This document summarizes a study on the bycatch of franciscana dolphins in artisanal gillnet fisheries in Uruguay. The study was conducted in two stages from 2004-2006 to update estimates after a 12-year data gap. In the first stage, 13 fisheries along the Uruguayan coast were monitored monthly to identify those interacting with franciscanas. In the second stage, five fisheries, including in the Rio de la Plata estuary and Atlantic Ocean coastal region, were selected for monitoring. 26 fishermen recorded fishing effort and any franciscana bycatch. Estimates of bycatch per unit effort were calculated based on fishing effort in linear units multiplied by hours and also per
Rescue and handling of Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus in Venez...ConBiVe
Given the importance of the rescue and rehabilitation
of confiscated manatees from illegal traffic or accidental
fishery entanglements, the handling and transport of
two Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus
in the ‘Llanos’ of Apure state in Venezuela is
described. In 1992, two ♀ calves were confiscated in
the region of Arichuna in the Apure River and transported
to a lagoon at the Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones
Agropecuarias, Biruaca, for rehabilitation. Data
about age, size, weight and haematological values were
recorded. In 1994, one of the manatees was transferred
to the Parque Zoologico y Botanico Bararida, Barquisimeto,
in order to form a breeding pair and start a
captive-breeding programme. Successful reproduction
was achieved in 2007, 2011 and 2013. In 1995, the
second ♀ Antillean manatee was released into a natural
environment in Santa Luisa Cattle Ranch, Apure state.
The confiscation, rescue, rehabilitation and transport
(by land and air) of these two ♀ Antillean manatees
were carried out satisfactorily.
The origin of introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) - in the Santa C...International Aquafeed
Salmon and trout have been transplanted to habitats throughout the world and self-sustaining populations have been successfully established globally, with the exception of Antarctica (MacCrimmon 1971; Quinn et al. 1996; Nielsen 1996). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was first introduced into Argentinean Patagonia, the southernmost region of South America, at the turn of the twentieth century and eventually became the most conspicuous freshwater species in major river basins of the region (Pascual et al. 2002b).
On the-intriguing-occurrence-of-rhinoclemmys-punctularia-daudin-1801-in-coast...racheltrans
The document reports on the discovery of two specimens of the turtle species Aperema punctularia in coastal areas of eastern Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. This species is typically found in northern Brazil and the discoveries represent a significant range extension. The turtles were found over 1,000 km from the nearest confirmed population, raising questions about whether they represent an invasive species or natural population. Further surveys are needed to understand their origin and occurrence in this region, which underscores the importance of conservation in these threatened coastal habitats.
This is a summary of the three-week international survey of the vaquita refuge in heavily fished waters of the northern Gulf of California of the coast of Mexico's Baja California state. It shows what can be accomplished with a fresh effort in the fall of 2021.
The expedition included scientists and conservationists from Mexico, the United States and Canada.
This document summarizes information on the Robaloscion wieneri fish species. Some key points:
1) R. wieneri is a threatened fish species endemic to the northern Humboldt Current off Peru and Chile. It was once common but is now rare due to overfishing and other threats.
2) The species reaches up to 140 cm in length and 35 kg in weight. It inhabits sandy and pebbly beaches and shallow coastal waters. Little is known about its reproduction.
3) Main threats include overfishing, decreased river flows, bycatch, and lack of protection or management. Conservation efforts are needed such as fishing restrictions and habitat protection.
This study examined differences between lionfish captured on the Atlantic versus Caribbean sides of Vieques, Puerto Rico. The researchers measured lionfish weight, length, sex, and stomach contents. They found no statistically significant differences between lionfish on the two sides in terms of weight, length, sex ratio, or diet. This suggests lionfish are similarly successful in the different marine habitats along each coast of Vieques.
2 freshwater stingrays (potamotrygonidae)- status, conservation and manageme...pryloock
Potamotrygonidae, or freshwater stingrays, are the only elasmobranchs adapted to freshwater. They are found in rivers throughout South America. There are approximately 18 species in this family. They face several threats including ornamental trade, bycatch, and habitat loss. They have low fecundity and slow growth, making them vulnerable. Conservation is challenging due to restricted ranges and lack of data. Management involves quotas and bans on exporting some species internationally for the ornamental trade.
Rescue and handling of Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus in Venez...ConBiVe
Given the importance of the rescue and rehabilitation
of confiscated manatees from illegal traffic or accidental
fishery entanglements, the handling and transport of
two Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus
in the ‘Llanos’ of Apure state in Venezuela is
described. In 1992, two ♀ calves were confiscated in
the region of Arichuna in the Apure River and transported
to a lagoon at the Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones
Agropecuarias, Biruaca, for rehabilitation. Data
about age, size, weight and haematological values were
recorded. In 1994, one of the manatees was transferred
to the Parque Zoologico y Botanico Bararida, Barquisimeto,
in order to form a breeding pair and start a
captive-breeding programme. Successful reproduction
was achieved in 2007, 2011 and 2013. In 1995, the
second ♀ Antillean manatee was released into a natural
environment in Santa Luisa Cattle Ranch, Apure state.
The confiscation, rescue, rehabilitation and transport
(by land and air) of these two ♀ Antillean manatees
were carried out satisfactorily.
The origin of introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) - in the Santa C...International Aquafeed
Salmon and trout have been transplanted to habitats throughout the world and self-sustaining populations have been successfully established globally, with the exception of Antarctica (MacCrimmon 1971; Quinn et al. 1996; Nielsen 1996). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was first introduced into Argentinean Patagonia, the southernmost region of South America, at the turn of the twentieth century and eventually became the most conspicuous freshwater species in major river basins of the region (Pascual et al. 2002b).
On the-intriguing-occurrence-of-rhinoclemmys-punctularia-daudin-1801-in-coast...racheltrans
The document reports on the discovery of two specimens of the turtle species Aperema punctularia in coastal areas of eastern Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. This species is typically found in northern Brazil and the discoveries represent a significant range extension. The turtles were found over 1,000 km from the nearest confirmed population, raising questions about whether they represent an invasive species or natural population. Further surveys are needed to understand their origin and occurrence in this region, which underscores the importance of conservation in these threatened coastal habitats.
This is a summary of the three-week international survey of the vaquita refuge in heavily fished waters of the northern Gulf of California of the coast of Mexico's Baja California state. It shows what can be accomplished with a fresh effort in the fall of 2021.
The expedition included scientists and conservationists from Mexico, the United States and Canada.
This document summarizes information on the Robaloscion wieneri fish species. Some key points:
1) R. wieneri is a threatened fish species endemic to the northern Humboldt Current off Peru and Chile. It was once common but is now rare due to overfishing and other threats.
2) The species reaches up to 140 cm in length and 35 kg in weight. It inhabits sandy and pebbly beaches and shallow coastal waters. Little is known about its reproduction.
3) Main threats include overfishing, decreased river flows, bycatch, and lack of protection or management. Conservation efforts are needed such as fishing restrictions and habitat protection.
This study examined differences between lionfish captured on the Atlantic versus Caribbean sides of Vieques, Puerto Rico. The researchers measured lionfish weight, length, sex, and stomach contents. They found no statistically significant differences between lionfish on the two sides in terms of weight, length, sex ratio, or diet. This suggests lionfish are similarly successful in the different marine habitats along each coast of Vieques.
2 freshwater stingrays (potamotrygonidae)- status, conservation and manageme...pryloock
Potamotrygonidae, or freshwater stingrays, are the only elasmobranchs adapted to freshwater. They are found in rivers throughout South America. There are approximately 18 species in this family. They face several threats including ornamental trade, bycatch, and habitat loss. They have low fecundity and slow growth, making them vulnerable. Conservation is challenging due to restricted ranges and lack of data. Management involves quotas and bans on exporting some species internationally for the ornamental trade.
Charo et al 2020 sbe meeting 2020 final2MelisaCharo
This document summarizes research on a marine deposit located near Villalonga Channel in southern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The deposit contains two levels: a basal level composed solely of the bivalve Ostrea stentina dated to 43,000 years ago, and a bottom level with diverse marine fauna dated to 28,700-38,500 years ago. The presence of O. stentina, which has a predominantly tropical distribution, suggests the basal level may correlate with the warm Marine Isotope Stage 11 around 400,000 years ago. This would indicate warmer sea surface temperatures in the study area during the Middle-Late Pleistocene.
2010 araujo et al stranding of masturus lanceolatusvfalcao
This document summarizes the stranding of a rare sunfish, Masturus lanceolatus, in the estuary of the Una River in Brazil. The fish was found alive but debilitated by local fishermen. Analysis revealed the fish had a high parasite load in its liver from nematodes and tapeworms, causing malnutrition as seen by its low body weight. It also showed signs of entanglement in fishing nets and shark attacks that mutilated its fins, hindering movement. The parasite infection and injuries likely caused the fish to drift and be washed against the reefs near the estuary before stranding. This represents the first recorded occurrence of this species on the coast of Pernambuco state in northeast
This letter to Mexico's President is from A. Alonso Aguirre, Executive Director of the Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation.
More:
Can Technology and Tourism Sustain Mexico's Sea Turtles? http://nyti.ms/10bjIcH
Mamiferos do brasil lista conservaçao internacionalBreno Grisi
This document provides an annotated checklist of the 701 species of mammals known to occur in Brazil, representing 243 genera and 50 families within 12 orders. It is an updated version of a previous 1996 checklist, incorporating recent taxonomic revisions. The majority of Brazilian mammal species are non-endemic, arboreal species with broad geographic distributions. The Amazon biome harbors the greatest mammalian diversity, including many species not found elsewhere in Brazil. Rodents and bats comprise over half of all Brazilian mammal species. While the number of described species has increased since 1996, most new records are likely due to advances in taxonomy rather than the discovery of entirely new species.
