Cahokia, located in present-day Illinois, was the largest pre-Columbian settlement north of Mexico. It was occupied from around 800-1400 AD and had a peak population of 10,000-20,000 people. The site includes Monks Mound, the largest prehistoric earthwork in North America, and over 120 smaller mounds. The document discusses theories that Cahokia's leaders considered it the capital of North America and saw symbolic connections to locations in Europe and Asia based on latitude. Many features of the site, including the four terraces of Monks Mound and numbers of artifacts, are analyzed as referring to the ancient Egyptian discovery and colonization of the Americas beginning around 2500 BC.
The document provides an overview of the chapter on early China, including sections on China's first civilizations, life in ancient China, and the Qin and Han dynasties. It discusses how geography shaped Chinese civilization, the development of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the social hierarchy and philosophies that emerged during this period, and the accomplishments and fall of the Qin and Han dynasties.
The document provides information on the early history and development of Chinese civilization. It discusses:
- Early settlements along the Yellow River valley which experienced flooding issues requiring dike construction.
- The Yangshao and Longshan cultures from 5000-2000 BC that engaged in farming, fishing, and developed black pottery and early writing.
- The first dynasty, the Shang, established the dynastic system of hereditary rule beginning around 1500 BC.
- The Qin dynasty in the 200s BC that first unified China under one ruler, Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who standardized laws, script, and built the Great Wall and Terracotta Army tomb to protect his empire and guard him in
Prc’s geo political cresent strategy controlling a 300 mile arch from littora...GERARD LA TOURNERIE
PRC'S GEO POLITICAL CRESENT MARITIME STRATEGY CONTROLLING A STRATEGIC 300+ MILE ARCH REACHING FROM THE YELLOW SEA, SEA OF JAPAN INTO THE PACIFIC OCEAN, THROUGH SOUTH EAST ASIA THROUGH THE MULLOCAN STRAIGHTS INTO THE INDIAN OCEAN
The document summarizes the history and geography of early China, including key dynasties and developments. It describes the Xia Dynasty as the first to develop a ruling structure with civilian government and law codes. The Shang Dynasty practiced agriculture and bronze making, with the capital eventually established at Anyang. The Zhou Dynasty lasted nearly 900 years and introduced concepts like the Mandate of Heaven to justify dynastic rule. Significant advances occurred during the Warring States period, including in warfare, irrigation, farming and trade (especially silk). The Qin Dynasty unified China for the first time under Qin Shihuangdi, who standardized currency, writing and built roads and the Great Wall. The Han Dynasty adopted Confucianism and a merit-
The document discusses the birth of iron age cultures and the developments that occurred. It describes how iron was first smelted around 1500 BC in the Caucasus region. During this time, iron was difficult to melt without high temperatures from furnaces. The document also summarizes advances in medicine during this period by figures such as Hippocrates and Galen. The use of iron tools led to developments like improved ships, which expanded trade, and iron ploughs and axes, which allowed for more effective farming and deforestation. Overall, the iron age brought developments in cities, alphabets, literature, and the beginnings of abstract science.
The document provides an overview of the chapter on early China, including sections on China's first civilizations, life in ancient China, and the Qin and Han dynasties. It discusses how geography shaped Chinese civilization, the development of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the social hierarchy and philosophies that emerged during this period, and the accomplishments and fall of the Qin and Han dynasties.
The document provides information on the early history and development of Chinese civilization. It discusses:
- Early settlements along the Yellow River valley which experienced flooding issues requiring dike construction.
- The Yangshao and Longshan cultures from 5000-2000 BC that engaged in farming, fishing, and developed black pottery and early writing.
- The first dynasty, the Shang, established the dynastic system of hereditary rule beginning around 1500 BC.
- The Qin dynasty in the 200s BC that first unified China under one ruler, Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who standardized laws, script, and built the Great Wall and Terracotta Army tomb to protect his empire and guard him in
Prc’s geo political cresent strategy controlling a 300 mile arch from littora...GERARD LA TOURNERIE
PRC'S GEO POLITICAL CRESENT MARITIME STRATEGY CONTROLLING A STRATEGIC 300+ MILE ARCH REACHING FROM THE YELLOW SEA, SEA OF JAPAN INTO THE PACIFIC OCEAN, THROUGH SOUTH EAST ASIA THROUGH THE MULLOCAN STRAIGHTS INTO THE INDIAN OCEAN
The document summarizes the history and geography of early China, including key dynasties and developments. It describes the Xia Dynasty as the first to develop a ruling structure with civilian government and law codes. The Shang Dynasty practiced agriculture and bronze making, with the capital eventually established at Anyang. The Zhou Dynasty lasted nearly 900 years and introduced concepts like the Mandate of Heaven to justify dynastic rule. Significant advances occurred during the Warring States period, including in warfare, irrigation, farming and trade (especially silk). The Qin Dynasty unified China for the first time under Qin Shihuangdi, who standardized currency, writing and built roads and the Great Wall. The Han Dynasty adopted Confucianism and a merit-
The document discusses the birth of iron age cultures and the developments that occurred. It describes how iron was first smelted around 1500 BC in the Caucasus region. During this time, iron was difficult to melt without high temperatures from furnaces. The document also summarizes advances in medicine during this period by figures such as Hippocrates and Galen. The use of iron tools led to developments like improved ships, which expanded trade, and iron ploughs and axes, which allowed for more effective farming and deforestation. Overall, the iron age brought developments in cities, alphabets, literature, and the beginnings of abstract science.
This document provides an overview and chapter sections for a textbook on early civilizations:
Section 1 summarizes the development of early humans from Paleolithic nomads to the agricultural revolution of the Neolithic Age. Section 2 discusses the emergence of civilization in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerian city-states and their inventions. Section 3 describes the Assyrian Empire and the Chaldean Empire in Babylon, which developed new architecture, astronomy, and a seven-day calendar.
