Neoadjuvant therapy, including chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy, is being investigated for the treatment of esophageal cancer. While some studies have shown improved survival rates with neoadjuvant therapy compared to surgery alone, the evidence from clinical trials remains conflicting. Achieving a complete pathological response after neoadjuvant therapy is associated with significantly improved long-term survival. Further research is still needed to determine the optimal neoadjuvant approaches and to improve outcomes by reducing distant metastases.
Tried to summarise all landmark trials in carcinoma breast in radiation oncology,medical oncology as well in surgical oncology.
References taken from Devita Book,Breast Disease book from Springer,journals like NEJM,JAMA,LANCET,ANNL ONCOLOGY etc,internet,Perez book,Practical Clinical Oncology by Hanna etc textbooks.
Thanks.
Tried to summarise all landmark trials in carcinoma breast in radiation oncology,medical oncology as well in surgical oncology.
References taken from Devita Book,Breast Disease book from Springer,journals like NEJM,JAMA,LANCET,ANNL ONCOLOGY etc,internet,Perez book,Practical Clinical Oncology by Hanna etc textbooks.
Thanks.
Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial
Randomized comparison of adjuvant aromatase inhibitor exemestane (E) plus ovarian function suppression (OFS) vs tamoxifen (T) plus OFS in premenopausal women with hormone receptor positive (HR+) early breast cancer (BC):
Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial
Randomized comparison of adjuvant aromatase inhibitor exemestane (E) plus ovarian function suppression (OFS) vs tamoxifen (T) plus OFS in premenopausal women with hormone receptor positive (HR+) early breast cancer (BC):
Esophageal cancer practical target delineation 2013 mayYong Chan Ahn
General Principles and Practical Points in Target Delineation: Esophageal Cancer
--- Presented at Spring Annual Meeting of Korean Society of Radiation Oncology (Jeju, Korea)
Oesophageal cancer a clinical review bmj 2012Abdulsalam Taha
The incidence of oesophageal cancer is increasing. While the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus has recently been stable or declined in Western societies, the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma has risen more rapidly than that of any other cancer in many countries since the 1970s, particularly among white men.
The United Kingdom has the highest reported incidence worldwide, for reasons yet unknown.
Overall, the prognosis for patients diagnosed with oesophageal cancer is poor, but those whose tumours are detected at an early stage have a good
Gastric cancer
Second most common cancer-related death.
4th most common cancer
Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan high rates.
with 875,000 injured annually person in the world.
Palliative chemotherapy with:
Irinotecan and cisplatin.
Folic acid, 5-FU, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI).
Leucovorin, 5-FU, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX).
Phase II studies evaluating irinotecan-based or oxaliplatin-based regimens demonstrate similar response rates
In this presentation, Dr. Deborah Schrag, Medical Oncologist from Dana Farber Cancer Institute covers therapy options, surgery options, and radiation options, that are specific to rectal cancer patients. She also touches on the importance of clinical trials for this population, and highlights a few trials in research that she finds most interesting.