This study identified 62 species of gastropods belonging to 35 families that were associated with Sargassum seaweed beds in the São Sebastião Channel region of Brazil. A total of 13,945 individual gastropods were collected, with the three most abundant families being Cerithiidae, Phasianellidae, and Columbellidae. The dominant species included Bittiolum varium, Eulithidium affine, Mitrella dichroa, Anachis fenneli, and Costoanachis sertulariarium. Juvenile specimens of many species were also found, indicating that the seaweed beds serve as a nursery for gastropod development. The high diversity and
species composition of intertidal marine macroalgae in san francisco canaoay,...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The Philippines occupy the north of coral triangle, a huge area overlapping the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and is famous for its extremely rich marine biodiversity. The taxonomical study of seaweeds started on the year 1750 and towards the end of the 20th century[1]. In Ilocos Sur, a comprehensive study on the marine benthic algae was made by Domingo in 1988.In this study, he reported 103 species, with 91 species reported for the first time for the province[2].As to this date, no taxonomical study made in San Francisco-Canaoay. This study used site description, Exhaustive Line Transect Method.The macroalgae recorded in San Francisco-Canaoay in the open area of the coastlines includeone genus&sevenspecies of Phaeophyta, one genus&one species of Chlorophyta, and one genus &nine species of Rhodophyta. The larger number of Rhodophyta can be attributed to the presence of abundant nutrients in the area and the luminosity of light of 35, 000 Lux value, which was favorable for the photosynthetic macroalgae.The specimens identified,58% were Phaeophyta, 34% were Chlorophyta, and 8% were Rhodophyta.There were more red algaes (Rhodophyta) in the open area due to the nature of these plant-like protists to thrive in running water with many nutrients. The number of brown algaes (phaeophyta) are not affected by the conditions of the water because of their toughness as compared to the aforementioned nature of red algaes[3].
The vaquita, the tiny dolphin of the northern Gulf of California, is speeding toward extinction, an international marine mammal specialist group has concluded. Prime threats are fishing, including a new illegal China-fueled trade in swim bladders from a large fish species, the totoaba. This is the report.
This document describes two new species of tarantula in the genus Avicularia found in Brazil, and redescribes an existing species, Avicularia diversipes. The three species are endemic to the Atlantic rainforests of Brazil and potentially threatened. They have unusual characteristics like an extremely long and spiraled embolus in A. diversipes and multilobular spermathecae in A. sooretama. The conservation status of the species is discussed due to threats from habitat loss and illegal trafficking. Protecting areas in Bahia, Brazil is recommended as well as including the species on IUCN and CITES lists to limit trafficking.
We report the first genetic analysis of archeological maize specimens from the site of San Lorenzo (1,500-700 BP) (Azapa valley, Arica, Chile). Ancient DNA was successfully isolated from 11 archeological maize grains. The Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (Adh2) gene was analyzed because it has a highly variable region due to the presence of a microsatellite region around -28 to -8, which consists of GA repeats that may be present in three types GAn, GAnTA and GA1AA1GAn, which is used as an informative region of the routes of initial dispersion of maize. Five Adh2 alleles were obtained and the alignment of these sequences according to the variable region revealed the presence of the three types of GA repeated. Our results do not provide sufficient evidence to reject any maize spread model proposed. This is the first report focused on genetic analysis of maize associated with an archeological site in Chile.
Diversity of Butterflies (Rhopalocera) inBulusukan (San Idelfonso, Bulacan, P...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
There are 1,615 species and sub species of butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1991), LUBG San Fernando La Union has 104 species recorded they belong to 6 families and 66 genera(Nacua et al2015).In Manila,Nacua (2016) 22 species of butterflies belong to 6 families 17 genera were also recorded. Thisstudyseeks to determine the species composition, conservation status, richness and abundance of butterflies in the town of Bulusukan, a community in San Ildefonso, Bulacan province (Luzon Island, Philippines). The opportunistic transect sampling method was used to collect butterflies. Collection was done at daytime on August 6, 2016 from 8 am up to 5 pm in areas with GPS of 15°04'26.0652"northand 121°02'39.9588"east near the vicinity of Bulusukan Cave.Species richness and butterfly diversity in all areas sampled was calculated. A dendogram showing 75% species abundance was accounted and comes mostly from the secondary dipterocarp forest. Graphium antiphates Cramer, Ypthima semperaand Ptychandra lorquini-lorquini were found to be endemic to Bulusukan. Butterflies were observed to be attracted to shady forest areas consisting of mosses clinging on metamorphic rocks along a river and includes species from the families Nymphalidae and Papilionidae. This study was able to identify 21 butterfly species with 19 genera 2 of them are rare and 2 endemic species of butterflies in Bulusukan. It is recommended to continue further study for wet and dry season.
Molecular and cytogenetic phylogeography of h. malabaricuscmvolcker
Claudio Michael Völcker
Jorge A. Dergam
Molecular and karyotypic phylogeography in the Neotropical Hoplias malabaricus (Erythrinidae) fish in eastern Brazil
Study of the diet of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis of the exclusive...Innspub Net
The diet of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis was studied from samples collected in the coastal waters of
Côte d'Ivoire, for 12 months. According to the qualitative analysis of the stomach contents of all these animals,
fish and crustaceans represented respectively, 50.23% and 38.65% of the examined stomachs are the most
regularly consumed prey. The monthly evolution of the vacuity coefficient shows that this index varies according
to the sexual cycle. Juveniles feed primarily on crustaceans. The stomachs bowl of the adults contains fish but
also crustaceans and cephalopods whose frequencies are relatively significant, which would let think that Sepia
officinalis changes trophic behavior in connection with the evolution of its physiological state and that at the
adult state, the animal acquires performances which enable him to apprehend the preys with fast movements in
fact the fish.
Kelly Timmer is being highly recommended by her mathematics professor, Yashowanto N. Ghosh. Ghosh has known Kelly for three and a half years where she took four of his mathematics classes and ranked in the top five percent of all students he has taught. Kelly is described as highly intelligent, hardworking, conscientious, and able to quickly discern the most relevant parts of problems to be an effective problem solver. She also works well in teams, takes on leadership roles effectively, and communicates well both orally and in writing. Ghosh is confident Kelly will continue to be successful in her career.
Introduction of BIM/openBIM for FM personell with examples of two systems utilizing models.
Introduksjon av BIM/åpenBIM for driftspersonell med to eksempler på bruk av modeller i programvare for drift.
This is a digital storytelling presentation from a Discovery Education Network Day of Discovery at the University of San Diego in June 2012.
The use of CSI was to get folks to picture themselves and investigators that collect resources to tell an engaging story.
Banana Paradiso - By Galorian (in Vietnamese)Sharon Gal Or
Why is it that we conceive the fruit of knowledge as an apple? It is more likely to appear as a banana!
Họa sỹ thiết kế: Hao-Yu Tseng
Người dịch: Wendy Phùng
This document contains a quiz on communications and mass media concepts with 40 multiple choice questions. It also includes a link to a complete online course on cultural communications. The quiz questions cover topics such as machine-assisted communication, mass media effects, advertising, journalism, public relations, regulation of media industries, and new technologies.
Iriarte (2004). Ocurrencia de orcas en Isla de Lobos, UY. Tesis de Licenciatura.Ver Iriarte
Este documento resume una pasantía de investigación sobre la ocurrencia de orcas (Orcinus orca) en Isla de Lobos, Uruguay. Se realizaron muestreos durante 7 períodos entre enero y noviembre de 2003, observando grupos de 3 o más orcas en 6 ocasiones en mayo y junio. Los comportamientos observados incluyeron forrajeo, desplazamiento y interacción social. La baja presencia de orcas se discute considerando factores como productividad oceánica, ecología y comportamiento de la especie.
Charo et al 2020 sbe meeting 2020 final2MelisaCharo
This document summarizes research on a marine deposit located near Villalonga Channel in southern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The deposit contains two levels: a basal level composed solely of the bivalve Ostrea stentina dated to 43,000 years ago, and a bottom level with diverse marine fauna dated to 28,700-38,500 years ago. The presence of O. stentina, which has a predominantly tropical distribution, suggests the basal level may correlate with the warm Marine Isotope Stage 11 around 400,000 years ago. This would indicate warmer sea surface temperatures in the study area during the Middle-Late Pleistocene.
2010 araujo et al stranding of masturus lanceolatusvfalcao
This document summarizes the stranding of a rare sunfish, Masturus lanceolatus, in the estuary of the Una River in Brazil. The fish was found alive but debilitated by local fishermen. Analysis revealed the fish had a high parasite load in its liver from nematodes and tapeworms, causing malnutrition as seen by its low body weight. It also showed signs of entanglement in fishing nets and shark attacks that mutilated its fins, hindering movement. The parasite infection and injuries likely caused the fish to drift and be washed against the reefs near the estuary before stranding. This represents the first recorded occurrence of this species on the coast of Pernambuco state in northeast
This letter to Mexico's President is from A. Alonso Aguirre, Executive Director of the Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation.