The document provides background information on ancient Mesopotamian empires that dominated the region of the Fertile Crescent, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Neo-Babylonians, and Persians. Vocabulary terms are defined relating to these civilizations and their way of life, such as ziggurat, cuneiform, and iron. Maps show the locations of important cities and rivers in Mesopotamia. Brief summaries of each empire are given, highlighting their innovations, military power, and cultural influences. The empires arose and fell as they conquered neighboring territories and peoples, establishing control over large regions through bureaucracy and trade until being overtaken by subsequent powers.
Ancient civilizations like Egypt, China, Greece, and India made important contributions to early technology and engineering. The Egyptians built ramps and extracted gold through mining to help construct large buildings. India developed city planning technologies like sewage systems and granaries. China invented matches, paper, the compass, and gunpowder. The Greeks invented early machines like steam engines and analog computers as well as architectural advances using geometry. Overall, ancient societies advanced tools and technologies from the Stone Age through Bronze and Iron Ages, improving quality of life.
The Persian Empire was a powerful empire based on tolerance, diplomacy, military power, and religious revolution. It had a vast geography with prosperous farmland and mineral wealth. It was ruled by several kings, including Cyrus the Great, who treated conquered peoples with kindness, and Darius I, who organized an efficient system of governing and conquered much territory but failed to take Greece.
The document provides information on important figures and periods in ancient Indian history. It discusses Chandragupta, who unified northern India in the 4th century BCE and defeated the Persian general Seleucus. It then covers the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta from 321-185 BCE and important rulers like Asoka who promoted Buddhism. Next, it outlines the Gupta Empire from 320-647 CE, noting its economic prosperity and cultural achievements under rulers like Chandra Gupta II. It concludes with the invasion of the White Huns signaling the decline of the Guptas and the fragmentation of North India into separate kingdoms.
The Longyou Caves in China were likely constructed around 1200 BC as a subterranean palace for the king and royal court to seek shelter during a predicted return of a comet. The caves encode information about a catastrophic comet impact during the reign of the Egyptian Pharaoh Teti around 2344 BC, which caused massive flooding and killed over half of the world's population of 4.8 million at the time, with 2.6 million casualties. Details like the cave dimensions and markings on the walls indicate the disaster lasted around 4 months.
This document provides an overview of the lost continent of Mu and the people who originated and colonized from there. Some key points:
1) Mu was a large, advanced civilization located in the Pacific Ocean that was destroyed by earthquakes and flooding around 12,000 years ago.
2) Humans first originated in Mu around 200,000 years ago, and Mu was the site of the Biblical Garden of Eden.
3) As Mu's population grew, it established colonies along eastern and western routes. Major eastern colonies included Central America, Atlantis, the Mediterranean, and Africa.
4) Remains of ancient civilizations have been found throughout North and Central America, dating back to the T
Civilizations in Mesoamerica rose and fell repeatedly, leaving behind a distinctive worldview and some mysteries.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Art and Culture - 03 - Homer and End of Bronze AgeRandy Connolly
Third module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers how the historical and cultural context of Homer. It begins by examining art and society of the Minoans and then the Mycenaeans. It then examines Homer, the Iliad, and the Odyssey.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Zoey Viera is an archeologist who travels through time to study Mayan history from 2600 BC to 1244 AD. Over the course of 10 days, she witnesses the rise and fall of great Mayan cities like Tikal, visits cultural and religious centers like Teotihuacan, and learns about Mayan calendars, architecture, agriculture, and the mysterious collapses of many Mayan cities. While gaining insights into Mayan achievements in mathematics, science, and culture, she is left with more questions than answers about the reasons for the civilization's ultimate decline.
This document provides an overview and chapter sections for a textbook on early civilizations:
Section 1 summarizes the development of early humans from Paleolithic nomads to the agricultural revolution of the Neolithic Age. Section 2 discusses the emergence of civilization in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerian city-states and their inventions. Section 3 describes the Assyrian Empire and the Chaldean Empire in Babylon, which developed new architecture, astronomy, and a seven-day calendar.
The document provides background information on ancient Mesopotamian empires that dominated the region of the Fertile Crescent, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Neo-Babylonians, and Persians. Vocabulary terms are defined relating to these civilizations and their way of life, such as ziggurat, cuneiform, and iron. Maps show the locations of important cities and rivers in Mesopotamia. Brief summaries of each empire are given, highlighting their innovations, military power, and cultural influences. The empires arose and fell as they conquered neighboring territories and peoples, establishing control over large regions through bureaucracy and trade until being overtaken by subsequent powers.
Ancient civilizations like Egypt, China, Greece, and India made important contributions to early technology and engineering. The Egyptians built ramps and extracted gold through mining to help construct large buildings. India developed city planning technologies like sewage systems and granaries. China invented matches, paper, the compass, and gunpowder. The Greeks invented early machines like steam engines and analog computers as well as architectural advances using geometry. Overall, ancient societies advanced tools and technologies from the Stone Age through Bronze and Iron Ages, improving quality of life.
The Persian Empire was a powerful empire based on tolerance, diplomacy, military power, and religious revolution. It had a vast geography with prosperous farmland and mineral wealth. It was ruled by several kings, including Cyrus the Great, who treated conquered peoples with kindness, and Darius I, who organized an efficient system of governing and conquered much territory but failed to take Greece.
The document provides information on important figures and periods in ancient Indian history. It discusses Chandragupta, who unified northern India in the 4th century BCE and defeated the Persian general Seleucus. It then covers the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta from 321-185 BCE and important rulers like Asoka who promoted Buddhism. Next, it outlines the Gupta Empire from 320-647 CE, noting its economic prosperity and cultural achievements under rulers like Chandra Gupta II. It concludes with the invasion of the White Huns signaling the decline of the Guptas and the fragmentation of North India into separate kingdoms.
