The for loop in C# allows iterating over arrays and sequential processing by executing statements within a code block as long as a condition remains true. The for loop syntax includes initialization, condition, and step components. For example, a for loop can initialize a counter variable, check if the counter is less than or equal to a maximum count, and increment the counter each iteration to print the values 1 through 4. All components of the for loop are optional, allowing an infinite loop with no initialization, condition, or step.