More:
Can Technology and Tourism Sustain Mexico's Sea Turtles? http://nyti.ms/10bjIcH
Mamiferos do brasil lista conservaçao internacionalBreno Grisi
This document provides an annotated checklist of the 701 species of mammals known to occur in Brazil, representing 243 genera and 50 families within 12 orders. It is an updated version of a previous 1996 checklist, incorporating recent taxonomic revisions. The majority of Brazilian mammal species are non-endemic, arboreal species with broad geographic distributions. The Amazon biome harbors the greatest mammalian diversity, including many species not found elsewhere in Brazil. Rodents and bats comprise over half of all Brazilian mammal species. While the number of described species has increased since 1996, most new records are likely due to advances in taxonomy rather than the discovery of entirely new species.
This study identified 62 species of gastropods belonging to 35 families that were associated with Sargassum seaweed beds in the São Sebastião Channel region of Brazil. A total of 13,945 individual gastropods were collected, with the three most abundant families being Cerithiidae, Phasianellidae, and Columbellidae. The dominant species included Bittiolum varium, Eulithidium affine, Mitrella dichroa, Anachis fenneli, and Costoanachis sertulariarium. Juvenile specimens of many species were also found, indicating that the seaweed beds serve as a nursery for gastropod development. The high diversity and
species composition of intertidal marine macroalgae in san francisco canaoay,...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The Philippines occupy the north of coral triangle, a huge area overlapping the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and is famous for its extremely rich marine biodiversity. The taxonomical study of seaweeds started on the year 1750 and towards the end of the 20th century[1]. In Ilocos Sur, a comprehensive study on the marine benthic algae was made by Domingo in 1988.In this study, he reported 103 species, with 91 species reported for the first time for the province[2].As to this date, no taxonomical study made in San Francisco-Canaoay. This study used site description, Exhaustive Line Transect Method.The macroalgae recorded in San Francisco-Canaoay in the open area of the coastlines includeone genus&sevenspecies of Phaeophyta, one genus&one species of Chlorophyta, and one genus &nine species of Rhodophyta. The larger number of Rhodophyta can be attributed to the presence of abundant nutrients in the area and the luminosity of light of 35, 000 Lux value, which was favorable for the photosynthetic macroalgae.The specimens identified,58% were Phaeophyta, 34% were Chlorophyta, and 8% were Rhodophyta.There were more red algaes (Rhodophyta) in the open area due to the nature of these plant-like protists to thrive in running water with many nutrients. The number of brown algaes (phaeophyta) are not affected by the conditions of the water because of their toughness as compared to the aforementioned nature of red algaes[3].
The vaquita, the tiny dolphin of the northern Gulf of California, is speeding toward extinction, an international marine mammal specialist group has concluded. Prime threats are fishing, including a new illegal China-fueled trade in swim bladders from a large fish species, the totoaba. This is the report.
This document describes two new species of tarantula in the genus Avicularia found in Brazil, and redescribes an existing species, Avicularia diversipes. The three species are endemic to the Atlantic rainforests of Brazil and potentially threatened. They have unusual characteristics like an extremely long and spiraled embolus in A. diversipes and multilobular spermathecae in A. sooretama. The conservation status of the species is discussed due to threats from habitat loss and illegal trafficking. Protecting areas in Bahia, Brazil is recommended as well as including the species on IUCN and CITES lists to limit trafficking.
We report the first genetic analysis of archeological maize specimens from the site of San Lorenzo (1,500-700 BP) (Azapa valley, Arica, Chile). Ancient DNA was successfully isolated from 11 archeological maize grains. The Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (Adh2) gene was analyzed because it has a highly variable region due to the presence of a microsatellite region around -28 to -8, which consists of GA repeats that may be present in three types GAn, GAnTA and GA1AA1GAn, which is used as an informative region of the routes of initial dispersion of maize. Five Adh2 alleles were obtained and the alignment of these sequences according to the variable region revealed the presence of the three types of GA repeated. Our results do not provide sufficient evidence to reject any maize spread model proposed. This is the first report focused on genetic analysis of maize associated with an archeological site in Chile.
Diversity of Butterflies (Rhopalocera) inBulusukan (San Idelfonso, Bulacan, P...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
There are 1,615 species and sub species of butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1991), LUBG San Fernando La Union has 104 species recorded they belong to 6 families and 66 genera(Nacua et al2015).In Manila,Nacua (2016) 22 species of butterflies belong to 6 families 17 genera were also recorded. Thisstudyseeks to determine the species composition, conservation status, richness and abundance of butterflies in the town of Bulusukan, a community in San Ildefonso, Bulacan province (Luzon Island, Philippines). The opportunistic transect sampling method was used to collect butterflies. Collection was done at daytime on August 6, 2016 from 8 am up to 5 pm in areas with GPS of 15°04'26.0652"northand 121°02'39.9588"east near the vicinity of Bulusukan Cave.Species richness and butterfly diversity in all areas sampled was calculated. A dendogram showing 75% species abundance was accounted and comes mostly from the secondary dipterocarp forest. Graphium antiphates Cramer, Ypthima semperaand Ptychandra lorquini-lorquini were found to be endemic to Bulusukan. Butterflies were observed to be attracted to shady forest areas consisting of mosses clinging on metamorphic rocks along a river and includes species from the families Nymphalidae and Papilionidae. This study was able to identify 21 butterfly species with 19 genera 2 of them are rare and 2 endemic species of butterflies in Bulusukan. It is recommended to continue further study for wet and dry season.
Molecular and cytogenetic phylogeography of h. malabaricuscmvolcker
Claudio Michael Völcker
Jorge A. Dergam
Molecular and karyotypic phylogeography in the Neotropical Hoplias malabaricus (Erythrinidae) fish in eastern Brazil
Study of the diet of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis of the exclusive...Innspub Net
The diet of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis was studied from samples collected in the coastal waters of
Côte d'Ivoire, for 12 months. According to the qualitative analysis of the stomach contents of all these animals,
fish and crustaceans represented respectively, 50.23% and 38.65% of the examined stomachs are the most
regularly consumed prey. The monthly evolution of the vacuity coefficient shows that this index varies according
to the sexual cycle. Juveniles feed primarily on crustaceans. The stomachs bowl of the adults contains fish but
also crustaceans and cephalopods whose frequencies are relatively significant, which would let think that Sepia
officinalis changes trophic behavior in connection with the evolution of its physiological state and that at the
adult state, the animal acquires performances which enable him to apprehend the preys with fast movements in
fact the fish.
Kelly Timmer is being highly recommended by her mathematics professor, Yashowanto N. Ghosh. Ghosh has known Kelly for three and a half years where she took four of his mathematics classes and ranked in the top five percent of all students he has taught. Kelly is described as highly intelligent, hardworking, conscientious, and able to quickly discern the most relevant parts of problems to be an effective problem solver. She also works well in teams, takes on leadership roles effectively, and communicates well both orally and in writing. Ghosh is confident Kelly will continue to be successful in her career.
Introduction of BIM/openBIM for FM personell with examples of two systems utilizing models.
Introduksjon av BIM/åpenBIM for driftspersonell med to eksempler på bruk av modeller i programvare for drift.
This is a digital storytelling presentation from a Discovery Education Network Day of Discovery at the University of San Diego in June 2012.
The use of CSI was to get folks to picture themselves and investigators that collect resources to tell an engaging story.
Banana Paradiso - By Galorian (in Vietnamese)Sharon Gal Or
Why is it that we conceive the fruit of knowledge as an apple? It is more likely to appear as a banana!
Họa sỹ thiết kế: Hao-Yu Tseng
Người dịch: Wendy Phùng
This document contains a quiz on communications and mass media concepts with 40 multiple choice questions. It also includes a link to a complete online course on cultural communications. The quiz questions cover topics such as machine-assisted communication, mass media effects, advertising, journalism, public relations, regulation of media industries, and new technologies.
Iriarte (2004). Ocurrencia de orcas en Isla de Lobos, UY. Tesis de Licenciatura.Ver Iriarte
Este documento resume una pasantía de investigación sobre la ocurrencia de orcas (Orcinus orca) en Isla de Lobos, Uruguay. Se realizaron muestreos durante 7 períodos entre enero y noviembre de 2003, observando grupos de 3 o más orcas en 6 ocasiones en mayo y junio. Los comportamientos observados incluyeron forrajeo, desplazamiento y interacción social. La baja presencia de orcas se discute considerando factores como productividad oceánica, ecología y comportamiento de la especie.
This course examines how public policy shapes New York City and its society. Students will analyze aspects that contribute to successful cities, as well as failed attempts to revive cities, including economic development, crime, education, housing, and organized crime. The course uses theories from social sciences to understand cultural, political, and social forces influencing urban areas. Students are required to complete writing assignments analyzing local news coverage of urban issues and a case study paper on a New York City policy, conflict, or development project. The course aims to provide a practical framework for understanding the relationship between government, individuals, and society in urban settings.
La Misura “Intervento straordinario per la competitività” è disciplinata dall’Avviso pubblicato sul Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Campania n. 64 del 02/11/2015 con una dotazione finanziaria pari a 120 milioni di euro.
La Misura prevede l’erogazione di finanziamenti riservati alle PMI operanti nel settore
industriale
commerciale
turistico
valorizzazione del patrimonio artistico, culturale e naturalistico.
Beneficiari
Micro, piccole e medie imprese, incluse le società consortili
attive da almeno due anni all’atto della presentazione della domanda, devono avere almeno una sede operativa in Campania, requisito quest’ultimo che, se non esistente all’atto della presentazione della domanda, deve essere posseduto dall’impresa al momento della stipula del contratto di finanziamento.