The Longyou Caves in China were likely constructed around 1200 BC as a subterranean palace for the king and royal court to seek shelter during a predicted return of a comet. The caves encode information about a catastrophic comet impact during the reign of the Egyptian Pharaoh Teti around 2344 BC, which caused massive flooding and killed over half of the world's population of 4.8 million at the time, with 2.6 million casualties. Details like the cave dimensions and markings on the walls indicate the disaster lasted around 4 months.
This document provides an overview of the lost continent of Mu and the people who originated and colonized from there. Some key points:
1) Mu was a large, advanced civilization located in the Pacific Ocean that was destroyed by earthquakes and flooding around 12,000 years ago.
2) Humans first originated in Mu around 200,000 years ago, and Mu was the site of the Biblical Garden of Eden.
3) As Mu's population grew, it established colonies along eastern and western routes. Major eastern colonies included Central America, Atlantis, the Mediterranean, and Africa.
4) Remains of ancient civilizations have been found throughout North and Central America, dating back to the T
Civilizations in Mesoamerica rose and fell repeatedly, leaving behind a distinctive worldview and some mysteries.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Art and Culture - 03 - Homer and End of Bronze AgeRandy Connolly
Third module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers how the historical and cultural context of Homer. It begins by examining art and society of the Minoans and then the Mycenaeans. It then examines Homer, the Iliad, and the Odyssey.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Zoey Viera is an archeologist who travels through time to study Mayan history from 2600 BC to 1244 AD. Over the course of 10 days, she witnesses the rise and fall of great Mayan cities like Tikal, visits cultural and religious centers like Teotihuacan, and learns about Mayan calendars, architecture, agriculture, and the mysterious collapses of many Mayan cities. While gaining insights into Mayan achievements in mathematics, science, and culture, she is left with more questions than answers about the reasons for the civilization's ultimate decline.
This pendant from Crete dating to around 1690 BC was found in Cleveland, Ohio. It depicts a young man with horns, representing a Cretan god. Religious symbols on the pendant relate to the Egyptian sun religion and indicate the pendant was made in Crete. The shape and angles of the pendant encode geographic information about Crete, Egypt, and the discovery of America. The pendant likely arrived in Ohio through ancient copper trade routes between Europe, Africa, and North America.
Aksum was a kingdom located in modern-day Ethiopia from around AD 100 to 700. It controlled much of Ethiopia as well as territories in South Arabia and Sudan. Aksum had a hierarchical society led by a powerful king. The capital city of Aksum covered around 75 hectares and had an estimated population of 20,000. It contained royal palaces, religious structures, and cemeteries. Tall stone obelisks called stelae, some over 30 meters high, were erected throughout the capital and surrounding areas as symbols of prestige.
Anthropology SNHU Mississippian Mound Archeology daria_smithgiraudDaria Smith Giraud
The document discusses the Mississippian culture, which consisted of chiefdoms and trade nations along the Mississippi River from around 1000-1500 CE. Key points include:
- The Mississippian people built large earthen mounds for ceremonial and burial purposes and had advanced trade networks.
- Artifacts found at Mississippian mound sites, such as the Rogan copper plate depicting a "Birdman" figure, show similarities to artifacts of Mesoamerican cultures, indicating cultural connections.
- Research methods used to study the Mississippian culture have included mapping and excavating mound sites to understand site functions and societal roles. New technologies like LiDAR could help discover additional
The document discusses several early human settlements and civilizations from around the world based on archaeological evidence. It describes sites from between 14,800 BCE to 300 BCE, including Pachmarhi hills paintings in India from the Mesolithic period, Monte Verde in Chile dating human settlement in the Americas to 14,800 years ago, the Clovis culture in North America dated to around 11,050 BCE, the Jomon period in Japan from 12,000 BCE, European megalithic tombs, the Machalilla culture in Ecuador from 1500-1100 BCE, the Olmec culture in Mexico, Varanasi as one of the oldest continually inhabited cities in India, the sun temple at Amarna in Egypt, the Great Temple
This document summarizes the major time periods of archaeology in ancient Mesopotamia from the Neolithic era through the Early Dynastic period. It provides brief descriptions of significant developments within each defined period, including the domestication of plants and animals in the Neolithic, the introduction of irrigation, pottery, and metal tools over time, early writing emerging in the Protoliterate period, and the development of political hierarchies and expansion of writing in the Early Dynastic period under Sargon of Akkad. Artifacts like pottery, seals, and tablets provide evidence of cultural and technological changes occurring across these early civilizations.
This document discusses several archaeological discoveries that contradict current models of human origins and prehistory:
1) Metal spheres found in South African mines dated to 2.8 billion years old, far older than current models suggest life existed.
2) The Ica stones from Peru depict dinosaurs hundreds of years before their official discovery.
3) The Antikythera mechanism, a complex astronomical instrument found in a 2nd century BC shipwreck, was far more advanced than technology of the time.
4) The Piri Reis map from 1513 accurately depicts the Antarctic coastline under ice, suggesting it was mapped before the last ice age.
5) Excavations in Bosnia have revealed
Meso-American writing developed across Mesoamerica, with over 15 distinct writing systems used in a small geographical area. While most systems were rudimentary, some like the Mayan script were fully developed and included logograms, syllabograms, and place/god names. The Mayan script in particular was complex, with glyphs that could represent ideas, sounds, or both. Deciphering it was a long process due to factors like homophony, polyphony, and the diversity of the Mayan language. The Mayan calendar and astronomical knowledge were also remarkably advanced.