More information related to our Webinar Series can be found at http://fightcolorectalcancer.org/about/webinars
Carcinoma Larynx; Evidence based management
Staging - Surgery - Adjuvant therapy - Organ Preservation - Altered fractionation, chemotherapy - Radiotherapy (RT) techniques, Role of IMRT
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Overview
• Background
• Neoadjuvant radiotherapy
• Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
• Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
• Neoadjuvant or definitive chemoradiotherapy
• The significance of pathologic CR
• Strategies to improve outcome
• Conclusions
3. Epidemiology
Worldwide
Worldwide estimates for 2000
• Eight most common cancer
with 412,000 new cases
• Sixth most common cause of
cancer death with 338,000
deaths
• 2002 update
462,000 new cases
386,000 deaths
Parkin DM, Lancet Oncol 2001; 2: 533-543
Parkin DM, CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74-108
4. Epidemiology
US
US estimates for 2005
• 14,520 new cases
- 11,220 male
- 3,300 female
• 13,570 deaths
Jemal A CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:10-30
7. AJCC Staging and Prognosis After Complete
Surgical Removal of the Tumor
Ezinger PC, N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2241-2252
8. Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy
Rationale
• Decrease tumor size with potential increase in resectability
• Improve local control
• Decrease the number of viable cells with possible minimization of
intraoperative spilling
Disadvantages
• No effect in micrometastatic disease
• Delay in definitive therapy
9. Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy
Randomized Trials
Study Patients Dose of RT Median survival (months) 5-year survival (%) p Value
Launois (1981) RT + S 62
S 47
40 Gy 10
12
10
12
NS
Gignoux (1988) RT + S 115
S 114
33 Gy 48
45
10
9
NS
Wang (1989) RT + S 104
S 102
40 Gy NA
NA
35
30
NS
Arnott (1992) RT + S 90
S 86
20 Gy 8
8
9
17
NS
Fok (1994) RT + S 58
S 50
35-53 Gy 11
22
10
16
NS
10. Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy
Meta-analysis
Oesophageal Cancer Collaborative Group
- 5 trials including 1147 patients
- Increased 2-year survival from 30% to 34% (95% CI 0-9%)
- Increased 5-year survival from 15% to 18% (95% CI 0-8%)
Arnott SJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 41: 579-583
Arnott SJ, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 4: CD001799
11. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Rationale
• Downstage of the disease with potential increase in resectability
• Improvement in local control
• Eradication of micrometastatic disease
• Pathologic evaluation of treatment response with possible selection of adjuvant
therapy
Disadvantages
• Delay in definitive therapy with risk of disease spreading
• Limited efficacy of the available chemotherapeutic agents
12. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Randomized Trials
Study (year) Patients Chemotherapy pCR (%) Median
Survival (mo)
5-year
Survival (%)
P value
Roth (1988) C + S 19
S 20
Neo: C,Vin, Bleo
Adjuvant: C,
Vin
NA 9
9
NA
NA
NS
Nygaard (1992) C + S 50
S 41
C, Bleo NA 8
8
3-y 3
9
NS
Ancona (2001) C + S 47
S 47
CF X 2 or 3 13% 25
24
34
22
NS
Schlag (1992) C + S 22
S 24
CF X 3 NA 10
10
NA NS
INT 0113 (1998) C + S 213
S 227
Neo CF X 3
Adj CF X 2
2.5% 14.9
16.1
2 y 35
37
NS
MRC (2002) C + S 400
S 402
CF X 2 4% 16.8
13.3
2 y 43
34
P = 0.004
13. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
INT 0113 and MRC Trials
INT (S) INT (CS) MRC (S) MRC (CS)
Patients
S (%)/A (%)
227
47/53
213
46/54
401
31/67
400
31/66
Chemotherapy ----------- C 100 D1, F 1000 D1-5
q4wX3
Adjuvant C 75 F 1000 X 2
------------ C 80 D1, F 1000 D1-4 q3wX2
Percentage receiving all
neoadjuvant therapy
----------- 71 ------------ 90
Surgery (%)
R0 (%)
92
59
80
62
97
54
92
60
pCR ----------- 2.5% ------------ 4%
Median time to surgery
(days)
9 93 16 63
Median survival (months) 16.2 14.9 13.3 16.8
2-year survival (%) 37 35 34 43
14. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Meta-analysis
Cochrane Database 2003
• 11 Randomized trials involving 2051 patients
• Clinical relevance based on median survival and 1 to 5
year survival
• When specific survival was not available, it was
calculated from the published survival curves
- Pooled response rate to chemotherapy was about 36%
with 3% pCR
- No difference in survival at 1 and 2 years
- Survival advantage starts at 3 years and reaches
statistical significance at 5 years
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 4: CD001556
16. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
MAGIC Trial
• Overall, both median survival (24 m vs 20 m) and
5-year OS (36 vs 23%) favored neoadjuvant
therapy
• On multivariate analysis, treatment effect was
unchanged after adjustment for primary site
• Perioperative chemotherapy significantly
increased both PFS and OS in patients with gastric
or lower esophageal cancer
17. Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy
Rationale
• Combine the benefits from both therapeutic modalities: Downstage of the
tumor facilitating surgical resection and eradication of micrometastatic disease
• Increase the number of pathologic complete remissions which may translate
into improved survival
Disadvantages
• Patients may not undergo surgery due to toxicity or tumor progression
• Increased post-operative mortality
18. Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy
Non-Randomized Trials
• 46 trials from 1981 to 1999
• 2704 patients – 69% SCC, 31% Adenocarcinoma
• RT dose from 30 to 60 Gy
• Majority of studies used 5-FU and cisplatin
• Resection rate 74%
• Pathologic CR: 24% (32% surgical patients)
• Patterns of recurrence after surgical resection
- Locoregional 9%
- Distant 31%
- Both 6%
Geh JI, Br J Surg 2001; 88:338-356.
19. Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy
Randomized Trials
Study Patients Histology Chemotherapy
RT
Surgical
mortality
(%)
pCR (%) Median
Survival (mo)
3-year survival
(%)
P value
Nygaard
(1992)
S 41
CS 47
S Cis + Bleo
35 Gy
13
24
NA 7.5
7.5
9
17
NS
Le Prise (1994) S 45
CS 41
S Cis + 5-FU
20 Gy
7
8.5
10 10
10
14
19
NS
Apinop (1994) S 34
CS 35
S Cis + 5-FU
40 Gy
15
14
7
10
20
26
NS
Walsh (1996) S 55
CS 58
A Cis + FU
40 Gy
4
8
22 11
16
6
32
P = 0.01
Law (1998) S 30
CS 30
S Cis + 5-FU
40 Gy
0
0
25 27
26
NA
NA
NS
Bosset (1997) S 139
CS 143
S Cis
37 Gy
4
12.3
26 19
19
37
39
NS
Urba (2001) S 50
CS 50
S (25%)
A (75%)
Cis + 5-Fu + Vin
45 Gy
2
7
28 18
17
16
30
NS
Burmeister
(2002)
S 128
CS 128
S (36%)
A (61%)
Cis + 5-FU
35 Gy
NA 15% 22
19
NA
NA
NS
20. Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy
Meta-analyses
Urschel J, Am J Surg 2003; 185: 538-543
- Neoadjuvant chemoradiation improves 3-year survival, with more
significant benefit in the concurrent studies (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.26
to 0.79, p = 0.005)
- Decrease LR but not distant recurrences
Fiorica F, Gut 2004;53: 925-930
- Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy significantly reduces the 3-year
mortality rate (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.72, p = 0.03)
- Risk of postoperative mortality is higher in the neoadjuvant
group ( OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.18-3.73, p = 0.01)
Greer SE, Surgery 2005; 137: 172-177
- Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is associated with a small, non-
statistically significant improvement in overall survival (RR of
death in neoadjuvant group 0.86, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.01, p = 0.07)
Malthaner RA, BMC Med 2004; 2: 35
A significant difference in the risk of mortality at 3-years favors
neoadjuvant chemoradiation (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80-0.96, p =0.004)
*None of the meta-analysis included Burmeister’s
study, which has been recently published (Lancet
Oncol 2005) and at that time was available only in
abstract form
21. The Role of Surgery after
Chemoradiotherapy
• The 5-year survival for chemoradiotherapy in
patients with unresectable locally advanced
esophageal cancer was 26% in the RTOG 85-01
trial
• The subsequent INT 0123 showed a 2-year survival
of 40% in the control standard-dose RT arm
• These results are similar to those achieved with
surgery alone or neoadjuvant chemoratiotherapy
followed by surgery
Cooper JS, JAMA 1999; 281: 1623-1627
Minsky BD, J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 1167-1174
INT 0123
22. The Role of Surgery after
Chemoradiotherapy
FFCD 9102 Bedenne ASCO 2002 (abstract # 519)
FC X 2 + RT
Responders randomized to S or additional CRT
S CRT
2-year OS 34% 40% OR 0.91, p = 0.56
Median survival 17.7 m 19.3m
• No significant difference in survival
• Surgery was associated with improved local control
- Decreased use of stent (13% versus 27% ; p = 0.005)
- Decrease use of dilations (22% versus 32% ; p = 0.07)
23. The Role of Surgery after
Chemoradiotherapy
GOCSG Stahl M, J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 2310-2317
FLEP X 3 → EP + 40 Gy → surgery (89 patients)
FLEP X 3 → EP + > 66Gy (88 patients)
S CRT
3-year OS 31.3% 24.4%
Median survival 16.4 m 14.9 m
- CRT resulted in equivalent survival with preserved
esophagus
- Surgery significantly increased local control
- Survival curves appear to spread after 3 years but without