The document is a graphic designer's portfolio that includes examples of their branding, logo design, and photography work. It contains 3 sections - Brand Identity Design, Logo Design, and Photography. For each project, it provides details on the client and their requirements, and the designer's concepts and solutions. The portfolio is meant to showcase the designer's creative process and skills to potential clients.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang pengertian bentrokan kepentingan dan contoh kasus bentrokan kepentingan yang terjadi saat penyelenggaraan kontes kecantikan Miss World 2013 di Indonesia. Bentrokan kepentingan terjadi ketika dua individu atau kelompok memiliki kepentingan yang berbeda dalam hal ekonomi, sosial, budaya, politik. Dalam kasus Miss World 2013, penyelenggaraan acara ini mendapat tentangan dari organisasi masyarakat karena dianggap
The document outlines Lady Gaga's social media strategy for 2017. The objectives are to promote her new album and grow her online fan base. A social media audit found Instagram generated the most engagement. The strategy involves increasing content across channels, especially live video on Facebook. Key dates and roles are defined. Metrics like follower counts and engagement rates will measure success.
Carrion, Fernando. la ciudad construida, urbanismo en america latinaUrba2014
Este documento discute las nuevas tendencias de urbanización en América Latina en el contexto de tres procesos: 1) Cambios demográficos como tasas decrecientes de urbanización y envejecimiento poblacional. 2) La globalización que requiere de ciudades estratégicas. 3) El desarrollo tecnológico, especialmente en comunicaciones, que reduce barreras espaciales y modifica la geografía. Estos procesos apuntan a un nuevo patrón de urbanización basado en el retorno a las ciud
CARMONA, Marisa. Globalización y cambios conceptuales en el desarrollo urbanoUrba2014
Carmona, Marisa. Globalización y cambios conceptuales en el desarrollo urbano (Capitulo 1) en Globalizacion y Grandes Proyectos. La respuesta de 25 ciudadades. Ediciones Infinito.Buenos Aires.Año 2005
The document discusses the making of a film poster. It will be created in Adobe Photoshop due to the group's experience with the software and its tools for editing images. The film's messages of forgiveness, love, and loss/death will be conveyed through the portrayal of the protagonist as a ghostly or spiritual character using techniques like costume, makeup, and transparency. Conventions for film posters like following the rule of thirds for image placement and including the title will be followed. The protagonist will be depicted in a pale, windswept manner to suggest her ghostly nature without revealing too much of the plot.
This document summarizes evidence of "fishing down" coastal food webs in the Gulf of California over the past 30 years. Fisheries have shifted from catching large, long-lived predatory fish like sharks and groupers to smaller, short-lived species lower on the food chain. The maximum size of fish in catches has decreased 45 cm in just 20 years. While some total catches have increased, catch-per-unit-effort has declined for most species groups after 1980 due to a dramatic increase in fishing effort, particularly gillnets. This intensive fishing has not only impacted target species populations but also caused community-wide changes in fish assemblages. Coastal fisheries in the Gulf of California appear unsustainable
1) The study assessed the ecosystem services of the Southern Llano River in Texas by examining fish, invertebrate, and habitat characteristics.
2) A variety of sampling methods found 17 fish species present, with blacktail shiner and Guadalupe bass being most abundant. Invertebrate sampling identified several orders including mayflies and dragonflies.
3) Habitat measurements showed riparian vegetation ranging from 30-100% cover and suitable water quality parameters.
Population dynamics of 15 fish species in Grand-Lahou lagoon (West Africa, Cô...Open Access Research Paper
This study described growth, mortality, recruitment patterns and exploitation rates of 15 fish species in Grand-Lahou lagoon (Côte d’Ivoire). Monthly length-frequency data collected from artisanal fisheries from November 2013 to October 2014 were analyzed with FiSAT software using the ELEFAN package to estimate the population parameters of fishes. Asymptotic values for total length (L∞) ranged from 15.75 cm for Synodontis schall to 59.80 cm for Trachinotus teraia. Growth rate (k) varied from 0.19 for Coptodon guineensis to 0.98 for Caranx hippos. The growth performance index estimates were close to the values found by other authors for most of the fish species. The total mortality (Z) high values were recorded for Synodontis schall (Z= 4.15 year-1; M = 2.50 year-1) Schilbe mandibularis (Z= 2.19 year-1; M=1.33 year-1). Fishing mortality (F) and exploitation rate (E) were found to be less than the optimum levels of exploitation for most fish species. The exploitation rate (E) was higher than the maximum sustainable yield (Emax) for Caranx hippos and higher than E0.5 for Eucinostomus melanopterus, Elops lacerta and Synodontis schall. Recruitment was noted as year-round and bimodal for most studied populations. These results demonstrate that some fish stocks necessitate effective management measures particularly C. hippos, E. melanopterus, E. lacerta and S. schall.
This study analyzed historical tag and recapture data from over 8,600 barred sand bass tagged in southern California between the 1960s and 1990s to understand their spawning-related movements. The data suggest barred sand bass reside at spawning grounds like Huntington Beach Flats for approximately one month during peak spawning season. While most non-spawning season recaptures occurred within 1 km of spawning locations, migrant fish averaged 13 km in movement away from spawning sites after spawning. The study also found evidence of site fidelity, as barred sand bass tended to return to the same spawning locations in subsequent years.
Growth patterns, sex ratios and fecundity estimates in blue crab (callinectes...Alexander Decker
- The study investigated growth patterns, sex ratios, and fecundity estimates in blue crab (Callinectes amnicola) from Yewa River in southwest Nigeria between June 2011 and May 2012.
- A total of 250 crabs were collected ranging from 5.2-14.8 cm in length and 8.2-165 g in weight. Growth was negative allometric for both sexes. The sex ratio was 1 male to 1.45 females.
- Fecundity estimates ranged from 260,000 to 2,150,692 eggs. Relationships between fecundity and carapace length and weight were determined. The study provides baseline data on the population dynamics of blue crab
This document summarizes a study on the fisheries of the Keta Lagoon in Ghana. The Keta Lagoon supports important artisanal fisheries. Experimental fishing was conducted at three sites from 2010-2012 to study species composition, catch per unit effort, fishing methods, and fish sizes. A total of 21 fish species were recorded, with Tilapia guineensis, Sarotherodon melanotheron, Ethmalosa fimbriata, and Callinectes amnicola being most abundant. Length-weight relationships showed isometric growth for the dominant species. Species diversity was highest at Woe and lowest at Anyanui. Mean lengths and condition factors were estimated for the main species
India is rich in natural resources and the annual harvestable fishery potential of the country is estimated to be 3.48 million
tones. It is established that the fish biodiversity of the country is diminishing at an alarming rate in all the aquatic zones. The
data on species diversity of fishes from Uran coast revealed presence of 31 species of which 3 species of Chondricthyes
representing 2 genera and 2 families and 28 species of Osteicthyes representing 28 genera and 23 families were recorded. Of the recorded species, 55 % belonged to Order Perciformes, 10 % to Clupeiformes, 6 % each to Rajiformes, Mugiliformes and Anguilliformes, 3 % each to Aulopiformes, Carcharhiniformes, Pleuronectiformes, Siluriformes and Tetraodontiformes. Among the recorded species, ribbon fishes/spiny hair tail (Lepturacanthus savala), croakers (Johnius soldado), dhoma (Sciaena dussumierii) and gold spotted grenadier anchovy (Coilia dussumierii) are abundant where as Bleeker’s whipray (Himantura bleekeri), Sharp nose stingray (H. gerrardi) and Spotted Green Puffer fish (Tetraodon nigroviridis) were rare. Stripped mullet (Mugil cephalus), cat fish (Mystus seenghala), three stripped tiger fish (Terapon jarbua) and mudskippers (Boleophthalmus boddarti) were very common. At present, the yield of fin-fish resources from Uran coast is optimum; it is decreasing day by day due to coastal pollution affecting the status of the local fishermen because of which they are looking for other jobs for their livelihood.
Keywords: Fin-fish Resources, Species diversity, JNPT, Uran, Navi Mumbai
Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Keralapaperpublications3
Abstract: The fishes are one of the most important, vertebrate, provided rich protein sources for human and several animals and important elements in the economy of many countries. Fish diversity essentially represents the fish faunal diversity. The survey was undertaken during the period from February 2016 to july 2016 in the region of Vettathukadavu, in Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. The major objective of this study was to find out the biodiversity status of fishes in the Vettathukadavu region of Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. Conservation status of fishes was assessed by IUCN Conservation status. The Survey of the studied stretch of backwater were resulted in recording of 25 fish species belonging to 6 orders and 15 familes. Of the 25 species reported during the study, 15 are least concern, 1 is critically endangered, 1 is vulnerable, 6 species are not evaluated and 2 species are not reported in IUCN Red.
Keywords: Icthyofauna, Biodiversity, IUCN, Endangered.