Omak Rock in Washington state appears to have been placed in its balanced position by humans rather than occurring naturally. The rock monument tells the story of Egyptian discovery of America via the Bering Sea by King Menkaure around 1900 BC. It also describes four subsequent Atlantic crossings discovered by kings of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. The document estimates the date of Omak Rock to be from around 1900 BC based on the historical information encoded at the site.
The document summarizes information encoded on an engraved stone found in Orkney, Scotland dating to 2370 BC. The stone's decoration is considered a primitive script telling an important story. It describes Egyptian discoveries of Australia, New Zealand, and the Americas between the 3rd-5th dynasties. Key figures on the stone represent island groups and encode locations, sailing routes, and kings who made the discoveries.
1) Balanced Rock in Idaho resembles the shape of Africa and was likely carved in antiquity to serve as a monument, not a completely natural formation.
2) It commemorates the Egyptian discovery of America and a comet catastrophe around 2344 BC that caused a global flood, killing 54% of the world's population of 4.8 million through rain, fires, and cold over 4 months.
3) Evidence at the site such as locations, distances, and latitudes are used to encode information about the flood's timing, duration, rainfall amount, and global effects.
1) A carved spherical rock was found near the mouth of the Brule River in Wisconsin in 2000.
2) The rock is made of flint and carved with 28 rectangles in a belt around the equator at an angle of 23 degrees.
3) According to the carvings, the rock declares that King Menkaure of Egypt discovered and claimed North and South America for Egypt in 2570 BC, making the areas colonies of Egypt.
A mysterious round rock weighing around 200 pounds was found near the mouth of the Brule River in Wisconsin. It has nearly perfect spherical shape with one flat surface. Etched in a belt around its middle are 28 rectangular markings of varying sizes. Experts analyzed photos of the rock and had differing opinions on its material composition, with one saying it was flint and another saying it was silica or quartz. Its origins remain unclear, with theories that it was naturally formed during glacial movement or artificially made in ancient times, perhaps as a navigational aid. Readers of Lake Superior Magazine were invited to share their ideas on what created this unusual geological anomaly.
The copper spear tip found in Crow Wing County, Minnesota dates back to around 1500 BC. The artifact provides evidence that ancient Egyptians discovered America during the Old Kingdom and established colonies. It references historical events like the Biblical flood that occurred in the 6th dynasty, killing over 2 million people. The spear tip's design encodes information about early trans-Atlantic voyages between Egypt, North America, South America, and locations like the Azores islands. It appears to celebrate the large-scale copper trade between North America and the Old World during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut in the 18th dynasty of Egypt.
The carvings on a stone near Oil City, Pennsylvania tell an ancient Egyptian story from around 2000 BC about the discovery of America during Egypt's Old Kingdom. The carvings describe how America was discovered via the Bering Sea in the 4th dynasty and the Atlantic crossings were discovered in the 5th dynasty. However, in the 6th dynasty a worldwide comet catastrophe caused a biblical flood that killed over half the world's population. The glyphs provide details on the duration and periodicity of the comet disaster.
The document summarizes the translation of runes found on the Narragansett Rune Stone in Rhode Island dating back to 1423 AD. The runes indicate that in 1423, Icelanders claimed large areas of land along the East Coast of North America between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer, both in the name of God and the ancient Egyptian sun god Ra. This shows that Icelandic settlers reached America 69 years before Columbus.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. However, close investigation shows the four terraces have broader meanings. Terrace I deals
with the discovery of America in the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties (c.2500 BC). Terrace II tells
the story of the Biblical Flood, when more than half of the people on Earth perished (Sixth
Dynasty, c.2345 BC). Terrace III refers to the metal trade with the Old World (copper, tin, sil-
ver and gold) between the start of the Fifth Dynasty and the end of the Nineteenth Dynasty
(c.2500-1200 BC). Finally, Terrace IV explains what happened during the Dardanus Flood
(Twentieth Dynasty, c.1160 BC). It was another Comet Catastrophe, when about a third of the
population on Earth died.- During this whole time period America was a colony of Egypt. It
formed the basis of the civilization in Central America.
History shows, there were two big threats to humanity: floods and the absence of kings. It is
likely, that Monks Mound was built to prevent both threats. In the American Bottoms, near the
confluence of three major Rivers, a hugh Mound had to be built. The first terrace has a height
of 11 meters (0.1 millimoira), higher than the precipitations of both mentioned Floods, 9 and
5.5 meters of water, respectively. So, in case of a Flood, the people of Cahokia could es-cape
by running to the Mound.- However, the biggest threat was the absence of a King. So, it was
decided to build the palace of the King on top of it. It was a massive rectangular building of
450 square meters (30x15 m), probably about 11 meters high. (Ref.4)
Fig.1 Reconstructed drawing of Monks Mound. The four terraces explain (part of) the histo-
ry of America during the Egyptian colonial period (Cahokia, Illinois, c.1000 AD) (Courtesy
Ancient American, Vol.13, No.85, Ref.18)
Other Mounds
A few hundred meters south of Monks Mound is ‘Mound 72’. “During excavation four male
skeletons were uncovered. However, their heads and hands were missing, which suggest that
they were mutilated before their burials.” (Refs.4,5,8) - It appears, these men symbolized
kings of the Fourth Dynasty, which formed the basis of the ancient American culture.
“Cahokia was the largest city ever built north of Mexico before Columbus and boasted 120
earthen mounds. Many were massive, square-bottomed, flat-topped pyramids -- great pedes-
tals atop which civic leaders lived. At the vast plaza in the city's center rose the largest earth-
work in the Americas, the 100-foot Monks Mound.” (Ref.5) - The pyramids, which were
square-bottomed, were built in honor of the discovery of America in the Fourth Dynasty.