reaching statistical significance
- Patients responding to induction therapy appear to have
good prognosis regardless of surgical intervention
OS
S
CRT
FLRP
S
CRT
24. Pathologic CR
• Pathologic CR in randomized clinical trials
- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy – 2.5% to 15%
- Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy – 10% to 28%
• Several trials have demonstrated improved survival in patients
achieving pCR
25. Pathologic CR
Study Patients who
underwent surgery
Median survival (mo) Survival (%) P value
Urba (2001) pCR 14
No pCR 36
49.7
12
3y 64
19
P = 0.01
Chirieac (2005) pCR 77
No pCR 158
133
10.5 to 38.1
5y 65
29
P = 0.003
Swisher (2005) pCR 86
PR 98
> 50% Residual 53
3y 74
54
24
P < 0.001
Berger (2005) pCR 42
PR 13
No response 76
50
49
25
5y 48
34
15
P = 0.015
26. New Strategies
• Incorporation of new chemotherapy agents
Taxanes, irinotecan, oxaliplatin
• Addition of a targeted agent
- COX-2 inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, bevacizumab
• Intensification of neoadjuvant therapy
- Triplets with concomitant RT (CF + taxane)
- Triplets without RT (ECF, CF + taxane)
• Induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoratiotherapy
27. Conclusions
• Surgery remains the mainstay for a curative approach in esophageal cancer
• Neoadjuvant RT does not appear to decrease local relapse or improve survival
in patients with resectable esophageal cancer
• The role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy remains undefined with a small 5-year
benefit obtained in a meta-analysis but conflicting results from two large
randomized trials
• The impact of the MAGIC trial is unclear due to the small number of patients
with esophageal cancer
• NCCN v1.2005: Preoperative chemotherapy is not recommended as the
standard of care
28. Conclusions
• Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has been widely accepted in US despite the
lack of conclusive evidence from phase III trials
The confirmatory trial CALGB 9781 was terminated early due to poor accrual
• Benefit from trimodality therapy may be restricted to patients achieving
significant response or pCR and non-responders may have worse outcome
compared with patients treated with surgery only
• Small benefit observed in the 4 published meta-analysis may change with the
inclusion of Burmeister’s study
Ongoing Cochrane review
• NCCN v1.2005: Although neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy represents a
reasonable approach, it remains investigational due to conflicting results from
RCTs
29. Conclusions
• Surgery following neoadjuvant chemoratiotherapy improves
local and regional control but not overall survival
• Post-therapy pathologic status may be a better predictor for
outcome than the baseline clinical AJCC staging system
• The pathologic status achieved with neoadjuvant therapy may
provide an early surrogate benchmark to speed up comparative
trials
30. Conclusions
• Distant relapse continues to be a major challenge in patients
presenting with locally advanced disease
• More intense chemotherapy regimens using third-generation
agents may increase the eradication of micrometastatic disease
• Patients treated with induction chemotherapy may benefit from
early evaluation of response to avoid unnecessary delays in
surgery
• Larger randomized trials of neoadjuvant chemotherapy or
chemoradiotherapy are needed to identify optimal regimens
capable of producing higher pCR rates with acceptable toxicity