Title: Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Kerala
Author: Remya.R, Dr. S.Amina
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Pathogenic Bacteria in Corals from Veracruz Reef System National Park IJMER
The Veracruz Reef System National Park (PNSAV) is situated in front of Veracruz-Boca del
Río and Antón Lizardo conurbation with approximately 65,516 hectares. In 1992 this reef system was
declared a Natural Protected Area and in 2006 it became Biosphere reserve. Despite this recognition,
the PNSAV is exposed to anthropogenic effects such as river discharge, port traffic, tourism, and waste
discharges; all this causes sediment and bacteria, which affect corals. Studies conducted by PNSAV
show the presence of diseases and syndromes in scleractinian corals but do not denote the causal agent
of the disease. For this reason, the present study aimed to make the diagnosis of bacteria causing
damages to the scleractinian coral and its relation to discharges from areas of influence of PNSAV. 12
fixed 80 meter transects were established and coral samples were collected from the genera:
Colpophyllia, Montastraea, Porites and Siderastrea. The lesions identified as criteria for the collection
were bands, marks and spots on the body of the coral. The sample was run in duplicate, both the affected
and the visually healthy. A microbiological analysis of wastewater from point sources of pollution was
performed. The coral and water samples were analyzed by simple PCR in laboratory of the Instituto
Tecnológico de Boca del Río in Veracruz (ITBOCA). Primers of pathogenic bacteria include species of
the genera Oscillatoria, Vibrio, Serratia y Aurantimonas. There was a positive presence of Vibrio
bacteria with an 87% in the water samples and a 27.1% in coral tissue. The bacteria Serratia
marcescens was only present in water samples and the Aurantimona coralicida in diseased coral tissue.
It was also noted that there is a relationship in bacteria in the positive presence of 3-point sources of
pollution and coral tissue.
Evaluation of the oyster farming potential of the Cintra bay (southern Morocco)Origins publication
The bay of Cintra is a marine ecosystem located in the southern Moroccan Atlantic known for its
biological richness and therefore for its high fishery productivity. This bay was chosen as a new destination for the
development of aquaculture in the southern regions of Morocco. To highlight its potential in terms of oyster
farming, a first rearing trial of triploid cupped oysters (Crassostrea gigas) as well as parallel monitoring of the
phytoplankton population and ecological parameters were undertaken. The results obtained showed that the oysters
adapt well to the conditions of the new environment where mortality was negligible, or even absent after a month
of launching. In terms of biological performance, the growth of individuals is continuous during the annual cycle
and after eight months the weight could reach 30.5 g which is a minimum weight for marketing. The AFNOR and
Lawrence and Scott indices showed a good physiological state and a better commercial quality of the oysters. The
filling rate of these oysters, with an average weight of 39.7g when lifting, is very high according to the Lawrence and
Scott index (126.3) and the average AFNOR index (around 21.8) rank them in the “Special” category.
Food and feeding habits of the brackish river prawn (macrobrachium macrobrach...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the food and feeding habits of the brackish river prawn (Macrobrachium macrobrachion) in the Great Kwa River estuary in Nigeria. Stomach contents from 200 prawns collected over six months were analyzed. A variety of food items were found, including detritus, diatoms, algae, mud, sand, fish bones, insect parts, and more. Detritus was the most common food item based on frequency of occurrence. Insect parts were the most abundant food item based on numerical analysis. The study concludes that M. macrobrachion is an omnivorous detritivore that feeds opportunistically on available food
RIPLEY !! .. In Peru 3.2 million tonnes of anchovy are extinguishedRevista PERUPESQUERO
- A scientific cruise in 2014 by the Instituto del Mar del Peru (Imarpe) to assess the Peruvian anchovy resource showed serious contradictions, finding the lowest biomass observed in the last decade at 1.45 million tons despite earlier estimates of 6.6 million tons.
- The acoustic assessment method used is inadequate under conditions of moderate El Niño warming and kelvin waves, which can cause anchovies to deepen, spread, or migrate, leading to an undervaluation of biomass.
- Imarpe failed to comply with its own protocol for acoustic evaluations by conducting only 165 trawl hauls when 200-600 are recommended, calling the results into question.
- Over 3.
RIPLEY !! .. In Peru 3.2 million tonnes of anchovy are extinguishedRevista PERUPESQUERO
- A scientific cruise conducted by Imarpe in 2014 to assess Peruvian anchovy stocks found serious contradictions in the methodology used and failures to strictly follow the approved protocol.
- The estimated biomass of 1.45 million tons was likely an underestimate given moderate El Niño conditions and the inadequacy of acoustic assessment methods in such conditions.
- Imarpe failed to comply with its own 2009 protocol which recommends 200-600 trawl hauls to reduce biases, conducting only 165 trawl sets and 55 purse seine sets, resulting in very low total catches that call the reliability of the results into question.
1) A 2014 survey by Imarpe estimated the biomass of Peruvian anchovy at 6.6 million tons, but just 7 months later estimated it at only 1.45 million tons, a discrepancy of over 5 million tons.
2) The survey methods used, including only 165 trawl hauls and small purse seine boats, went against Imarpe's own protocol and likely led to an undervaluation of the true biomass.
3) Given reported catches of 1.8 million tons during this period, if the biomass did not increase at all, over 3.2 million tons of anchovy are unaccounted for and may have migrated to other areas or stuck close to the coast
This study examined patterns of extirpation of ten grouper species in five marine areas in the Philippines based on interviews with 1,245 fishers and underwater surveys from 1950-2014. Fishers reported substantial declines in catch per unit effort (CPUE) for all ten species, ranging from 14.5-66.7% for normal days and 17.7-63.1% for good days. Underwater surveys found four of the ten species with very low sightings. Historical data also showed declines in grouper populations and catches since the 1980s. The results provide evidence that overfishing and habitat degradation have likely made grouper species vulnerable to depletion and possible local extinction if not properly managed.
Lavides et al 2016_reef fish disappearances Philippines_Plos One.PDFMargarita Lavides
This document summarizes a research article that uses fishers' knowledge to infer patterns of disappearance of coral reef finfish species in five marine biodiversity areas in the Philippines. Through interviews with over 2,600 fishers, the study identified 59 finfish species that have disappeared from catches between the 1950s and 2014. Five species that were reported to have zero catches by the most fishers were analyzed in more detail. Statistical models estimated an 88% decline in the catch of green bumphead parrotfish, an 82% decline in humphead wrasse, a 66% decline in African pompano, a 74% decline in giant grouper, and a 64% decline in mangrove red snapper based on
LEVANTAMENTO TAXONOMICO PRELIMINAR DA ICTIOFAUNA DA LAGUNA DA TIJUCA, RIO DE...volcker
This document summarizes a preliminary taxonomic study of the ichthyofauna of Jacarepagua Lagoon in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It describes the 16 fish families studied in the lagoon, including Elopidae, Clupeidae, Ariidae, Poeciliidae, Anablepidae, Mugilidae, Atherinidae, Centropomidae, Carangidae, Gerreidae, Sciaenidae, Gobiidae, Cichlidae, Bothidae, Soleidae and Synoglossidae. It provides details on the study locations and collection methods, and presents a table listing the fish species captured in each sampling station by season. The study aims
Invasive fish in Cyprus, by I Dive CyprusIDiveCyprus
The last two decades we have been observing a number of new species in the coastal waters of Cyprus while Scuba Diving. The overfishing of local stocks is affecting the populations of fish in Cyprus, and an initiative is been executed with the creation of Artificial Reefs and underwater structures. During this time however a number of invasive fish are seen and monitored by I Dive Cyprus. This study explains the characteristics of this new inhabitants. For more information I Dive Cyprus, Protara 29, Shop 4-6 Peotaras Cyprus 5296
Occurrence of whirling disease symptoms in cultured common carp in Basrah, IraqDrNajimRKhamees
A total of 128 fish samples including 70 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758,10 Leuciscus vorax (Heckel, 1843), 40 Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) and eight Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843) were collected during the period from November 2016 to May 2017. Seven different localities (floating cages, earthen ponds and natural water) in Basrah were investigated. Among some detected fish diseases, whirling
disease symptoms was reported for the first time in Iraq in April 2017, from two C. carpio cultured in earthen fish ponds of Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah.
The infested fish were dwarfed, with abnormal big head and small body. Grossly signs of the diseases represent fins and tail deformities in addition to open ulcers and losing of scales, and necrosis of skin and muscles. Internally, fish suffered of muscles
ecchymosis and vertebral deformities. Histological sections revealed that the spinal cord had healthy structure.
Similar to Bycatch-of-Pb-in-artisanal-gillnet-Uruguay-Franco-Trecu-etal-2009-LAJAM (20)
Verónica Iriarte _ The Rufford Small Grants for Nature ConservationVer Iriarte
This document summarizes a conservation project studying interactions between fisheries and freshwater dolphins in the Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves in Brazil. The project aims to understand incidental captures, intentional killings, and competition for resources between boto and tucuxi dolphins and local fisheries. Fieldwork in 2012 focused on surveying sectors in both reserves, speaking to fishermen about bait usage and productivity, and analyzing biological samples from any dolphin carcasses found to determine causes of death. The goal is to generate conclusive data on dolphin habitat areas, threats from fisheries, impacts of fisheries on dolphin populations, and the use of dolphins as bait to help develop management
Un grupo de investigadores realizó una expedición al río Purus en Brasil para estimar la abundancia de delfines. Contaron 2,581 delfines, la mayoría tucuxis y botos, en solo 5 días. Esto supera los conteos anteriores en otros ríos amazónicos y muestra que el Purus es un hábitat importante para los delfines. Sin embargo, existe presión por la cacería ilegal de delfines para la pesca, por lo que se necesitan esfuerzos de conservación y monitoreo continuo de las poblaciones.
Este documento resume un estudio de mamíferos marinos en el Atlántico Sudoccidental y el Pasaje de Drake. Los investigadores realizaron observaciones a bordo de un barco entre noviembre de 2005, avistando cetáceos y pinnípedos. Registraron especies como delfines, ballenas, orcas y focas. No observaron un patrón de distribución de cetáceos con respecto a la latitud, pero las focas fueron más frecuentes entre los 35° y 42°S.