3. “A cache (near Mound 72) of sophisticated, finely worked arrowheads in a variety of different
styles and materials was found near the grave of this important man. Separated into four ty-
pes, each from a different geographical region, the arrowheads demonstrated Cahokia’s ex-
tensive trade links in North America.” (Ref.4) - The division into four different types of ar-
rowheads is apparently in honor of the Fourth Dynasty, when America was discovered. The
culture of Cahokia was based on this Egyptian Dynasty.
A beautiful bowl was recovered, having nine edges of equal length on top (Ref.5). So, the cir-
cle angle in its center was devided into nine equal angles of 360/9= 40°. It refers to the nearest
latitude line of Cahokia, at 40°N, as well as the discovery of America in the Fourth Dynasty. It
also encodes the complementary latitude at 90-40= 50°N, which refers to the discovered
Crossings of the Atlantic in the Fifth Dynasty.
“Archaeologists have also excavated four, and possible five, circular sun calendars referred to
as Woodhenge.” (Ref.5) - It is likely, that the four circles celebrate the Egyptian discovery of
America in the Fourth Dynasty. The fifth circle may celebrate the discovery of all the Cros-
sings of the Atlantic in the Fifth Dynasty. It enabled the leaders permanent contact with the
Old World.
A mound nearby “contained a high-status burial of two nearly identical male bodies, one of
them wrapped in a beaded cape or cloak in the shape of a thunderbird, an ancient and mystical
Native American symbol. Surrounding this ‘beaded burial’ the diggers gradually uncovered
more and more accompanying corpses, an apparent mixture of horrific burials and human sa-
crifices evidently related to the two important men.” (Refs.2,3) - According to the Egyptian
religion these two important men symbolize the sungod Horus and the moongod Osiris. In the
hierarchy these are the two gods below the highest SunGod Ra. The kings and pharaohs were
the substitutes of these two lower gods. “Excavation on the top of Monks Mound has revealed
evidence of a large building, likely a temple or the residence of the paramount chief, that
could have been seen throughout the city.” (Refs.4,8,19-24)
Egyptian Kings
The archaeologist “Pauketat thinks … that a group of 39 men and women had been executed
on the spot …” (Ref.4) - Well, it appears that way, but note this number corresponds with the
local latitude of Cahokia, at 39°N, and with the Egyptian discovery of the continent via the
southern Aleutian Islands at the complementary latitude of 90-39= 51°N. It suggests these 39
people had to be ‘sacrified’ to rule the country in accord with the Egyptian religion.
“South of Monks Mound, and astronomically aligned with it, is ‘Mound 72’, also known as
the ‘Mound of the Ruler-Priest’. In this ridge-top burial mound, archaeologists found the re-
mains of an important ruler, a male in his 40’s, lain on a bed of more than 20,000 marine shell
beads. Nearby were caches of arrow tips from as far away as Arkansas, Oklahoma, Tennessee
and Wisconsin, apparently sent in tribute to the deceased.” (Refs.5,8) - Note, that the menti-
oned number of beads equals the estimated number of inhabitants of Cahokia in this time pe-
riod, c.20,000 men (Ref.2).
“The man was buried on a bed of more than 20,000 marine-shell disc beads arranged in the
shape of a falcon.” (Ref.4) - This last feature, the shape of a falcon, means he had the position
of a king. The marine-shell disc beads appear to indicate his authority was partly related to the
Ocean. The number of 20,000 (a number of five figures) is significant. It probably means he
compared himself with the 2nd king Sahura of the Fifth Dynasty, who discovered the two
4. southern Crossings of the Atlantic. These Crossings were important for the (suggested) relati-
ons with the Old World.
“Nearly a thousand years ago, when many European cities were little more than villages, the
people living at Cahokia, near present day St. Louis, built a wooden barricade surrounding
their most important buildings. Almost two miles long and enclosing more than 120 acres, the
fence required felling 20,000 trees.” (Ref.5) - Note, this is a number of five figures, again. It
appears to be equal to the c.20,000 inhabitants, and also in honor of the 2nd king Sahura of
the Fifth Dynasty, who discovered the two southern Crossings of the Ocean.
“The buried man is thought to be the highest ruler of Cahokia, who was revered as the mani-
festation of the ‘Great Sun’ (or the SunGod). The main skeleton was accompanied by the bo-
nes of six ‘human sacrificial victims’, and nearby were the bodies of 53 young women and
four men who had their heads and hands cut off. The human sacrifices may have been part of
a mythical ritual, possibly a retelling of the story of creation.” (Ref.8) - The six ‘human sacri-
ficial victims’ could symbolize the six kings, who founded the six dynasties of the Old King-
dom.
“It appeared that 53 lower-status women were sacrificed specifically to be buried with the
men …” (Ref.9) – It appears that way. These 50+3= 53 women were probably buried in honor
of the 3rd king Nefererkare of the Fifth Dynasty, who discovered the third, Northern Crossing
of the Ocean. Note, that the meridian, or NS line, through Cahokia runs from the north coast
of Queen Elizabeth Islands, at 82°N, till the mouth of the Mississippi, at 29°N. These 82-29=
53° across the whole continent of North America confirms the importance of this king.
Geographic Meanings
Note also, that the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, two degrees south of Ca-
hokia, is located at the complementary latitude of 90-53= 37°N (fig.5). The width of North A-
merica at this level is 37 moiras, or 37°. North America was considered as the ‘Realm of the
Dead’. It also corresponds with the latitude of Sta Maria, the last island of the East Azores, at
37°N, when returning, with the wind and the current, to the Old World. The large continent in
the east was called the ‘Land of the Living’.- Part of the meridian through Cahokia runs from
Hudson Bay, at 57°N, till Lake Superior, at 48°N. These 57-48= 9° over land correspond to
the nine islands of the Azores, in the middle of the Ocean. Cahokia itself is located 39-30= 9°
above the Mississippi Delta, confirming it.
