Calculation and Comparison of Circuit Breaker Parameters for 132kv Bus Model Substation

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A circuit breaker has three ratings viz. breaking capacity, making capacity and short time capacity. These ratings define circuit breaker performance characteristics. A good understanding of ratings allows the electrical engineer to make a proper comparison of various circuit breaker designs. In this paper, the different ratings of circuit breaker were calculated. The other objective of this work was comparison between calculated ratings of existing circuit breaker and ratings in power world simulator. Further, the impact of time delay in circuit breaker was studied. These calculations were performed on 132kv transmission system. The results performed in power world simulator were shown better and information gained from the analysis can be used for proper relay selection.

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The application of fibers to concrete industry is growing due to the demanding needs of concrete with better structural performance. Environmental considerations urge this application since many of the fiber types (especially natural ones) results as by products from different industrial and agricultural processes. In this study, the application of metallic steel fibers and natural (Linen) fibers in concrete industry is investigated. Twenty one mixes are made with different mix proportions and with different types of fibers. The mixes were designed first to give strengths in the range from 150 to 450 Kg/cm2, without fiber inclusion. The two types of fibers are added to each of the basic control mixes. Standard specimens in forms of cubes and cylinders were cast from each mix. The specimens were tested in compression, tension and impact. Measurements were also made using two NDT techniques. The specimens were tested at ages of 7 and 28 days and after exposure to elevated temperatures of 400 and 450„aC . The results were compared and showed the enhancement level obtained by including steel and natural fibers. Following this experimental effort, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique was applied for predicting the performance of concrete with different mix proportions. The current paper introduced the (ANN) technique to investigate the effect of natural and steel fibers on the performance of concrete. The results of this study showed that the ANN method with less effort was very efficiently capable of simulating and predicting the performance of concrete with different mix proportions and different types of fibers.

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From last many decades, usage of concrete has increased on large scale all over the world. Concrete ingredients used are becoming more costly day by day and also demand for the same is increasing widely all over. These ingredients are also extinguishing with time and some of them are also polluting the surrounding environment on large scale. One of the main ingredients is cement, while production of cement CO2 is emitted out. Replacement of cement by a pozzalanic material named Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, which is by-product or waste product of steel manufacturing industries. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag act as cost reducing ingredient and also increase many mechanical properties of concrete. Glass fibre of 12mm size was also added to increase both compressive and tensile strength of concrete. This concrete is more environments friendly and will give more life to concrete. To maintain workability for lower water/cement ratio and to maintain the effect of admixture added, Super plasticiser is added by trial and error method. Mechanical properties of pozzalanic concrete using silica fume show that this concrete gives better compressive strength and increases durability of concrete. Recon fibre also increases mechanical properties like compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete. This page revives all details of the material, test to be conducted on concrete using the supplementary admixture and literature showing the advantages of using silica fume and recon Fibre in concrete in different proportion.

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Nowadays, the use of Self–compacting Concrete (SCC) is spreading worldwide because of its very attractive properties in the fresh state as well as after hardening. Several attempts have been made in the recent years to study about the strength and behaviour of SCC. However, only few studies have been conducted on the strength and behaviour of structural elements made on Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete beam. Therefore, an attempt has been made in the present investigation to study the effect of the strength and behaviour of structural beam elements subjected to flexure. The strength of members in the design and behaviour of shear strength is an important issue in structural design. There are several modes of failure in concrete structural members like shear, flexure. Due to the fragility of concrete structures, shear failure is one of the most important and undesirable modes of failure. Hence, Reinforced Concrete (RC) members are used to resist shear failure. Because of the complexity of shear mechanisms of reinforced concrete beams and various influencing parameters, it is difficult to establish an overall model to provide accurate estimation of shear strength. Hence, exact values of shear strength are unknown. Several empirical formulas are proposed in the literature and concrete codes for the prediction of RC beams resistance. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) and Indian Standard (IS) code has been widely used in structural design. In the last decades, numerous works have been undertaken to improve the ability of empirical formula to predict the shear behaviour of concrete structural member. Shear reinforcement is used in concrete beam to preserve the overall integrity of the concrete contribution allowing the development of additional shear forces.

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This paper presents Reinforced Concrete RC slab design optimization technique for finding the best design parameters that satisfy the project requirements both in terms of strength and serviceability criteria while keeping the overall construction cost to a minimum. In this paper four different types of RC slab design named as simply supported slab, one end continuous slab, both end continuous slab and cantilever slab are optimized using three different metaheuristic optimization algorithms named as Genetic Algorithms GA , Particle Swarm Optimization PSO and Gray Wolf Optimization GWO . The slabs with various end conditions are formulated according to the ACI code. The formulated problem contains three optimization variables, the thickness of the slab, steel bar diameter, and bar spacing while objective involves the minimization of overall cost of the structure which includes the cost of concrete, cost of reinforcement and the constraints involves the design requirement and ACI codes limit. The proposed method is developed using MATLAB. Finally, to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm the results are compared with the previously proposed algorithms. The comparison of results shows that the proposed method provides a significant improvement over the previously proposed algorithms. Dinesh Kumar Suryavanshi | Dr. Saleem Akhtar "Design Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Using Various Optimization Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25231.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25231/design-optimization-of-reinforced-concrete-slabs-using-various-optimization-techniques/dinesh-kumar-suryavanshi

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This paper presents a shunt single phase Active Power Filter (APF) for harmonic and reactive power compensation. A simple method, using sampling and integration has been proposed for APF reference current generation. This method simplifies the calculation algorithm. A high performance adaptive hysteresis band current controller tracks the reference current. It changes the hysteresis bandwidth according to the modulation frequency, supply voltage, DC bus voltage and slope of reference current. MATLAB / SIMULINK model has been presented. Responses of the simulated model show that harmonic and reactive components of load current are completely eliminated from supply current.

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This paper describes the case study of 500 kV and 750 kV GIS in India. The variations of VFTO magnitudes at different points in 500 kV and 750 kV GIS during different switching operations have been calculated and compared by using Mat lab/Simulink. The problem is the voltage magnifications due to reflections of fast switching and lightning surges at various junctions within the Gas Insulated substations (GIS). Thereby over voltages in GIS are more important than air-insulated substation. GIS have different specifications in proportion to air-insulated substations. Transformer failures related to lightning and switching are often reported. There are methods to suppress the stresses created by lightning and switching in the GIS. Due to the opening or closing of circuit breakers and disconnect switches in Gas Insulated Substations (GIS), especially in the pumped storage power stations, Very Fast Transient Over-voltages (VFTO) are generated. In this paper the effective factors on the level of VFTO is investigated and the beneficial approaches for the industry to find the optimum approaches for VFT mitigation is presented. These factors are include residual charges, resistance, spark resistance and entrance capacitance of transformer. This paper presents feasible methods for mitigation of the overvoltage magnitude. The advantages of the proposed methods are their simplicity and low cost for implantation along with producing minimal changes in the installed GIS in India.

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This study displays numerically (or theoretically) investigation by using the finite element models for experimental work of composite behavior for hybrid reinforced concrete slab on girder from locale material in Iraq, ordinary concrete in slab and reactive powder concrete in girder, RPC, with steel fibers of different types (straight, hook, and mix between its), tested as simply supported span subjected under two point loading. Which ANSYS version 15.0 is utilized. By studying the compatibility between the experimental results and the theoretical results. As well as, parametric study of many others variables are investigated by using ANSYS (version 15.0), such as: changing the compressive strength of the slab, changing the main reinforcement of the girder, and changing thickness of resin bond layer between girder and slab.

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Unit commitment has been solved with many techniques viz., genetic algorithms evolution ary programming, simulated annealing, optimization and tab along with the combination of dynamic programming. This paper proposes Particle swarm Optimization combined with Lagrange Relaxation method (LR) for solving Unit Commitment (UC). The results from the test samples are compared with those obtained by Particle swarm optimization for solving unit commitment, Genetic algorithm and LR. The shortcoming of branch-and-bound is the exponential growth in the execution time with the size of UC problem. The integer and mixed integer methods adopt linear programming technique to solve and check for an integer solution. These methods have only been applied to small UC problems and have required major assumptions which limit the solution space. Lagrange relaxation for UC problem was superior to dynamic programming due to its faster computational time. However, it suffers from numerical convergence and solution quality problems. Furthermore, solution quality of LR depends on the method to update Lagrange multipliers. This paper proposes a new hybrid method for solving UC problem. The proposed method is developed in such way that a particle swarm optimization technique is applied to update Lagrange multipliers and improves the performance of LR method. To illustrate the effective of the proposed method, it is tested and compared to the conventional LR [69], GA [69], and HPSO [79] on 4 units test system and 10 units test system, respectively.

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The number of areas in units is currently reducing daily due to the large population. Earlier, when populations werent as large, they continued to employ the horizontal arrangement due to the large area available per person . However, individuals today choose the vertical system tall building due to scarcity of area . All of the forces acting on the structure, including its own weight and the grounds ability to support it, must be taken into consideration. STAAD PRO will facilitate the process. Static analysis, seismic analysis, and natural frequency are examples of problems that STAAD PRO can address with IS CODE. Mohammed Uvaish Mansoori | Rajesh Misra "Study of Materials Properties Made of Steel, Stainless Steel, Aluminium, and Concrete While Applying the Total Load to the Geometry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52787.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52787/study-of-materials-properties-made-of-steel-stainless-steel-aluminium-and-concrete-while-applying-the-total-load-to-the-geometry/mohammed-uvaish-mansoori

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