Este documento presenta un resumen de las bases para la conservación y el manejo de la costa uruguaya. Contiene capítulos escritos por varios autores expertos sobre la geología, flora, fauna, pesquerías y áreas protegidas de la costa, así como amenazas como especies invasoras. El objetivo final es generar conocimiento científico para la protección sostenible de este importante ecosistema costero.
This document provides an executive summary of the SPLASH study which was a large, international collaborative study of humpback whale populations in the North Pacific. The study involved over 50 research groups collecting identification photos and biopsy samples from 2004-2006 in both winter breeding and summer feeding areas. It found that the population has increased to around 18,000-21,000 whales, double previous estimates. The population shows a complex structure with fidelity to specific wintering and feeding areas but some interchange between areas. Some regions like Asia have low abundance estimates and whales there face threats.
This document summarizes a study that estimated the seasonal abundance and distribution of cetaceans off the coast of Southern California using data from 16 quarterly ship-based surveys between 2004-2008. The surveys covered an area of 238,494 km2 from nearshore waters to 700 km offshore. Abundance estimates were determined for the 11 most commonly encountered species based on 693 encounters, and were calculated separately for summer-fall and winter-spring periods as well as for shallow (<2000.5 m) and deep (≥2000.5 m) waters. Density estimates showed seasonal variations by depth for some species, with the highest densities generally occurring in summer-fall in shallow waters for species like blue whales and common dolphins.
This document provides a final report on estimating the abundance of blue whales off the US West Coast using photo identification from 2004-2006. 481 unique blue whales were identified from coastal surveys during this period. Additionally, 38 whales were identified from broad-scale ship surveys and 7 from fine-scale surveys. Mark-recapture analysis estimated the blue whale population at 2,842, higher than previous estimates, though with high uncertainty. Abundance estimates using different methods tended to increase over time, though fluctuated substantially.
Este documento presenta un resumen de 3 oraciones:
El documento es una tesis que analiza las vocalizaciones de la orca (Orcinus orca) en el sur del Golfo de California a través del uso de instrumentos acústicos como un hidrófono autónomo (HARP), un hidrófono de arrastre y sonoboyas. El estudio tuvo como objetivo categorizar y describir las diferentes vocalizaciones discretas detectadas en el área, las cuales fueron nombradas GoCa1 a GoCa6. El documento también agradece a las diferentes personas e instituciones
1. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 7(1-2): 11-22, December 2009 ISSN 1676-7497
1
Received on 23 March 2009. Accepted on 3 September 2009. Managed by Daniel Palacios.
2
Proyecto Franciscana/Cetáceos Uruguay, Sección Etología - Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, CP 11400,
Montevideo, Uruguay.
* Corresponding author, e-mail: franciscana@fcien.edu.uy.
3
Reeves, R.R., Dalebout, M.L., Jefferson, T.A., Karczmarski, L., Laidre, K., O’Corry-Crowe, G., Rojas-Bracho, L., Secchi, E.R., Slooten,
E., Smith, B.D., Wang, J.Y., Zerbini, A.N. and Zhou, K. (2008) Pontoporia blainvillei. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>.
4
Crespo, E.A. (2000) Report of the Third Workshop for Coordinated Research and Conservation of the Franciscana Dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei)
in the Southwestern Atlantic. Reported to the Convention of Migratory Species (UNEP), June 1998, Bonn, Germany, Unpublished. 23p.
BY-CATCH OF FRANCISCANA PONTOPORIA BLAINVILLEI IN URUGUAYAN ARTISANAL
GILLNET FISHERIES: AN EVALUATION AFTER A TWELVE-YEAR GAP IN DATA COLLECTION1
VALENTINA FRANCO-TRECU2
,*, PAULA COSTA, CAROLINA ABUD2
,
CATERINA DIMITRIADIS2
, PAULA LAPORTA2
, CECILIA PASSADORE2
AND MARÍA SZEPHEGYI2
ABSTRACT: The franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) is the most threatened small cetacean in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.
ItsincidentalcaptureintheUruguayanfisheriesoftheAtlanticoceaniccoast(AOC)hasbeenrecordedsince1940andwassystematically
studied from 1974 to 1994, providing the most recent by-catch per unit of effort estimate (BPUE) for the AOC region (0.0064 franciscanas
per 1000m net per fishing set). The lack of new by-catch data during the past 12 years has led to a data gap in by-catch estimates for
the species in Uruguay. The current study was developed in two separate stages, a first stage (July 2004 - December 2005) designed
to identify fisheries that interact with franciscana, and a second stage (2006), designed to determine new BPUE and franciscana
mortality estimates for the selected fisheries. During the first stage, 13 artisanal fisheries of the Uruguayan coast were visited monthly,
while in the second stage five fisheries (including the Rio de la Plata estuary and the AOC) were selected for monitoring. During 2006,
26 fishermen recorded all the information related to each fishing event, allowing the estimation of fishing effort calculated in linear
units multiplied by hour (FEL
). We also estimated a fishing set (FES
) based by-catch rate which allowed the comparison with previously
reported results. For 2006, the BPUEL
(based on FEL
) was estimated at 0.0020 franciscanas per 1000m net per hour and the BPUES
at
0.0286 franciscanas per 1000m net per fishing set. The BPUEL
was extrapolated to the surveyed fishing fleets during 2006, resulting in
a mortality estimate of 289 (95% CI: 266-350) franciscanas. Based on the fishing dynamics reported herein, we consider the BPUEL
the
most accurate estimate of by-catch for the Uruguayan coast. This research updates the values of BPUE in the AOC after a 12-year
information gap and includes the first by-catch evaluation in the Uruguayan estuarine coast. We highly recommend an abundance
estimation of the species to complement the information reported herein in order to know the current status of franciscana dolphin
population in Uruguay.
RESUMEN: El delfín franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) es el pequeño cetáceo más amenazado de Atlántico Sudoccidental. La captura
incidental de franciscanas en las pesquerías uruguayas de la costa del Océano Atlántico (AOC) ha sido registrada desde 1940 y
relevada sistemáticamente entre 1974 y 1994; brindando el último valor de Captura Por Unidad de Esfuerzo (BPUE) en la AOC
uruguaya (0,0064 franciscanas por1000m de red por lance). La ausencia de nuevos valores de BPUE durante 12 años produjo una
carencia de datos sobre la captura incidental de la especie en Uruguay. El presente estudio fue realizado en dos períodos, el primero
(Julio 2004-Diciembre 2005) con el objetivo de identificar las pesquerías que interactuaban con la franciscana, y el segundo período
(año 2006) para determinar la BPUE y mortalidad de la franciscana en las pesquerías seleccionadas. En el primer período se visitaron
mensualmente 13 pesquerías artesanales de la costa uruguaya, mientras que en el segundo se monitorearon cinco de ellas (incluyendo
elestuariodelRíodelaPlataylaAOC).Duranteel2006,26pescadoresregistrarontodoslosdatosdecadaeventodepesca, permitiendo
la estimación del esfuerzo pesquero calculado en unidades lineales por hora (FEL
). Además, para comparar nuestros resultados con
los previamente reportados, estimamos una tasa de captura incidental por eventos de pesca (FES
). Para el año 2006, el valor de BPUEL
(basada en FEL
) fue 0,0020 franciscanas cada 1000m de red por hora y el de BPUES
fue 0,0286 franciscanas por 1000m de red por
evento de pesca. El BPUEL
fue extrapolado a la flota de las pesquerías relevadas durante 2006, resultando en una mortalidad de 289
(95% IC: 266-350) franciscanas. Debido a la dinámica pesquera aquí presentada, consideramos que el valor de BPUEL
es el más
adecuado para la costa uruguaya. Este trabajo actualiza la BPUE en la AOC luego de 12 años de ausencia de datos e incluye por
primera vez la evaluación de las capturas de franciscana en la costa estuarina uruguaya. Es altamente recomendable estimar la
abundancia de la especie para complementar la información aquí reportada y conocer su estado de conservación en Uruguay.
KEYWORDS: Atlantic Ocean, Río de la Plata, Uruguayan coast, franciscana dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei, by-catch, artisanal fishery,
gillnet, mortality
Introduction
The franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) is an endemic
dolphin of the coasts of Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina.
It inhabits waters from shore to 55km offshore and up
to a water depth of 40m (Pinedo et al., 1989), or 60m off
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Danilewicz et al., 2002). These are
the main areas of operation of the artisanal and
industrial coastal fishing fleets. Recent evaluations of
the franciscana status point out that the reported by-
catch values are not sustainable (Secchi, 1999; Kinas,
2002; Secchi and Wang, 2002; Secchi et al. 2003; Reeves
et al., 20083
). Because of this, the franciscana is currently
considered the most endangered small cetacean in the
southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Praderi et al., 1989;
Crespo, 20004
), with an estimated mortality of roughly
2. 12 V.FRANCO-TRECU et al.
Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 7(1-2): 11-22, December 2009
2800 individuals per year along its distribution range
(Ott et al., 2002; Secchi et al., 2003). Considering that this
species, like other large vertebrates, has a low
reproductive potential, high by-catch rates might cause
population decline and increase the risk of extinction
(Secchi et al., 2002). Since 2008, the species has been
classified as vulnerable throughout its entire distribution
range (Reeves et al., 2008).