Cahokia “maintained trade links with communities as far away as the Great Lakes to the north
and the Gulf Coast to the south. Pottery and stone tools in the Cahokian style were found at
the Silvernale site near Red Wing, Minnesota.” (Ref.4) - This site at the Mississippi River is
located at 44°N. It is the same latitude as Sable Island, about 1 moira, or 111km, offshore No-
va Scotia. This island has the shape of the hull of an ancient Egyptian reed boat. It is situated
on the Return Route from Nova Scotia to the Azores, with the wind and the current. Note, that
the huge Pyramid complex recently discovered in Bosnia, is located at 44°N, too (Ref.30). It
appears, this complex was built in honor of the discovery of America in the Fourth Dynasty.
“Instead of stone, Cahokians used red cedar posts 15 to 20 inches in diameter and about 20
feet long. Several woodhenges were built over the centuries, and the third 48-post ring has
been reconstructed.” (Ref.2) - This 48-post ring may refer to Isle Royale, Lake Superior, and
the East Cape of North America, Newfoundland, at 48°N.
5. “The entire site of Cahokia Mounds has a surface area of about 9 km 2. On 6 km2 of this area
were a total of 120 man-made mounds,” of which the majority has been identified (Ref.6).
The meaning of this number is significant. Cahokia is located at the same latitude as the West
Azores, at 39°N. Its culture was based on the Egyptian religion, and the contacts with the Old
World were important. The 120 mounds may encode the distance from Cahokia to the East
Coast, 120 moiras, or 120°. It also corresponds with the important Twelfth Dynasty
(c.2007-1793 BC) of the Middle Kingdom. This dynasty had a positive influence on the
development of America.
“The Mounds were named after a clan of historic Illiniwek people living in the area when the
first French explorers arrived in the 1600’s. As this was centuries after Cahokia was abandon-
ed by its original inhabitants, the Cahokia were not necessarily descendants of the original
Mississippian-era people.” (Ref.4) “The Illini Indians in the region told Europeans that they
did not know who had built the mounds.” (Ref.11) “The name of Cahokia litterally means
‘Wild Geese’.” (Ref.10) - However, the consequence of this statement is clearly limited. “The
name ‘Cahokia’ is a misnomer. It comes from the name of a sub-tribe of the Illini who didn't
reach the area until the 1600’s, coming from the East.” (Ref.11)
Bell-Beakers in Europe
Developments in Europe were different, of course. The Megalithic Culture started about 5000
BC. Big Stone Monuments were built along its West Coast, because people wanted to cross
the Atlantic Ocean. One succeeded to reach Greenland, but people gave up their efforts to
cross Davis Strait (c.3200 BC). Then, finally, Egyptians crossed the Atlantic, and reached A-
merica for the first time (c.2500 BC). People were so relieved that the huge Ocean was final-
ly crossed, that their whole culture changed (start of the Bronze Age, Refs.12-16).
They started to make the so-called Bell-Beakers (fig.2). These beakers are called that way, be-
cause they resemble the inverted bell of a church. However, it is a misnomer, of course, be-
cause in this early time period there were no bronze bells, and there weren’t any churches.
These European Beakers were made in the shape of the newly discovered continent of North
America (c.2500 BC)! Their decorations often resemble latitude lines. So, they should be cal-
led ‘American Beakers’, or something like that. This culture lasted about seven centuries, till
the end of the Twelfth Dynasty, c.1800 BC (Refs.15,16).
6. Fig.2 The so-called “Bell-Beakers” from Europe have the shape of the newly discovered
continent of North America (c.2500-1800 BC). (Courtesy Ancient American, Vol.13, No.85,
Ref.14)
Cahokia
“The cultural tradition represented at Cahokia is called Mississippian by archaeologists. Cha-
racteristics of a Mississippian site include shell-tempered pottery, triangular projectile points,
rectangular-shaped trench houses, pyramid mounds, diagnostic settlement patterns and site
plans, and corn-bean-squash agriculture.” (Ref.2) The pyramid mounds clearly show this cul-
ture is based on the ancient Egyptian tradition. The rectangular-shaped trench houses (having
four sides) may refer to the Fourth Dynasty, when America was discovered.
“Another predominant characteristic of Cahokia is the matrix of interaction called the ‘Caho-
kia Interaction Sphere’. The influence exerted by Cahokia and the interrelationship of sites is
far-reaching. Within the Cahokia Interaction Sphere, Cahokia's influence can be demonstrated
at Aztalan in south-central Wisconsin, Red Wing in (south-east) Minnesota, the Spoon River
Focus of the Central Illinois River Valley southward throughout the southern Mississippi Ri-
ver Valley.” (Ref.2)
“Excavations at surrounding sites show that the amount of Cahokian hardware dwindles stea-
dily as one moves farther from the city, suggesting a fairly small radius of trade and few large
trade missions to faraway places, (anthropologist) Milner says. Still, Cahokia attracted copper
from mines near Lake Superior, salt from nearby mines, shells from the Gulf of Mexico,
chert, a flint-like rock, from quarries as far as Oklahoma, and mica, a sparkling mineral, from
the Carolinas.” (Ref.11)
“In general terms, the city center seems to have been laid out in a diamond-shaped pattern ap-
proximately a mile (1.6 km) from end to end, while the entire city is five miles (8 km) across
from east to west.” (Ref.4) - Note, that in ancient petroglyphs the continent of North America
is often represented by a diamond. It has four sides, which correspond to the Fourth Dynasty,
7. when America was discovered. The side of the diamond around the entire city had an approx-
imate length of 4.4 km, or 40 millimoiras, confirming it (1 Egyptian moira= 1 degree of lati-
tude= 111km) (Refs.20-22).
Basically, an earthen mound is the grave of a king. The birth of a king is a rare event. Accor-
ding to the Egyptian Sun religion it only happened once in a generation of 30.5 years. This
number was determined by the latitudes of the southern and northern Nile Delta, at 30°N and
31°N, respectively. The 120 mounds on the site appear to mean, that Cahokia had a history of
about 120 generations, or 120x30.5= 3,660 years. According to archaeologists the culture va-
nished in the 14th century, c.1360 AD. It means Cahokia was founded 1360-3660= c.2300
BC. So, it appears, people settled here after the Biblical Flood of c.2345 BC. (Refs.25,26)
The Kogi Loom
The Kogi is a tribe in Columbia, South America, which uses a rectangular loom for weaving
textiles (fig.3). This type of loom is already thousands of years old, and depicted as symbol on
many artifacts. It is called the quincunx, because of the five knots which held the loom toge-
ther: four around the corners, and one in its center. According to leaders of this tribe the loom
is the basis of their culture. They never changed its construction, because it is part of their i-
dentity. This symbol is, and has always been, the expression of their faith.- It is interesting
though, that the quincunx was not only used by the Kogi tribe, but in a large area of the Ame-
ricas, from Bolivia in the south till the US in the north. Without doubt it was also used in an-
cient Cahokia (Ref.17).
The question arises: What might be the meaning of the Kogi loom? Probably, there are seve-
ral meanings, a complicated mixture of ancient stories, which are lost in the mist of time.
However, for sure it will tell the early discovery of America.- The five knots of the quincunx
illustrate its discovery via the southern Aleutian Islands, at 50°N. The four wooden bars show
it happened in the Fourth Dynasty. The five knots correspond to the fifth king. So, the fifth
king Menkaure of the Fourth Dynasty discovered the Americas.- He had to return. So, he also
discovered the crossing of the Bering Strait. The central knot corresponds to its latitude, 1°
below the holy Arctic Circle, at 67-1= 66°N.
The five knots of the quincunx encode the destiny of the Southern Crossing of the Atlantic,
Cape São Roque, Brazil, at 5°S, but also the Fifth Dynasty. The two lower knots correspond
to the sailing distance, 2 Moiras, or 20°, but also to the 2nd king. So, the 2nd king Sahura of
the Fifth Dynasty discovered the Southern Crossing.- He had to return. The two lower knots
correspond to the (initial) sailing direction from Cape Race, Newfoundland, of 20°ESE, and
the sailing distance of 2 Moiras, or 20°, to the two islands of the West Azores. So, the 2nd
king also discovered this important return route, with the wind and the current.- The two dia-
gonals confirm the discovery of the two southern Crossings by this 2nd king.
The three upper knots encode the Northern Crossing of the Ocean, from the Shetlands via the
south point of Greenland to Cape Chidley, Canada, at the complementary latitude of the Nile
Delta, at 90-30= 60°N. These knots form the shape of South Greenland. The three knots en-
code the third king. So, the third king Nefererkare discovered the Northern Crossing.- The
four bars and the five knots of the quincunx form together nine units. These encode the island
of Bermuda, 9° above the holy Tropic of Cancer, at 23+9= 32°N, but also the discovery of the
return route via Bermuda to the nine islands of the Azores by the ninth king Unas.- The four
wooden bars confirm the discovery of America by these four Egyptian kings. (Refs.19-24)
8. Fig.3 The widely used Kogi Loom tells the story of the early discovery of America. (Cour-
tesy Ancient American, Vol.13, No.85, Ref.17)
Central America
The meridian through Cahokia runs from the north coast of Queen Elizabeth Islands, at 82°N,
till the northern shore of Hudson Bay, at 64°N, over 82-64= 18° over land. Again, it runs from
Lake Superior, at 47°N, to the mouth of the Mississippi, at 29°N, over 47-29= 18° of land.
This meridian points to the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, at the east side of the civilization a-
round the south point of the Gulf of Campeche, at 18°N. This is the center of the ‘Realm of
the Dead.’ It is the holy Land of Punt!
The shape of the Grand Plaza around Monks Mound resembles the western part of the Gulf of
Mexico (Ref.3). The mentioned latitude corresponds to half of the circumference of the planet
Earth, 18 Moiras, or 180°. It symbolizes the ‘Underworld’, the Realm of the Egyptian moon-
god Osiris. It is situated at a distance of 18 Moiras from the ‘Land of the Living’ (the Old
World).- It also corresponds with the important Eighteenth Dynasty (c.1580-1314 BC) of the
New Kingdom. This dynasty had a positive influence on the development of America.
The south point of the Gulf of Campeche is located halfway the level of the Strait of Gibral-
tar, which is the important entrance and exit of the Mediterranean. This Sea is the womb of
Mother Earth. Gibraltar is located at 36°N, and it corresponds with the entire circumference of
our planet, 36 Moiras, or 360°. For millennia people started here trying to cross the Ocean, in
order to circumnavigate the planet Earth. The latitude of Punt, at 18°N, also corresponds to
the 18 years of reign of king Menkaure of the Fourth Dynasty, who discovered the Americas
(Refs.12,13).
America was discovered from the west in the Fourth Dynasty, c.2570 BC. It was the start of
the so-called Early Contact Period. Subsequently it was reached from the east in the Fifth Dy-
nasty, c.2505 BC. It was the beginning of the copper trade from Upper Michigan, and the tin
trade from Bolivia. Silver and gold were also shipped. The Biblical Flood happened slightly
later, c.2345 BC. During this Catastrophe more than half of the people of the planet Earth pe-
rished. It was the start of the Late Contact Period.
9. During the Sixth Dynasty people were recovering from this Disaster. Because of the slowly ri-
sing population in the Old World, trade slowly increased, too. Finally, the metal trade finished
at the end of the Nineteenth Dynasty, c.1200 BC, probably because of participation of people
from Central America in wars against Egypt and allies in the Eastern Mediterranean. During
the time period of the metal trade Central America, but also North and South America, were
colonies of Egypt. The end of it coincided with the start of the Iron Age.
The Dardanus Flood happened slightly later, c.1160 BC: about one third of the people on
Earth died. After this event Central America became independent. However, religion and go-
vernment remained to be based on the Egyptian Sun religion. It also became responsible for
the political situation in North and South America. The town of Cahokia could be easily
reached by ship via the Mississippi River. This period lasted for a long time, till the end of the
Middle Ages. (Refs.12,13,19-29)
The Middle Ages
“Many Native American cultures built mounds. Until 1000 AD, earthworks typically were bu-
rial or effigy mounds. Flat-topped temple mounds, with buildings on them, came into vogue
with Cahokia. Mounds often were the village centerpiece and have become their builders' sig-
nature across time. Cahokia's mounds were bigger than the rest, but did this make them grea-
ter people?” (Ref.11) - It appears, that the people of Cahokia were descended from the south.
Probably, they were not of North American stock. Note, a typical piece of pottery from Ca-
hokia (fig.4). It is a shell-tempered bowl in the shape of the Gulf of Campeche. It appears, this
civilization was highly important to them. It appears, Cahokia was a town of long-distance
seafarers and traders, descended from Central America.
“At its peak from 1100 to 1200 AD, the city covered nearly six square miles and boasted a po-
pulation of as many as 20,000 people.” (Ref.5) “Cahokians had an affinity for ornamentation,
favoring beads made from sea shells collected more than a thousand miles away.” (Ref.11)
“Since there was no money, commerce was by barter.” (Ref.11) “At its peak in the 12th cen-
tury, this settlement along the Mississippi River bottomland of western Illinois, a few miles
east of modern-day St. Louis, was probably larger than London, and held economic, cultural
and religious sway over a vast swath of the American heartland.” (Ref.9 ) In the 13th century
its importance decreased, and around 1400 AD the entire town was completely abandoned
(Refs.5,6). “Cahokia was evidently an imperial center that abruptly exploded, flourished for
more then a century and then collapsed …” (Ref.9)
“The fate of Cahokia is unknown.” According to some archaeologists “depletion of resources
probably contributed to the city’s decline.” (Refs.2,3) “Archaeologists continued to be puzz-
led by the fact that there are no legends, records, nor mention of the once-grand city in the lo-
re of other local tribes, including the Osage, Omaha, Ponca and Quapaw. This strange silence
has led some experts to theorize that something particularly dreadful happened at the site, for
which the other tribes wished to forget.” (Ref.5) - It appears, these conclusions are not correct.
It is probable, that the decline of the culture around the town of Cahokia was the result of a
change in the geo-political situation.
It appears, that the settlement was founded by people from Central America. They lived from
agriculture in the floodplane, and from ‘long distance’ trade. These people knew a lot about
sailing, and maybe a little about catching fish. They wanted to rule North America from this
capital, but it appears that, after a while, they did not get any support from Central America.
Instead a new capital was founded at the East Coast, which was later called Washington, D.C.
10. At the same time the importance of Cahokia decreased, and gradually the town lost its prime
position.
In the 14th century there was an important change in the geo-political situation. Central Ame-
rica could not take responsibility for developments in North America any longer. Its position
was too weak. China was too far away, so Europe took responsibility. The Europeans, inclu-
ding the Vatican, did not want to negotiate with Cahokia in the center of North America. The
capital was based on the Egyptian religion. It was too far away, and it could only be reached
after a long and perilous voyage on the Mississippi River. Its long term position on the flood-
plain of the River was rejected as a unsafe place, too.
So, they demanded a shift of the capital to the East Coast. Rome had already built the New-
port Tower, R.I., at its own latitude, at 42°N. This development resulted in the fall of Cahokia
as capital of Ancient America. Instead, a new capital was built at the same latitude, at 39°N,
exactly 1 Moira, or 10°, to the east. It was built and based on a new religion, Christianity. It
was the birth of the later capital of the United States of America, Washington, D.C.
Fig.4 A typical piece of pottery from Cahokia, Illinois. It is a shell-tempered bowl in the sha-
pe of the Gulf of Campeche, Mexico. (Courtesy Ancient American, Vol.13, No.85, Ref.18)
The United States of America
The present shape of the territory of the USA, between Canada and Mexico, might be the re-
sult of the Egyptian colonial period (c.2500-1200 BC). Its borders were established along ‘na-
tural’ lines, based on cultural tradition and historical information. The position of its capital
was deliberately chosen, the result of a slow, but careful process. This hypothesis, outlined
below, will not be proven in this article, because it needs an awful lot of additional research.
We know it is a long shot, but it might contain a lot of truth …
The people of the USA live around the 40th latitude line, because of the Egyptian discovery of
the continent in the 4th Dynasty. The northern border roughly coincides with the 50th lati-tude
line, in honor of the fifth king Menkaure, who actually did it. This border also refers to the
Fifth Dynasty, when the Atlantic Ocean was crossed. The height of the country equals 20° in
honor of the 2nd king Sahura, who discovered the two southern Crossings. The southern
border roughly coincides with the 30th latitude line, in honor of the 3rd king Nefererkare. He
discovered the third, Northern Crossing, at the complementary latitude of the Nile Delta.
11. The capital of Washington D.C. is situated 9° above this border, in honor of the ninth king U-
nas. He discovered the Crossing via Bermuda to the nine islands of the Azores. This city was
founded at the latitude of the West Azores, at 39°N, but also because of the discovery of A-
merica via the southern Aleutian Islands, at the complementary latitude of 90-39= 51°N. The
people of the USA live around the 40th latitude line, in honor of the four Egyptian kings who
discovered America.
Fig.5 Map of the continent of North America (Ref.31)
References
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