Presentation made during the AAUP (Association of American University Presses) annual meeting in New Orleans, proposing an overview of European policies in term of open access to academic publications.

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Cairn.info
Open Access : Where is Europe Going ?
AAUP Annual meeting – Monday 23rd, June 2014

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Cairn.info ? (1/2)
 A platform : www.cairn.info
 Founded in 2005 by Belgian and French publishers
 Joined in by the BnF (French national Library)
 Focused on Humanities and Social Sciences in French language
 Proposing journals’ current issues (from 2001 onward)
 As well as eBooks, Encyclopedias and Magazines

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Cairn.info ? (2/2)
 Objectives / Principles :
 Propose online the main francophone publications in the different fields of
Humanities and Social Sciences
 Develop a mix between free and paying content to maximize publications
visibility & maintain a sustainable economic model for journals / publishers
 Other specificities :
 A company, gathering public and private stakeholders
 Public, not-for-profit and private publishers welcomed

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Open Access in Europe (1/5)
A Recommandation from the European Commission (July 2012),
to all Union member states, prompting them to implement national
policies to enable:
« Open access to publications resulting
from publicly funded research as soon as possible,
preferably immediately and, in any case, no later than
six months after the date of publication, and twelve months
for social sciences and humanities »

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Since then, different ways to Open Access have been explored by
member states :
 Try to manage a transition from the existing system to a new one where
publication costs are mainly funded by APCs (United Kingdom)
 Modify the law on copyright to reinforce scholars in their discussions with
publishers regarding deposits in institutionnal repositories (Germany)
 Mandate scholars to deposit pre-prints in institutionnal repositories after a
significant embargo periods (Italy)
 Promote deposits in instititionnal repositories after short embargo periods,
but without mandates (France)
Open Access in Europe (2/5)

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 In all countries, very few differences are made between disciplines:
 Compared to STM, there is no « inescapable » journals in HSS
 OA can potentially have some « side-effects » on other types of publications
in HSS: essays, professional newspapers, etc.
Open Access in Europe (3/5)

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General
interest
journals
Research
books in HSS
Essays
Professional
and Technical
Newspapers
Peer-review
journals in
HSS
OA potential side-effects
on other publishing markets

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General
interest
journals
(5 M€)
Research
books in HSS
(65 M€)
Essays
(111 M€)
Professional
and Technical
Newspapers
(800 M€)
Peer-review
journals in
HSS (17 M€)
French Publishers - Source : SNE/DEPS/DGMIC – 2011
OA potential side-effects
on other publishing markets

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 In all countries, very few differences are made between disciplines:
 Compared to STM, there is no « inescapable » journals in HSS
 OA can potentially have some « side-effects » on other types of publications
in HSS: essays, professional newspapers, etc.
 In HSS, journals issues / articles’ « life cycle » can be much longer than in
STM
Open Access in Europe (3/5)

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 In all countries, the rising question is now the one of Books / eBooks:
 EU recommandation : « publications » and not « journals »
 Collective works of research and proceedings in particular are now often part of
the agreements discussed between publishers and universities (Ex: Belgium)
 Many new OA models are now exclusively focused on eBooks (Ex : Knowledge
Unlatched)
 The European Commission is promoting and funding projects aiming at enhancing
the number of eBooks from European publishers available in OA (Ex: OAPEN)
Open Access in Europe (4/5)

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 This discussion occurs at a moment when universities and small
publishers are encountering serious financial hardships. Ex: France
 Research libraries’ budgets, that remained more or less stable during the last
10 years, have decreased very significantly over the last two years (- 10% on
average in 2014 and up to - 30% in some cases)
 With the recent autonomy of French Universities (2007 - 2012), their payrolls
have increased much quicker than their budgets (from 35% of their budget 5
years ago to 75% on average nowadays), which limits strongly other expenses
 The French publishing industry is suffering from a strong economic downturn
Open Access in Europe (5/5)

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 1rst Scenario: A strong and sustainable upstream funding
 Probably not the Gold / APCs model for HSS, for « Traditionnal » or Mega
journals
 A « Platinum » model in which institutions / states could organize the funding
of a given perimeter of publications
How can this evolve ? (1/3)

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 1rst Scenario: Questions / Limits
 This scenario would require a very strong and long-lasting political will
 It would give rise to many questions in terms of publications perimeter,
independance, editorial creativity, technical innovation, etc.
 This system may end up being more expensive than the current one
 While OA is generaly seen as a means to spend less rather than to spend better
How can this evolve ? (1/3)

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 2nd Scenario: Reasonable and negociated embargo periods
 Define the conditions of the co-existence of institutionnal repositories and
publishing activities
 The main question at this level being the one of embargoes
 A study launched at this level in France, to assess the consequences of embargo
periods on the journals / publishers economy
How can this evolve ? (2/3)

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Articles’ life cycle in humanities and social sciences
Consultations in institutions accessing Cairn.info
0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
t-1 t-2 t-3 t-4 t-5 t-6 t-7 t-8 t-9 t-10
17,90%
13,55%
12,08%
9,51% 9,50%
8,24% 7,78% 7,43% 7,30% 6,72%

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0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
t-1 t-2 t-3 t-4 t-5 t-6 t-7 t-8 t-9 t-10
17,90%
13,55%
12,08%
9,51% 9,50%
8,24% 7,78% 7,43% 7,30% 6,72%
Articles’ life cycle in humanities and social sciences
Consultations in institutions accessing Cairn.info
Articles published during the last 12 months
= 18 % of interest in subscribing institutions

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0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
t-1 t-2 t-3 t-4 t-5 t-6 t-7 t-8 t-9 t-10
17,90%
13,55%
12,08%
9,51% 9,50%
8,24% 7,78% 7,43% 7,30% 6,72%
Articles’ life cycle in humanities and social sciences
Consultations in institutions accessing Cairn.info
Article « half-life » = 3,5
years

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Articles’ life cycle in humanities and social sciences
Consultations in institutions accessing Cairn.info
Weight of articles published during the last 3 years
Differences by discipline
30,00%
35,00%
40,00%
45,00%
50,00%
55,00%
60,00%
General
interest
Economy Poli cal
science
History Philosophy Psychology Sociology Li erature
51,83%
47,08%
45,92%
42,08%
40,93% 40,37%
39,72% 39,35%

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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Articles’ life cycle in humanities and social sciences
Consultations in institutions accessing Cairn.info
Weight of articles published during the last 3 years
Differences by journal

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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Articles’ life cycle in humanities and social sciences
Consultations in institutions accessing Cairn.info
Weight of articles published during the last 3 years
Differences by journal
84
%
18%

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 3rd Scenario: A new paradigm for scholarly publishing
 No more print (at all)
 Publication first, Selection after
 Get prepared for the attention economy !
How can this evolve ? (3/3)

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« It’s not easier to have many people access a book for free,
than to have many people access it by paying »
Philippe Aigrain
« OA Monographs in the Humanities and Social Sciences » Conference
July 2013, British Library - London
How can this evolve ? (3/3)

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Thank you for your attention !
thomas.parisot@cairn.info / @tparisot
www.cairn.info / @cairnint