For the Uruguayan fisheries, the earliest records of
franciscana by-catch date back to 1940 and are related to
the development of shark fisheries in Punta del Diablo
(Van Erp, 1969). During the first systematic study carried
out in the five most important fisheries of the Atlantic
Ocean coast (AOC) (La Paloma, Cabo Polonio, Valizas,
Punta del Diablo and La Coronilla; see Figure 1) from
1974 to 1994, annual by-catch records for franciscanas
ranged from 418 individuals in 1974 to 66 in 1994 (Praderi,
19975
) (see Table 1). The highest values of incidental
mortality were recorded in Punta del Diablo and Valizas,
where the highest fishing effort was recorded.
Figure 1. Map showing the artisanal fisheries monitored along the Uruguayan coast (numbers between brackets indicate fishermen
contacted exclusively in the first stage of this study). 1:Carmelo (4), 2: Colonia (3), 3: Juan Lacaze (4), 4: Kiyú (4), 5: Playa Pascual (2), 6:
Pajas Blancas, 7: Neptunia, 8: San Luis, 9: Piriápolis, 10: Punta del Este (5), 11: La Paloma, 12: Cabo Polonio, 13: Valizas (6) and 14: Punta
del Diablo (5). White dots show localities surveyed in the second stage of the study.
5
Praderi, R. (1997) Análisis comparativo de estadísticas de captura y mortalidad incidental de Pontoporia blainvillei en Uruguay durante
20 años. Pages 42-53 in Pinedo, M. C. and Barreto, A. S. (Eds) Anais do 2º Encontro sobre Coordenação de Pesquisa e Manejo da Franciscana.
1994. FURG: Rio Grande, Brazil.
3. BY-CATCH OF FRANCISCANA IN URUGUAYAN ARTISANAL GILLNET FISHERIES 13
Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 7(1-2): 11-22, December 2009
Franciscana by-catch in the Uruguayan AOC was higher
in summer (November-February), when large mesh nets
were used near shore at depths between 10 and 20m
(Praderi, 1997). To date, two studies addressing values
of by-catch per unit of effort (BPUE) have been
conducted for the Uruguayan AOC. The first one was
recorded for the periods 1975-1978 and 1980-1982, with
a maximum BPUE value of 0.0055 franciscanas per
1000m of net per fishing set (mean=0.0038, standard
deviation = 0.0012) recorded during 1981 (Crespo et al.,
19866
) (Table 1). The second by-catch estimate of 0.0064
franciscanas per 1000m of net per day was obtained from
a review of 20 years of information (1974-1994),
representing the most recent BPUE value for Uruguay
(Ott et al., 2002).
As the last study to estimate franciscana by-catch in
fisheries in Uruguay was conducted more than 12 years
ago (Praderi, 1997), current levels of incidental catches of
the franciscana are unknown and it is difficult to evaluate
the status of the population inhabiting the Uruguayan
coast. Such lack of information was mentioned in the most
recent regional workshops on the Biology and
Conservation of franciscana dolphin (Crespo, 2000; Secchi
et al., 2002). Furthermore, there are many artisanal fisheries
along the Río de la Plata coast of Uruguay (Galli, 20007
;
Norbis and Verocai, 2001) for which interactions with
franciscana have never been evaluated.
Hence, the aims of this study are i) to identify the
Uruguayan artisanal gillnet fisheries of the Río de la
Plata estuary (RPE) that interact with the franciscana
dolphin; and ii) to determine the by-catch rates and
annual mortality of franciscanas in the RPE and AOC.
Material and Methods
Study area
The study area encompasses 500km of the Uruguayan
coast, including the RPE and the AOC (Figure 1). The
Río de la Plata (34°00´-36°10´S, 55°00´-58°10´W) is a
coastal plain estuary draining the second largest basin
of South America (Guerrero et al., 1997; Mianzan et al.,
2001). It has a wide mouth where no barriers such as
cliffs or hills exist, so the action of winds, waves, tides
and currents are significant, inducing the mixing of
seawater and freshwater (Boschi, 1988). Considering its
main features and dynamics, the system can be classified
into three zones: the inner, middle and outer Río de la
Plata (see Figure 1), which can fluctuate and overlap
depending on the dominant wind and river discharge.
The inner section of Río de la Plata is located on the west
side of the Uruguayan coast and it is characterized by
the dominance of freshwater; the oceanic influence can
be detected only by the presence of tidal fluctuations.
1
Brownell, R. L. Jr. and Ness, R. (1970) Preliminary notes on the biology of the franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei,
(Cetacea: Platanistidae). Pages 23-28 in Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference on Biological Sonar Diving Mammals –
1969, Stanford Research Institute: Menlo Park, USA.
2
Brownell, R. L. Jr. and Praderi, R. (1974) Present research and conservation problems with the Franciscana, Pontoporia
blainvillei, in Uruguayan waters. ACMRR/FAO/Doc.23, December 16-19. La Jolla, California, USA.
YEAR FRANCISCANA DOLPHIN
INCIDENTALLY CAUGHT
AOC BPUE (FRANCISCANAS/
1000m OF NET X DAY)
SOURCE
1969 About 1500 - Brownell and Ness, 19701
1970 About 2000 - Pilleri, 1971
1971 -1973 536 - Brownell and Praderi 19742; Brownell 1975
1974 418 - Praderi, 1997
1975 225 0.0033 Crespo et al., 1986
1976 243 0.0025 Crespo et al., 1986
1977 254 0.0039 Crespo et al., 1986
1978 254 0.0027 Crespo et al., 1986
1980 120 0.0032 Crespo et al., 1986
1981 160 0.0055 Crespo et al., 1986
1982 165 0.0052 Crespo et al., 1986
1994 66 - Praderi, 1997
1974-1994 1905 0.0064 Ott et al., 2002
2006 80 0.0272 This study
Table 1. Numbers of franciscana dolphins incidentally caught and values of by-catch per unit of effort (BPUE; when were available) in
the artisanal gillnet fishery of the Atlantic Ocean coast (AOC) between 1969 and 1994 and for the present study (2006). BPUE data are
presented as linear values (1000m of net set per day).
6
Crespo, E.A., Perez Macri, G. and Praderi, R. (1986) Estado actual de la población de Franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei en las costas uruguayas.
Pages 92-105 in Castello, H.P. (Ed.) Actas I Reunión de Trabajo de Expertos en Mamíferos Acuáticos de América del Sur, Buenos Aires.
7
Galli, O. (2000) Pesca y seguridad alimentaria. Propuesta de ordenación de las pesquerías costeras y de la plataforma continental. In
REDES Red de ecología social amigos de la Tierra: Uruguay Sustentable, una propuesta ciudadana. Montevideo, Uruguay. 523p.
4. 14 V.FRANCO-TRECU et al.
Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 7(1-2): 11-22, December 2009
In the middle section, the marine influence is detected
by changes in tides, waves, and salinity, being the inner
limit of salt intrusion. The outer Río de la Plata extends
from Punta Rasa, Argentina, northwards to Punta del
Este, Uruguay. This section is highly dynamic, with
salinity varying from 5 to 30ppm, and is greatly
influenced by the adjacent Atlantic Ocean (Boschi, 1988;
Guerrero et al., 1997). This whole system constitutes the
spawning and breeding area for many invertebrate and
fish species (Macchi et al., 1996,; Acha et al., 1999; Macchi
and Acha, 2000; Vizziano et al., 2001; Macchi et al., 2003),
including the whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri),
which is the most commercially important coastal fish in
the region (Norbis et al., 1992; Acuña et al., 1996) and
spawns between October and March in the middle Río
de la Plata (Macchi et al., 1996; Jaureguizar et al., 2003).
In the adjacent Atlantic coast, wind regimes, river
discharge and the displacement of the Brazil-Malvinas
Confluence generate seasonal variability, with cold and
nutrient-rich sub-Antarctic waters dominating in winter,
and warm, nutrient-poor sub-tropical waters during
summer (Piola et al., 2000; Ortega and Martínez, 2007).
The confluence of these two currents produces one of the
most energetic and productive regions in the world
supporting large fisheries (Guerrero et al., 1997; Ortega
and Martínez, 2007; Lopes et al., 2006).
Sampling design
Surveys took place from July 2004 to December 2006 and
were divided into two stages, according to the aims of
the study. During the first stage (July 2004 - December
2005), 13 artisanal gillnet fisheries were visited on a
monthly basis along 500km of the Uruguayan coast. Nine
fisheries were located along the coast of the RPE,
including the inner (Figure 1: localities 1-3), middle
(Figure 1: localities 4-6); and external Río de la Plata
(Figure 1: localities 8-10). Four fisheries were located
along the AOC (Figure 1: localities 11-14).
During each visit of the first stage, fishermen were asked
about their fishing activities (fishing equipment used,
fishing grounds, and target species) and whether they
were aware of franciscana or had ever incidentally caught
this species (specifying relevant data such as date, place,
depth, and nets used). The first stage was very important
for this research because the researchers were able to learn
about the fisheries dynamics along the entire Uruguayan
coast and to get to know the fishermen and their
perceptions regarding the franciscana dolphin. It was also
essential to explain in detail to the fishermen the goals of
the following stage; to train them to obtain the information
needed for the second stage as well as to gain their
confidence and commitment to cooperate with the second
stageoftheinvestigation.Theinformationgatheredduring
this stage allowed the selection of a subset of fisheries to
work with during the second stage, based on fishing
frequency, strategy, and their knowledge of the species
and by-catch frequency (as indicators of franciscana
presence in the fishing area).
In the second stage (January - December 2006), the five
selected gillnet fishing localities were monitored on a
monthly basis. Three were located along 120km of the RPE
(Pajas Blancas, San Luis and Piriápolis) (Figure 1: 6, 8 and 9)
and two (La Paloma and Cabo Polonio) were located along
160km of the AOC (Figure 1: 11 and 12). In the first month,
we obtained details from the fishermen on vessel
characteristics (length, motor, gross registered tonnage,
number of fishermen). Also, a logbook was given to each
fisherman, who recorded the fishing operations including
date, fishing grounds, characteristics of the gear used
(number of nets, length, height, mesh size), setting details
(duration, depth and approximate distance from the coast),
and catches of both fish (kg) and franciscanas (number).
Researcherscopiedthedatafromlogbooksduringeachvisit,
but never took the logbook away from fishermen, allowing
them to have records of all fishing operations. Camera and
films were also given to the fishermen in order to record
events of dolphin interaction and fishing operations. In the
results section (Fisheries description) the monitored fisheries
during the second stage are described in detail (Table 2).
Data analysis
Based on data from logbooks gathered during the
second stage, fishing effort (FE) and franciscana BPUE
were calculated using two different approaches: one
considering total length of net and soaking time
(expressed as 1000m of net per hour; denoted as FEL
and
BPUEL
, respectively) and another based on the number
of fishing sets, determined as the total length of nets set
per fishing event (expressed as 1000m of net per set,
denoted as FES
and BPUES
, respectively) (Table 3). The
BPUES
was calculated in order to compare our results
with those previously reported for Uruguay and other
areas (Crespo et al., 1986; Praderi et al., 1989; Secchi et al.,
1997; Cappozzo et al., 20008
; Corcuera et al., 20009
; Ott
et al., 200010
; Di Beneditto, 2003; Secchi et al., 2004).
8
Cappozzo, H.L., Monzón, F., Pérez, J.E., Albareda, D. and Corcuera, J.F. (2000) Mortalidad del delfín Franciscana Pontoporia blainvillei en
la Provincia de Bs.As. Reporte Técnico WP24 presentado para el IV Workshop para a Coordinação da Pesquisa e Conservação da
Franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei, no Atlântico Sul Ocidental. 5-9 Noviembre, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
9
Corcuera, J.F., Monzón, I., Cornejo, J., Pérez, A., Beilis, M., Gingarelli, D., Albareda, D. and Arias, M. (2000) Mortalidad de Pontoporia
blainvillei en el norte de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Pages 75-80 in UNEP/CMS (Eds) Report of the Third Workshop for Coordinated
Research and Conservation of the Franciscana Dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) in the Southwestern Atlantic. 2000. UNEP/CMS, Bonn, Germany.
10
Ott, P.H., Moreno, I.B. and Danilewicz, D.S. (2000) Estimativa da mortalidade anual de Pontoporia blainvillei nas comunidades pesqueiras
do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Pages 65-67 in UNEP/CMS (Eds) Report of the Third Workshop for Coordinated Research
and Conservation of the Franciscana Dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) in the Southwestern Atlantic. 2000, UNEP/CMS, Bonn, Germany.
5. BY-CATCH OF FRANCISCANA IN URUGUAYAN ARTISANAL GILLNET FISHERIES 15
Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 7(1-2): 11-22, December 2009
BPUE was calculated as the number of franciscanas
caught divided by the fishing effort (Table 3). For all
BPUE we estimated standard errors based on bootstrap
(Efron and Tibshirani, 1993) of the observed data with
replacement using 1000 replicates.
Values of annual and seasonal franciscana by-catch, FEL
,
FES
, BPUEL
and BPUES
for the RPE, the AOC and the entire
Uruguayan coast were calculated for nets with different
mesh sizes (Table 3 and 4). As no extrapolation was done
for the non-monitored fisheries of the second stage, it is
important to keep in mind that the values presented herein
as from RPE were calculated using logbooks of Pajas
Blancas/San Luis, Neptunia and Piriápolis fishermen.
Similarly, those results referred to as AOC were calculated
using logbooks of La Paloma and Cabo Polonio fishermen
andtheonesfortheentireUruguayancoastwerecalculated
based only on the five fisheries mentioned above.
Relative frequencies of franciscana by-catch and FEL
were
analyzed according to distance from the coast and depth
(Figure 2). For the analyses, seasons were defined as
follows: summer, from 22 December to 21 March; autumn,
from 22 March to 21 June; winter, from 22 June to 21
September;andspring,from22Septemberto21December.
The mortality of franciscana for the selected fisheries was
determined as a stratified estimation by season for AOC
and RPE. The two zones were analyzed separately due
to observed differences in fishing strategies in relation to
the number of fishing sets and average seasonal effort
(see results). The confidence interval (CI: 2.5-97.5%) of
fishing effort by season was estimated from bootstrap-
based confidence limits. Both in RPE and AOC, seasons
vary in fishing strategy and effort conducted, and vessels
concentrate in certain fishing grounds. These features
gave us the possibility of extrapolating the data gathered
to fishermen not surveyed at these localities, for they use
the same fishing gears and grounds in each season. Thus,
values were extrapolated for the remaining fraction of
the fisheries studied, considering the monitored
fishermen as a representative sample of all fishermen
from such fisheries. Seasonal fishing effort employed by
each fisherman and the by-catch probability were
considered constant within each season. As for the FE
and BPUE values, mortality estimations for RPE, AOC
and the entire Uruguayan coast were calculated based
on, and extrapolating to, the monitored fisheries in the
second stage exclusively; no extrapolation was done for
the other artisanal fisheries mentioned in the first stage.
Differences were assessed with Mann-Whitney tests, as
the data showed non-normality (Shapiro-test) and the
significance was p < 0.05. All analyses were carried out
in R free software (R Development Core Team, 2008).
Results
Franciscana interactions with the artisanal gillnet fisheries
off the Uruguayan coast
During the first study stage, localities were identified
Table2.Characteristicsofthefisheriesmonitoredduring2006.
Thenumberofvesselsoperatingateachlocality,thenumberoffishermenthatgatheredtheirfishingdataonlogbooks,thepercentageoffishingvesselsmonitored,
characteristicsofthevessels(lengthinmeters,motor,grossregisteredtonnage),gearcharacteristics(NL:netlengthinkilometers;NH:netheightinmeters;and
MS:meshsizeincentimeters),durationofthesoakinhours(HR)andnumbersoffranciscanasreportedcaught(C)arepresented.
ZONELOCALITIESVESSELSOPERATINGFISHERMEN
PARTICIPATING
VESSELS
MONITORED
VESSEL
LENGTH
(m)
MOTOR
(HP)
GROSS
REGISTERED
TONNAGE
(GRT)
NL
(km)
NH
(m)
MS
(cm)
HR
(hrs)
C
PajasBlancas/
SanLuis
80-9078-9%
RPE
Piriápolis10-15210-13%
5.4-68-400.9-20.12-1.52-510-140.3-37.510
LaPaloma281450%10-18(aut/win);0.5-240(aut/win);
AOC
CaboPolonio33100%
5-1015-1701.35-101.2-7.21.2-5
18-36(spr/sum)2-2112(spr/sum)
70
6. 16 V.FRANCO-TRECU et al.
Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 7(1-2): 11-22, December 2009
where fishermen were familiar with franciscanas and
where franciscanas were known to interact with the
fishery. In the inner RPE, all the fishermen contacted in
the localities of Carmelo, Colonia and Juan Lacaze
(Figure 1) had never caught franciscanas in their fishing
operations or even heard about this dolphin. At Kiyú
and Playa Pascual, fishermen were aware of the species,
but few fishermen operated in these localities, and they
rarely caught franciscanas. Thus, these five fisheries
were excluded from the second study stage. Despite
Punta del Este (outer RPE) being an important fishery
in the RPE, long-line was the most used fishing gear
and no franciscana by-catch was recorded with it, thus
this locality was also excluded in the second stage of
the study. Along the AOC, franciscanas were reported
to interact with all artisanal fisheries, but Punta del
Diablo and Valizas were excluded due to the fisheries
dynamics. In both areas, fishing takes place only during
a few months per year (winter - spring) preventing an
annual evaluation. At Punta del Diablo during recent
years, red shrimps (Pleoticus muelleri) have become one
of the main targeted species of the fishery. Although
franciscana prey upon shrimps, the net used to catch
red shrimps does not represent a problem for the species
(Segura et al., 2008). At Valizas, the big sand barrier
deposited in the mouth of the Valizas creek prevents
fishing operations most of the year. In future studies,
the exclusion of Punta del Diablo and Valizas needs to
be re-evaluated, as changes in the fisheries dynamics
are likely to occur. While we are aware that franciscana
by-catch occurs in these fisheries, the dynamics did not
allow an annual follow-up because our intermittent
visits precluded the development of a relationship with
the fishermen and the data collected was unreliable. In
addition, during summer months, fishermen perform
other activities that hinder the access to data.
Fisheries description
Based on the fishery characteristics at each locality, the
reported interactions with franciscana, and logistic
reasons, the localities selected for study during the
second stage were: Pajas Blancas, San Luis, Piriápolis,
La Paloma and Cabo Polonio (Figure 1, Table 2). Most
fishermen showed willingness to cooperate with this
study; however, there were differences among the
fisheries of RPE and AOC.
Río de la Plata estuary (RPE)
In the RPE, nine out of 90-105 fishermen from three
localities (Pajas Blancas/San Luis, