruit extracts. Specifically, it discusses the preparation and benefits of fermented plant juice, fermented fruit juice, fish amino acid, and manure tea. It also evaluates the nutrient content and shelf life of these organic liquid supplements. The document provides guidance on applying biopesticides derived from various plants to control pests organically. It evaluates the effects of different botanical extracts on vegetable yields and pest populations. Overall, the document provides information on developing organic vegetable production systems.
Barbaro et al, 2007. comparative study on extracts from the tissue covering thepryloock
1. The study compared properties of tissue extracts from the stingers of freshwater Potamotrygon falkneri and marine Dasyatis guttata stingrays.
2. By SDS-PAGE, the tissue extracts had similar protein bands above 80 kDa, but differences below this mass.
3. P. falkneri tissue extract displayed lethal, dermonecrotic, and myotoxic activities, while D. guttata did not. Both induced similar edema in mice. P. falkneri induced stronger nociception.
Phylotype Analysis of Ralstonia Solanacearum Causing Bacterial wilt in Eggpla...ijtsrd
Eggplant is prone to attack by several pests including bacteria, fungi, nematodes and insects. In this study, we have analyzed phylotype of bacterial wilt Ralstonia solanacearum infection in eggplant plants collected from Bhubaneswar Orissa in India. Bacterial wilt symptomatic five plant samples were collected from brinjal field in Bhubaneswar in 2016. The samples were macerated in sterile distilled water and grown on Kelman's triphenyltetrazolium chloride TZC agar media. Total genomic DNA of the bacterium were extracted and subjected to PCR amplification using the R. solanacearum specific universal primer pair 759 760. An expected single 280 bp fragment amplified in all the samples confirmed the identity of these as Ralstonia. To reconfirmed isolate of bacterium, the amplicon was sequenced in sequencer. In NCBI blast, the nucleotide sequence was 100 similar with Ralstonia solanacearum strain RS lpxC DOB 1 AB910593 and the sequence was submitted in NCBI database under Acc. No. KY393266. To determined phylotype of strain used specific multiplex PCR with phylotype specific primers Nmult 21F1 2, Nmult 22InF, Nmult 23AF, Nmult 22RR revealed that all the five infected samples belonged to phylotype I as a 144 bp amplicon were observed in agarose gel. On the basis of above finding concluded that the bacterial wilt infected eggplant collected from Bhubaneswar was Ralostonia solanacearum, Phylotype I. Rakesh Kumar | Ramachandran, E. | Koteshwar Yadav "Phylotype Analysis of Ralstonia Solanacearum Causing Bacterial wilt in Eggplants in Orissa in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21580.pdf
This document describes the construction of a physical and genetic map of the Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5 chromosome using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and DNA hybridization. Key findings include:
1) G. diazotrophicus has a circular chromosome approximately 4,240 kb in size containing 4 rRNA operons.
2) Hybridization results allowed positioning of 42 genetic markers on the chromosome, including 39 single-copy genes and 3 repeated elements.
3) One rRNA operon was found to have an inverted orientation compared to the others.
Detection and Subtype Identification of Blastocystis Isolates from Wastewater...gon0603
Presented during the 6th Asian-Pacific Organization for Cell Biology (APOCB) International Congress, EDSA Shangri-La, Manila, Philippines, 25 to 28 February 2011
The document summarizes a presentation on isolating and characterizing secondary metabolites from Carica papaya Linn leaves. It includes an introduction to C. papaya and its traditional uses. The objectives are stated as collecting authenticated plant material and isolating compounds using chromatography for characterization. A literature review covers taxonomy, descriptions, geographical distribution, phytochemistry identifying compounds. Methods and pharmacological activities are discussed including antioxidant, antihypertensive, wound healing and others.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM PLANTS AND OTHER ...American Research Thoughts
This document describes a study that isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from various plant and vegetable matrices. 22 LAB strains were isolated belonging to Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Enterococcus genera. The predominant species were Lactobacillus brevis (57%) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (14%). The strains were tested for their ability to produce bacteriocin-like substances (BLS) with antimicrobial activity. A conjugation experiment was then successfully performed between Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus to demonstrate horizontal gene transfer of BLS production.
This document summarizes research on generating transgenic maize with enhanced provitamin A content. The researchers introduced bacterial genes encoding key enzymes in carotenoid biosynthesis (crtB for phytoene synthase and crtl for desaturase) under the control of an endosperm-specific promoter. This led to a preferential accumulation of beta-carotene in the maize endosperm, with total carotenoids increasing up to 34-fold. The levels approached those estimated to impact vitamin A status. The high beta-carotene trait was stable over generations. Increased beta-carotene accumulation was due to up-regulation of endogenous lycopene beta-cyclase. The work provides a
Abrachium, a new genus in the Clathraceae, and Itajahya reassessedRhudson Cruz
Molecular and morphological analyses have elucidated phylogenetic relationships of two remarkable species in the Phallales: Aseroe floriformis and Phallus roseus. Genes from ATPase subunit 6 (atp6), the nuclear large subunit ribossomal DNA (nuc-LSU), and the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) underwent Bayesian and parsimony molecular analyses. Molecular datasets combined with morphological characters, support a new genus (Abrachium for Aseroe floriformis), reassessment Itajahya, and emendation of Clathraceae.
Plant phenolics in animal health and methane mitigation. avijit deyAvijit Dey
Phenolics are ubiquitous in all plant organs and integral part of animal and human foods. Phenolic acids, flavanoids and tannins are the most common phenolic compounds. Fruits and vegetables are rich source of polyphenols for humans. Whereas, tree leaves in tropical countries are potential sources phenolic compounds for animals. Researchers have become more interested in polyphenols due to their potent antioxidant properties and credible effects in the prevention of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Condensed tannins (CT) and flavanoids have the ability to modify the rumen fermentation towards reduced methanogenesis by altering rumen microbial community and their supplementation reduces nitrogen excretion in ruminants by improving its utilization efficiency. Improvement in feed intake, growth rate, wool production, reproduction and milk production in ruminants fed CT containing diets were observed in a dose dependent manner. In ruminants, most proteins are rapidly solubilised and release 56- 65% N in the rumen during mastication; consequently large losses of N (25-35%) occur as ammonia absorbed from rumen. CT from tree leaves could be used as organic protectant of proteins to improve protein utilization by ruminants and reduce environmental pollution by minimising N losses through urine. Supplementation of CT through leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Ficus infectoria, Ficus bengalensis and Ficus glomerata at 1.5- 2.0% levels was observed to reduce the rumen degradability of groundnut cake to 60-75 per cent from the normal value of 92 per cent. Controlling gastro-intestinal parasites by supplementation of CT through F. infectoria, Psidium guajava and Ficus bengalensis was effective to ameliorate drug resistance. Feeding study to lambs and crossbred cows with supplementation of CT (1.5%) either through F. Infectoria and F. bengalensis leaves was found to increase feed efficiency, growth rate, milk yield, fat yield, antioxidant status and immunity of animals. Flavanoids and tannin-rich feeds could reduce or inhibit rumen biohydrogenation of vaccenic acid to stearic acid, resulting in the accumulation of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in milk and meat which has hypolipidaemic and anti carcinogenic effects in humans. Judicious application of plant phenolics could improve overall health and production performance of animals.
This research note describes the development of 17 microsatellite loci for two species of flat periwinkles, Littorina fabalis and L. obtusata. The microsatellites were isolated from L. fabalis using next-generation sequencing and tested on individuals of both species. Seventeen loci were found to reliably amplify in both species. These new nuclear markers can be used to study species discrimination between L. fabalis and L. obtusata, investigate hybridization, and characterize divergence between L. fabalis ecotypes. The microsatellites provide a genetic tool to overcome limitations of morphological identification.
10 the influence of environmental bacteria in freshwater stingraypryloock
The document discusses a study on bacteria found in the mucus of freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon motoro) and river water in Brazil, and the ability of these bacteria to cause infections. The study identified bacteria from stingray mucus and river water samples, finding mostly gram-negative bacteria like Aeromonas spp. and Enterobacter cloacae. Some bacteria produced toxins that damaged human cells in lab tests. Antibiotic testing found that 68% of bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. While stingray venom was toxic to cells, it did not increase bacterial growth. In summary, bacteria from stingray mucus and river water could transfer into wounds and cause severe secondary infections.
Phytase from Bacillus cereus MTCC 10072 was purified about 10.75 fold to apparent homogeneity with a recovery of 34% referred to the phytase activity in the crude extract. The monomeric enzyme displayed molecular weight of 45 KDa and showed maximum activity at temperature 60 ºC and pH 6.5. Iso electric point of the purified enzyme was found to be 5.6. Substrate specificity studies showed it is highly specific to its substrate and maximum relative activity of 128% was obtained with calcium phytate. Activity was unaffected or moderately stimulated by a range of metal ions with only Ca2+ exerting (118%) stimulatory effect. The enzyme is significantly thermo stable at 60 ºC and retains a significantly greater proportion of maximal activity at physiological temperatures. This may render it of industrial interest. Further to check the applicability of the enzyme effect of different doses of crude enzyme (10, 25, 50 and 100 units) in dephosphorylation of animal feed was evaluated. Up to 66 h of incubation, the animal feed was monitored for the released inorganic phosphate content present in the feed. An enzyme dose of 100U and 50U of crude phytase enzyme per flask were found suitable to liberate enough amount of inorganic phosphorus in case of poultry and pig feed respectively.
This study investigated the antioxidant properties of sterilized yacon tuber flour. Various extraction methods were tested to determine the conditions that produced the highest antioxidant activity. Boiling an 8.9% solution of yacon flour in water for 10 minutes resulted in the best extract, with a total antioxidant capacity of 222 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/100g and total polyphenol content of 275 mg gallic acid equivalents/100g. Four main phenolic compounds were identified in the extract: chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, and protocatechuic acid. Biological assays showed the extract had antioxidant effects and no pro-oxidant activity. Sterilized yacon flour thus
Similar to Caldwell 2013 Pectinatus sottacetonis (20)
This study examined the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, in blacklegged ticks and rodents across five sites on the Outer Banks of North Carolina over an 18-year period from 1991 to 2009. B. burgdorferi was detected in questing blacklegged ticks and isolated from white-footed mice, rice rats, and marsh rabbits sampled at the sites. Sequence analysis confirmed the isolates were B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. The long-term detection of the bacterium across multiple years and locations indicates it is stably transmitted between ticks and rodent populations in this region.
1) The study examined the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in commercial cucumber fermentation brines and cucumber juice media under different conditions.
2) The results showed that the time needed for a 5-log reduction of E. coli ranged from 3 to 24 days depending on the pH of the commercial brines, which ranged from 3.2 to 4.6.
3) In laboratory cucumber juice media that had been previously fermented to a pH of 3.9, a 5-log reduction was achieved within 1 to 16 days depending on pH, acid concentration, and temperature.
This document discusses superoxide dismutases (SODs) in the bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Azotobacter vinelandii. It finds that:
1) A. chroococcum and A. vinelandii only contain iron-containing SOD and copper-zinc SOD, and do not contain manganese SOD.
2) Genomic DNA analysis using sodA- and sodB-specific primers only produced a product for sodB, and not sodA, disputing a previous report that A. chroococcum contains manganese SOD.
3) The results confirm previous findings of iron SOD and copper-z
This document describes a study that developed and validated a multiplex real-time PCR assay to distinguish between human, bovine, and swine fecal contamination in water samples. Species-specific primers and probes were created to target the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene in the mitochondrial DNA of each species. The assay was able to correctly identify the species in spiked effluent samples 83% of the time with no false positives. Some carry-over mitochondrial DNA signal was detected in human feces after consuming beef but not pork products. The multiplex real-time PCR provides a promising new tool for identifying the source of fecal contamination in environmental samples.
This document describes a study that used real-time PCR to detect and quantify mitochondrial DNA from various animal species in domestic wastewater influent from two municipal wastewater treatment facilities over a 24-week period. Human and dog mtDNA were detected in all samples, while bovine, swine, cat, goose, and deer mtDNA were detected sporadically at lower levels. Correlations were observed between some mtDNA concentrations and other measured wastewater parameters. The results indicate that real-time PCR analysis of mtDNA can provide a profile of animal sources contributing to municipal wastewaters and could help identify sources of fecal contamination in environmental waters.
Biopeptides article for Prog Dairyman 6-12-16Jane Caldwell
This document discusses biopeptides, which are small protein fragments produced during the fermentation of milk by probiotic bacteria. There are several key points:
1) Biopeptides have beneficial physiological effects when consumed, such as reducing stress and lowering blood pressure. They act like hormones or messengers in the body.
2) Fermented milk products like yogurt contain higher concentrations of biopeptides than plain milk due to the fermentation process. These biopeptides can improve mineral absorption and immune function.
3) As populations age, fermented milk products containing biopeptides may become more popular functional foods due to their potential health benefits compared to caffeinated energy drinks.
1. Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by
IP: 216.254.230.99
On: Mon, 17 Oct 2016 14:58:23
Pectinatus sottacetonis sp. nov., isolated from a
commercial pickle spoilage tank
Jane M. Caldwell,1
Riikka Juvonen,2
James Brown3
and Fred Breidt1
Correspondence
Jane M. Caldwell
jane_caldwell@ncsu.edu
1
USDA-ARS Food Science Research Unit, 322 Schaub Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-7624, USA
2
VTT Biotechnology, P.O. Box 1500, Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
3
NCSU Microbiology, Thomas Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
A strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, motile bacterium, designated strain
FSRU B0405T
, was isolated from a commercial pickle spoilage tank and characterized by
biochemical, physiological and molecular biological methods. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene
sequence of strain FSRU B0405T
showed affiliation to the class Negativicutes in the phylum
Firmicutes, with the closest relatives being the type strains of Pectinatus haikarae (96 %) and
Pectinatus brassicae (95 %). In maximum-likelihood and neighbour-joining phylogenetic trees,
strain FSRU B0405T
clustered definitively (in 100 % of bootstrapped trees) within the genus
Pectinatus, but not specifically with any characterized species within this genus. Strain FSRU
B0405T
was a slightly curved rod, varying from 3 to 30 mm in length, motile with a distinctive X-
wise movement, having flagella only on the concave side of the cell. The isolate produced acetate
and propionate from fructose and glucose as major metabolites similar to type strains of species
of the genus Pectinatus. The major fatty acids were C11 : 0, C13 : 0, C15 : 0, C13 : 0 3-OH, C17 : 1 and
C18 : 1v11t. Strain FSRU B0405T
differed from the pickle wastewater strain, Pectinatus brassicae
TYT
, due to its lack of susceptibility to vancomycin, acetoin production, growth temperature range,
acid production from adonitol, erythritol, glycerol, inositol, lactose, maltose, mannose, ribose,
salicin, sorbitol, trehalose and xylitol and lack of hydrolysis of milk. Strain FSRU B0405T
could be
differentiated from other species of the genus Pectinatus both phenotypically and genetically. The
results indicate that strain FSRU B0405T
represents a novel species of the genus Pectinatus, for
which the name Pectinatus sottacetonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FSRU B0405T
(5ATCC BAA-2501T
5VTT E-113163T
). An emended description of the genus Pectinatus is also
provided.
At the time of writing, the genus Pectinatus (Lee et al.,
1978; emend. Juvonen & Suihko, 2006) comprises five
species with validly published names that are affiliated
with the class Negativicutes in the phylum Firmicutes
(Marchandin et al., 2010). Until recently, species of the
genus Pectinatus were only associated with spoiled beer and
brewery environments (for a review, see Haikara &
Juvonen, 2009). Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus was first described
as a strictly anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium in spoiled
beer (Lee et al., 1978; emend. Schleifer et al., 1990),
followed by Pectinatus frisingensis (Schleifer et al., 1990)
and more recently Pectinatus haikarae (Juvonen & Suihko,
2006). Gonzalez et al. (2005) described a non-beer-
associated species Pectinatus portalensis from a winery
wastewater treatment plant. However, the cultures cited as
the type strain of the species do not conform to the original
description, and Vereecke and Arahal (2008) have
requested that the Judicial Commission places the name
Pectinatus portalensis on the list of rejected names if a
suitable replacement type strain is not found or a neotype
is not proposed within two years following the publication
of their request. Another wastewater-related species
Pectinatus brassicae was recently found in salty pickle
wastewater, widening the known habitats of members of
the genus Pectinatus (Zhang et al., 2012).
Species of the genus Pectinatus are common spoilage
bacteria in unpasteurized packaged beer, causing turbidity
and off-flavours. These off-flavours are caused by the
Abbreviation: FAME, fatty acid methyl ester.
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene
sequence of Pectinatus sottacetonis FSRU B0405T
is JF280084.
Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a
guarantee or warranty of the product by the US Department of
Agriculture or North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, nor does it
imply approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable.
Two supplementary tables are available with the online version of this
paper.
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2013), 63, 3609–3616 DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.047886-0
047886 Printed in Great Britain 3609
2. Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by
IP: 216.254.230.99
On: Mon, 17 Oct 2016 14:58:23
production of propionic and acetic acids and sulfur
compounds such as hydrogen sulfide gas. Species of the
genus Pectinatus have emerged as spoilage bacteria with
new anaerobic beer filling techniques and with the shift
towards ‘natural’ methods without pasteurization (Haikara
& Helander, 2006). Beer spoilage by species of the genus
Pectinatus is highly damaging due to noxious off-flavours
produced that make the product unfit for consumption
(Lee, 1994).
In August 2009, a Pectinatus-like strain, FSRU B0405T
, was
isolated using reduced peptone yeast lactate (PYL) medium
(Bacto peptone, 10 g l21
; yeast extract, 10 g l21
; sodium L-
lactate, 20 g l21
; vancomycin, 5 mg ml21
) from a
commercial pickle tank in eastern North Carolina, USA
after spoilage had occurred. This was, to our knowledge,
the second report of recovery of a species of the genus
Pectinatus from commercial pickles and vegetable waste-
water (Zhang et al., 2012). The cucumber fermentation
spoilage brine was at pH 4.9, with 4.3 % NaCl, 38 mM
acetic acid, 46 mM propionic acid and 48 mM butyric acid
(Franco et al., 2012). Increased turbidity and rotten egg
odour were noted in the sample. Lactic acid, succinic acid,
malic acid, ethanol, glycerol, fructose and glucose were not
detected. This 8000 gallon, outdoor vegetable brining tank,
containing cucumber pieces such as nubs and relish, had
not been air purged for over 12 weeks. Standard cucumber
fermentations have low pH (3.3), 0.3 mg dissolved
oxygen l21
and a redox potential of approximately
350 mV and no propionic or butyric acids (Franco et al.,
2012). Spoiling cucumber fermentations may contain
propionic acid and butyric acid, have pH values above
4.0 (Fleming et al., 1989; Kim & Breidt, 2007) and
dissolved oxygen (2.2 mg l21
) values with a negative redox
potential (2139 mV), indicative of reducing conditions
(Franco et al., 2012). It is believed that under reducing
conditions, oxygen is scavenged by free radicals.
Strain FSRU B0405T
was identified by 16S rRNA gene
cloning and sequencing of DNA from spoilage brine
treated with propidium monoazide to detect only viable
bacterial cells (Nocker & Camper, 2006; Pan & Breidt,
2007). Other micro-organisms detected in the spoilage
community included Clostridium sordellii, Acidaminococcus
fermentans, Dialister micraerophilus, members of the genera
Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, and Pseudomonas and yeasts of
the genus Pichia (F. Breidt, unpublished data).
Strain FSRU B0405T
and four other species of the genus
Pectinatus [Pectinatus brassicae (DSM 24661T
); Pectinatus
cerevisiiphilus (VTT E-79103T
); Pectinatus frisingensis (VTT
E-79100T
) and Pectinatus haikarae (E-88329T
)] were
anaerobically cultured at 30 uC in FCJ and peptone yeast
fructose media (PYF). The FCJ was prepared by fermenta-
tion of Lactobacillus plantarum (MOP3) at 106
c.f.u. ml21
on a 50 : 50 pack-out ratio of size 2B cucumbers with 0 %
NaCl, 18 mM Ca(OH)2 and 53 mM glacial acetic acid
(Fleming et al., 1995). Cucumbers and brine were
homogenized in a Waring blender. Slurry was frozen and
then thawed prior to use, centrifuged at 13 000 g for
20 min (Sorval), the supernatant was aspirated and filtered
with a 0.45 mM vacuum filter unit (final pH 5.0). Peptone
yeast fructose medium (Juvonen et al., 1999) (5.0 g
peptone, 5.0 g tryptone, 10.0 g yeast extract, 5.0 g fructose,
2.0 g Na2HPO4, 1.0 ml Tween 80 and 5.0 g cysteine HCl
in1 l distilled water) was reduced in an anaerobic chamber
(Coy Laboratory Products) for at least 24 h prior to
inoculation with isolates of members of the genus
Pectinatus.
When observed using phase-contrast and light microscopy,
cells of strain FSRU B0405T
grown on anaerobic PYL-
vancomycin medium were Gram-stain-negative and exhib-
ited a distinctive X-shape during movement characteristic
of members of the genus Pectinatus. FSRU B0405T
cells
were imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and
exhibited diverse morphologies as described previously
(Haikara & Helander, 2006) (Figs. 1 and 2). Chains of rods
and round cell forms were also present. Characteristic
comb-like flagella were present but broken due to SEM
preparation. Older, elongated cells had snake-like move-
ment when observed under light microscopy.
Pickle spoilage brine aliquots of 10 ml were centrifuged
(Sorvall, Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 2 750 g for 10 min at
4 uC, washed in saline solution and centrifuged as
described above. Pellets were resuspended in 490 ml sterile
saline solution and treated with propidium monoazide
(PMA) to eliminate dead bacterial and extracellular DNA
(Pan & Breidt, 2007). A 10 ml volume of 2.5 mM PMA
stock solution (1.0 mg of PMA in 780 ml 20 % DMSO)
(Biotium) was added to 490 ml spoilage pellet in saline
(final concentration 50 mM PMA). Suspensions were
vortexed briefly and placed in the dark for 5 min at room
temperature. Then sample tubes were placed in ice slurry
with tops open and exposed to a 650 W halogen lamp
20 cm above the tubes for 5 min. After this light exposure
for cross-linking of the dyes with DNA, the cell suspensions
were centrifuged at 3 300 g for 5 min at RT. The super-
natant was removed and the pellet was treated with PMA
again as described above. PMA-treated samples were stored
as pellets at 220 uC until DNA extraction.
DNA was extracted using one of three different methods:
DNeasy kit (Qiagen) Gram-negative protocol plus muta-
nolysin; DNeasy kit Gram-positive protocol plus mutanoly-
sin and lysozyme or Power Soil DNA (MoBio) extraction kit
which includes a bead beating step. The 16S rRNA sequence
of strain FSRU B0405T
was determined using primers 8f (59-
AGAGTTTGA TCCTGGCTCAG-39) and 1492r (59-GGTT-
ACCTTGTTACGACTT-39) (Stackebrandt & Liesack, 1993)
with the resulting amplicon sequenced in both directions
using the same primers by commercial sequencing compan-
ies GeneWiz (South Plainfield, NJ, USA; http://www.
genewiz.com) or Eton (San Diego, CA, USA; http://www.
etonbio.com). Approximately 1517 base pairs were checked
manually for errors and queried for similarities with BLAST
analysis (Altschul et al., 1990). The 16S rRNA gene sequence
J. M. Caldwell and others
3610 International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63
3. Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by
IP: 216.254.230.99
On: Mon, 17 Oct 2016 14:58:23
of strain FSRU B0405T
(GenBank accession number
JF280084) had 96 % sequence similarity (1439/1511 bp)
with Pectinatus haikarae VTT E-88329T
(GenBank accession
number DQ223731). The next highest match was with
Pectinatus brassicae TYT
(GenBank accession number
HM212531) at 95 % sequence similarity.
Maximum-likelihood and neighbour-joining phylogenetic
trees were reconstructed using the Ribosomal Database
Project website (http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/) and PHYLIP
software (Fig. 3). Strain FSRU B0405T
clustered definitively
(in 100 % of bootstrapped trees) within the genus
Pectinatus, but not specifically with any characterized
species within this genus.
Comparative biochemical and physiological characteriza-
tions using identical tests conditions were performed as
previously described (Juvonen & Suihko, 2006). Antibiotic
susceptibility tests were performed using triplicate tubes
containing 3 ml PYL plus the concentrations of antibiotics
listed. Turbidity was measured after 48–72 h of anaerobic
growth at 30 uC (Table S1 available in IJSEM Online).
Besides vancomycin, FSRU B0405T
was resistant to nisin
(25 ng ml21
), a lantibiotic used to suppress Gram-positive
bacterial growth. This differs from previous findings where
Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus was found to be highly sensitive
to vancomycin (Helander et al., 1994) and Pectinatus
frisingensis was shown to be sensitive to nisin (Chihib et al.,
1999). FSRU B0405T
was sensitive to all other antibiotics
tested (Table S1).
Growth was examined in de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS,
Oxoid), peptone yeast extract fructose (PYF) and peptone
yeast extract glucose (PYG) (Holdeman et al., 1977) broth
media and in selective medium for Megasphaera and
Pectinatus (SMMP) (Lee 1994). FSRU B0405T
grew in
filter-sterilized, light beer with 4 % v/v alcohol, approxi-
mately 10 bitterness units (BU), pH 4.2, using the method
of Haakensen et al. (2007). For analysis of organic acids
and sugars after growth on PYF or FCJ, samples (2 ml)
were withdrawn aseptically at indicated times for HPLC
and pH measurements. The pH was determined with an
Accumet AR25 pH meter (Fisher). Organic acid and sugar
concentrations were measured with a Thermo Separation
Products HPLC (ThermoQuest) system. All species of the
genus Pectinatus that grew on FCJ or PYF produced
succinic, acetic and propionic acids from primary carbon
sources, lactic acid or fructose, respectively (Table S2). No
butyric acid was produced in either medium. Strain FSRU
B0405T
produced acetate and propionate as major
0003 2500X 15 kV 10 µm
Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrograph of cells of Pectinatus sottacetonis sp. nov. showing different rod lengths and round cell
forms. Bar, 10 mm.
Pectinatus sottacetonis sp. nov.
http://ijs.sgmjournals.org 3611
4. Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by
IP: 216.254.230.99
On: Mon, 17 Oct 2016 14:58:23
metabolites similarly to type strains of species of the genus
Pectinatus. Moreover, H2S and acetoin production
was detected in PYF medium (Table 1). The observed
metabolite profile supports affiliation of FSRU B0405T
to
the genus Pectinatus (Schleifer et al., 1990; Juvonen &
Suihko, 2006). Pectinatus brassicae and Pectinatus haikarae
were not able to grow on FCJ. After 7 days culture, the pH
of FCJ rose from 4.9 to 5.4, perhaps due to the different
pKa values of the acids as lactic acid was converted to acetic
and propionic acids. After 72 h growth, the pH of PYF
media dropped from pH 4.3 to 4.1, presumably due to the
production of acetic and propionic acids from fructose.
The pH growth range for FSRU B0405T
was pH 5.0–8.0
(Table 1) cultured in PYL broth [Na-L-lactate (20 g l21
),
yeast extract (10 g l21
), Bacto peptone (10 g l21
)] or
fermented cucumber juice.
Strain FSRU B0405T
differed from the pickle wastewater
strain, Pectinatus brassicae TYT
, due to its lack of
susceptibility to vancomycin, acetoin production, growth
temperature range, acid production from adonitol, cello-
biose, erythritol, glycerol, inositol, lactose, maltose, man-
nose, ribose, salicin, sorbitol, trehalose and xylitol and lack
of hydrolysis of milk (Table 1). FSRU B0405T
was
originally isolated from commercial pickle spoilage brine
with 4.3 % NaCl.
For whole-cell fatty acids analysis, the bacterial strains were
grown on PYF agar medium (Juvonen et al., 1999) under
anaerobic conditions for 72 h at 30 uC. Cells were collected
under anaerobic conditions, tubes were closed tightly and
frozen until used. Whole-cell fatty acid methyl esters
(FAMEs) were prepared from 40–60 mg of wet cell
material and analysed by GC according to the Sherlock
Microbial Identification (MIDI) protocol. Peaks were
automatically integrated, and the FAMEs were identified
and quantified using the MIDI anaerobic BHBIL library
version 3.8 (MIDI). The fatty acid profile of strain FSRU
B0405T
was very similar to the profiles already described
for other species of the genus Pectinatus (Table 2) (Haikara
& Helander 1995; Zhang et al., 2012). The typical major
fatty acids, i.e. C11 : 0, C13 : 0, C15 : 0, C13 : 0 3-OH (most
probably misidentified as C14 : 0 in MIDI), C17 : 1 and
C18 : 1v11t could also be detected in strain FSRU B0405T
.
However, some minor differences could be observed (Table
2). Strain FSRU B0405T
did not contain C18 : 0 but did
contain C14 : 1v7cDMA and C16 : 1v11c when compared
with Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus VTT E-79103T
, Pectinatus
0002 7500X 15 kV 1 µm
Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrograph of cells of Pectinatus sottacetonis sp. nov. showing shorter, curved rod forms with
flagellae and round forms. Bar, 1 mm.
J. M. Caldwell and others
3612 International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63
5. Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by
IP: 216.254.230.99
On: Mon, 17 Oct 2016 14:58:23
frisingensis VTT E-79100T
and Pectinatus haikarae VTT
E-88329T
.
The results of morphological characterization, 16S rRNA
gene sequence comparison and metabolite analyses as well
as fatty acid analysis demonstrate that strain FSRU B0405T
belongs to the genus Pectinatus. Moreover, the observed
genetic and physiological/biochemical differences com-
pared with the previously described species of the genus
Pectinatus justify its description as a novel species. The
proposed species name is Pectinatus sottacetonis sp. nov.
with the type strain FSRU B0405T
(5ATCC BAA-
2501T
5VTT E-113163T
) As the most recent emended
description of the genus Pectinatus by Juvonen & Suihko
(2006) does not take into consideration the properties of
Pectinatus brassicae and strain FSRU B0405T
, an emended
genus description is also proposed.
Emended description of the genus Pectinatus Lee
et al. 1978
Pectinatus (Pec.ti.na9tus. L. part. adj. Pectinatus combed).
Cells are non-spore-forming slightly curved to helical rods,
0.4–1.062–50 mm or more, with rounded ends and a
Gram-negative cell wall. They occur singly, in pairs or,
rarely, in short chains. Cells are usually motile by means of
comb-like flagellation which emanates from only one side
of a cell. Organisms are strictly anaerobic mesophiles with a
fermentative type of metabolism. Glucose and fructose are
mainly metabolized to acetic and propionic acids. H2S and
occasionally minor amounts of succinic and lactic acid are
also produced. Cells do not synthesize cytochrome oxidase
or liquefy gelatin nor produce indole. Nitrate is not
reduced. The DNA G+C content of members of this genus
is 36–41 mol%. Members of this genus have been isolated
from spoiled beer, brewery environments, spoiled pickles
and wastewater.
The type species of the genus is Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus
(Lee et al., 1978; emend. Schleifer et al., 1990).
Description of Pectinatus sottacetonis sp. nov.
Pectinatus sottacetonis [sot.ta.ce9to.nis. N.L. n. sottaceto
(from Italian noun sottaceto), pickle; N.L. gen. n.
sottacetonis of sottaceto, referring to the isolation of the
type strain from a cucumber fermentation (pickle) spoilage
tank].
98
56
69
98
100
97
100
35
61
58
94
61
100
53
96
100
36
100
100
100
100
61
84
97
79
85
Evolutionary Distance
0.02 substitutions per position
Pectinatus sottacetonis FRSU B405T (JF280084)
Pectinatus brassicae TYT (HM212531)
Pectinatus frisingensis ATCC 33332T (AY659948)
Pectinatus portalensis B6T (AY428574)
Pectinatus haikarae VTT E-88329T (DQ223731)
Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus VTT E-79103T (FR870446)
Megamonas rupellensis FM1025T (EU346729)
Megamonas funiformis YIT 11815T (AB300988)
Megamonas hypermegale DSM 1672T (AJ420107)
Selenomonas ruminantium subsp. lactilytica JCM 6582T (AB003379)
Veillonella atypica ATCC 17744T (AF439641)
Dialister micraerophilus ADV 04.01T (AF473837)
Megasphaera cerevisiae VTT E-85230 (L37040)
Sporomusa silvacetica DG-1T (Y09976)
Bacillus subtilis DSM 10T (AJ276351)
Fig. 3. Weighted neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA sequences (1517 bp) showing the position of Pectinatus
sottacetonis sp. nov. within the Pectinatus–Sporomusa group of the family Veillonellaceae. The root of this tree was established
using Escherichia coli (The type strain of E. coli used was ATCC 11775, the sequence is genbank accession number X80725)
as the outgroup. Numbers are bootstrap values (rounded to the nearest percentage point) of 1000 weighted neighbour-joining
trees (values above the branches) and maximum-likelihood trees (below the branches and in italics). Diagonal lines represent
differences in consensus maximum-likelihood trees relative to the weighted neighbour-joining tree generated during bootstrap
analysis. The Pectinatus frisingensis sequence is a partial sequence of only 472 nt.
Pectinatus sottacetonis sp. nov.
http://ijs.sgmjournals.org 3613
6. Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by
IP: 216.254.230.99
On: Mon, 17 Oct 2016 14:58:23
Cells are Gram-stain-negative to Gram-stain-variable, non-
spore-forming, mesophilic, slightly curved rods. They
occur singly and occasionally in pairs, forming long helical
‘snakes’ in stationary-phase. Rods are approximately
0.5 mm in width and range from 3 to 30 mm in length,
depending on the age of the cultures. Cells are highly
motile and exhibit a distinctive ‘X-wise’, flip-flop motion
due to flagella being clustered on one side of the cell.
Strictly anaerobic, they can only grow on degassed broth or
on degassed agar plates after being spread and overlaid
with additional solid media. Frozen cultures do not survive
in 20 % glycerol (by volume) stocks stored at 280 uC, but
require 7 % DMSO in liquid nitrogen for prolonged
viability. Cultures grow well on PYL, PYF and MRS media
between pH 5.0 and 8.0. Cultures are mesophilic, growing
at 15–37 uC, but not at 10 uC or 45 uC, with an optimum at
around 30 uC. Excellent growth (.5 on a McFarland scale)
is obtained in PYF and PYG broth media after 2 days and
moderate growth (2–3 on a McFarland scale) in MRS and
SMMP media after 3 days at 30 uC. Cells grow in up to 7 %
NaCl. Colonies on PYF and PYG plates after 3 days at
30 uC are flat to convex, light-yellowish, opaque and
Table 1. Differential characteristics of strain FSRU B0405T
and type strains of species of the genus Pectinatus
Strains; 1, FSRU B0405T
; 2, Pectinatus brassicae TYT
; 3, Pectinatus haikarae VTT E-88329T
; 4, Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus VTT E-79103T
; 5, Pectinatus
frisingensis VTT E-79100T
. All data except that for Pectinatus brassicae (Zhang et al., 2012) are from this study. All strains were positive for acid
production from D-fructose, D-galactose and D-glucose. All strains were negative for acid production from glycogen, inulin, melezitose, raffinose
and soluble starch and for production of oxidase and indole and hydrolysis of gelatin. W, Weakly positive; 2, negative; +, positive; ND, not
determined.
Characteristic 1 2 3 4 5
Catalase activity 2 2 2*a
+ 2
Urease activity 2 2 2 +b
2c
Acetoin production + 2 +a
+c
+c
Milk hydrolysis 2 + +a
+ 2a
L-Arginine hydrolysis + ND 2a
2a
2a
Susceptibility to vancomycin (5 mg ml21
) 2 + 2a
+a
2a
Growth NaCl (%) range 0–7 0–3 0–1 0–1 0–1
Growth pH range 5.0–8.0 3.5–8.5 4.0–8.0 4.0–8.0 3.5–8.0
Growth temperature range (uC) 15–37 10–40 15–30a
15–45 15–37
Acid production from:
Adonitol (5ribitol) + 2 +a
+b
+d
L-Arabinose 2 W +a
+b
+c,d
Cellobiose + 2 2a
+b,c
+c,d
Dulcitol 2 2 +a
+b,d
+c,d
DL-Erythritol + 2 +a
+b,c,d
+c
, d
Aesculin 2 W 2 a
+c
2c
Glycerol + 2 +a
+b,c,d
+c,d
Inositol + 2 +a
2b,c,d
2c,d
Lactose + 2 +a
+ 2a
D-Maltose + 2 2a
+ +a
D-Mannitol + + +a
2c,d
+c
D-Mannose + 2 +a
+b
+c
D-Melibiose 2 2 +a
+c,d
2c,d
N-acetylglucosamine 2 2 2a
W +c,d
Rhamnose 2 2 +a
+b,c,d
+c
D-Ribose + 2 +a
+b,c,d
+c
D-Salicin + 2 2a
+ +
D-Sorbitol + 2 + + +c
Sucrose + + 2 2c
+
Trehalose + 2 2 2c
+
Xylitol + 2 +a
+c
+c
D-Xylose 2 2 +a
+c
2c
Utilization of:
Gluconate + ND +a
+ 2
Pyruvate + ND 2a
2 +
Succinate + ND 2a
2 2
*Results were congruent with those of: a, Juvonen and Suihko (2006); b, Lee et al. (1978); c, Schleifer et al. (1990); d, Haikara et al. (1981).
J. M. Caldwell and others
3614 International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63
7. Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by
IP: 216.254.230.99
On: Mon, 17 Oct 2016 14:58:23
circular with lobate, erose margins and a diameter of 1–
2 mm. Cells are resistant to vancomycin (5 mg ml21
) and
nisin (0.025 mg ml21
) but susceptible to ampicillin,
chloramphenicol, tetracycline, carbenicillin, erythromycin,
streptomycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid and rifampicin.
Major products of glucose and fructose fermentation are
propionic and acetic acid. Acetoin and H2S are also
produced. Cells are catalase-, oxidase- and urease-negative.
Cells are negative for the production of indole and the
hydrolysis of gelatin and milk. Cells are positive for acid
production from D-fructose, D-galactose, D-glucose, ado-
nitol, cellobiose, DL-erythritol, glycerol, inositol, lactose,
maltose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, D-ribose, D-salicin, D-
sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose and xylitol. Cells are positive for
the utilization of gluconate, pyruvate and succinate and for
L-arginine hydrolysis. Does not contain C18 : 0 but contains
C14 : 1v7c DMA and C16 : 1v11c.
The type strain is FSRU B0405T
(5ATCC BAA-2501T
5VTT E-113163 T
) isolated from a commercial pickle
spoilage tank in North Carolina, USA.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge Seth Fornea for technical assistance
with HPLC, Sandra Parker for secretarial assistance, Dr Irina Tsitko
for gas chromatographic analyses and Tarja Nordenstedt and Merja
Salmija¨rvi for skilful technical assistance. Seth Fornea and Sandra
Parker are affiliated with USDA-ARS. The others are all affiliated with
VTT Biotechnology.
References
Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W. & Lipman, D. J.
(1990). Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215, 403–410.
Chihib, N., Monnerat, L., Membre, J. M. & Tholozan, J. L. (1999).
Nisin, temperature and pH effects on growth and viability of
Pectinatus frisingensis, a Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic beer-
spoilage bacterium. J Appl Microbiol 87, 438–446.
Fleming, H. P., Daeschel, M. A., McFeeters, R. F. & Pierson, M. D. (1989).
Butyric acid spoilage of fermented cucumbers. J Food Sci 54, 636–639.
Fleming, H. P., McDonald, L. C., McFeeters, R. F., Thompson, R. L. &
Humphries, E. G. (1995). Fermentation of cucumbers without
sodium chloride. J Food Sci 60, 312–315.
Franco, W., Pe´rez-Dı´az, I. M., Johanningsmeier, S. D. & McFeeters,
R. F. (2012). Characteristics of spoilage-associated secondary cucu-
mber fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 78, 1273–1284.
Gonzalez, J. M., Jurado, V., Laiz, L., Zimmermann, J., Hermosin, B. &
Sainz-Jimenez, C. (2004). Pectinatus portalensis sp. nov. In Validation
of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively
published outside the IJSEM, List no. 102. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55,
547–549.
Haakensen, M. C., Butt, L., Chaban, B., Deneer, H. & Ziola, B. (2007).
horA-Specific real-time PCR for detection of beer-spoilage lactic acid
bacteria. J Am Soc Brew Chem 65, 157–165.
Haikara, A., Penttila, L., Enari, T.-M & Lounatmaa, K. (1981).
Microbiological, biochemical, and electron microscopic characteriza-
tion of a Pectinatus strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41, 511–517.
Haikara, A. & Helander, I. M. (1995). Cellular fatty acyl and alkenyl
residues in Megasphaera and Pectinatus species: contrasting profiles
and detection of beer spoilage. Microbiology 141, 1131–1137.
Haikara, A. & Helander, I. (2006). Pectinatus, Megashaera and
Zymophilus. In The Prokaryotes, 3rd edn.vol.4 pp. 965–981. Edited by
Table 2. Whole-cell fatty acid contents (%) of strain FSRU
B0405T
and the type strains of selected species of the genus
Pectinatus
Strains; 1, FSRU B0405T
; 2, Pectinatus haikarae VTT E-88329T
; 3,
Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus VTT E-79103T
; 4, Pectinatus frisingensis VTT
E-79100T
.
Fatty acid* 1 2 3 4
Saturated
C9 : 0 0.9 0.04 0.1 0.6
C10 : 0 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.5
iso-C12 : 0 0.2
C15 : 0 3-OH 0.2 0.5
C11 : 0 12.3 9.4 11.7 12.2
C12 : 0 0.6 1.0
C13 : 0 7.4 13.7 5.4 5.7
C14 : 0 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.0
C14 : 0 DMAD 21.7 19.0 18.9 21.2
C15 : 0 16.0 15.0 19.1 11.5
C16 : 0 0.6 1.4 2.6 1.7
C17 : 0 1.5 2.7 2.2 2.3
C17 : 0 DMA 2.8 4.3 3.2 2.1
C18 : 0 0.2 0.5 0.7
C19 : 0 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5
C22 : 0 NHC 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
Unsaturated
C14 : 1v7c DMA 0.7
C15 : 1v9c/v8t 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
C16 : 1v9c 0.3 0.1 0.1
C16 : 1v11c 0.3
C18 : 1 at 17.254 DMAd 5.3 4.8 11.7 10.6
C18 : 1v9c 3.2 5.3 3.7 1.9
C18 : 1v11t 11.4 10.4 6.9 7.4
Summed features§
2 0.2 0.6
4 4.5 4.1 3.1 3.5
5 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.4
6 0.2 0.4 1.0
8 4.1 3.2 4.9 9.4
10 0.5 0.5
Unknown fatty acid
UN (ECL13.493) 1.9 1.0 1.3 1.3
UN (ECL17.223) 1.7 1.2
*Names of the fatty acids as given by MIDI system.
DThe fatty acid identified by MIDI as C14 : 0 DMA is most probably
C13 : 0 3-OH (Haikara and Helander, 2006).
dMost probably C17 : 1.
§Summed features are groups of two or three fatty acids that are not
separable in the MIDI system: summed feature 2, C12 : 0 3-OH/C13 : 0;
summed feature 4, Un14.762/C15 : 2/C15 : 1v7c; summed feature 5,
C15 : 0/C14 : 0 3-OH; summed feature 6, anteiso-C15 : 0 3-OH/C16 : 1v7c
DMA; summed feature 8, C17 : 1v9c/C17 : 2; summed feature 10,
C18 : 1v11c/v9t/v6t/Un17.834.
Pectinatus sottacetonis sp. nov.
http://ijs.sgmjournals.org 3615
8. Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by
IP: 216.254.230.99
On: Mon, 17 Oct 2016 14:58:23
M. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K.-H. Schleifer &
E. Stackebrandt. New York: Springer.
Haikara, A. & Juvonen, R. (2009). Genus XV. Pectinatus. In Bergey’s
Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn. pp. 1094–1099. Edited by
P. De Vos, G. Garrity, D. Jones, N. R. Krieg, W. Ludwig, F. A. Rainey,
K.-H. Schleifer & W. B. Whitman. New York: Springer.
Helander, I. M., Kilpela¨inen, I., Vaara, M., Moran, A. P., Lindner, B. &
Seydel, U. (1994). Chemical structure of the lipid A component of
lipopolysaccharides of the genus Pectinatus. Eur J Biochem 224, 63–70.
Holdeman, L. V., Cato, E. P. & Moore, W. E. C. (1977). Anaerobe
Laboratory Manual, 4th edn. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University.
Juvonen, R. & Suihko, M.-L. (2006). Megasphaera paucivorans sp.
nov., Megasphaera sueciensis sp. nov. and Pectinatus haikarae sp. nov.,
isolated from brewery samples, and emended description of the genus
Pectinatus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56, 695–702.
Juvonen, R., Satokari, R., Mallison, K. & Haikara, A. (1999). Detection
of spoilage bacteria in beer by PCR. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem 57, 99–
103.
Kim, J. & Breidt, F. (2007). Development of preservation prediction
chart for long term storage of fermented cucumber. Korean J Life Sci
17, 1616–1621.
Lee, S. Y. (1994). SMMP: A medium for selective isolation of
Megasphaera and Pectinatus from the brewery. J Am Soc Brew Chem
52, 115–119.
Lee, S. Y., Mabee, M. S. & Jangaard, N. O. (1978). Pectinatus, a new
genus of the family Bacteroidaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 28, 582–594.
Marchandin, H., Teyssier, C., Campos, J., Jean-Pierre, H., Roger, F.,
Gay, B., Carlier, J.-P. & Jumas-Bilak, E. (2010). Negativicoccus
succinicivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human clinical
samples, emended description of the family Veillonellaceae and
description of Negativicutes classis nov., Selenomonadales ord. nov.
and Acidaminococcaceae fam. nov. in the bacterial phylum Firmicutes.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60, 1271–1279.
Nocker, A. & Camper, A. K. (2006). Selective removal of DNA from
dead cells of mixed bacterial communities by use of ethidium
monoazide. Appl Environ Microbiol 72, 1997–2004.
Pan, Y. & Breidt, F., Jr (2007). Enumeration of viable Listeria
monocytogenes cells by real-time PCR with propidium monoazide and
ethidium monoazide in the presence of dead cells. Appl Environ
Microbiol 73, 8028–8031.
Schleifer, K. H., Leuteritz, M., Weiss, N., Ludwig, W., Kirchhof, G. &
Seidel-Ru¨ fer, H. (1990). Taxonomic study of anaerobic, Gram-
negative, rod-shaped bacteria from breweries: emended description of
Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and description of Pectinatus frisingensis sp.
nov., Selenomonas lacticifex sp. nov., Zymophilus raffinosivorans gen.
nov., sp. nov., and Zymophilus paucivorans sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol
40, 19–27.
Stackebrandt, E. & Liesack, W. (1993). Nucleic acids and classifica-
tion. In Handbook of new bacterial systematics, pp. 152–189. Edited by
M. Goodfellow & A. G. O’Donnell London: Academic Press.
Vereecke, C. & Arahal, D. R. (2008). The status of the species
Pectinatus portalensis Gonzalez et al. 2005. Request for an Opinion.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58, 1507.
Zhang, W. W., Fang, M. X., Tan, H. Q., Zhang, X. Q., Wu, M. & Zhu, X. F.
(2012). Pectinatus brassicae sp. nov., a Gram-negative, anaerobic
bacterium isolated from salty wastewater. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62,
2145–2149.
J. M. Caldwell and others
3616 International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63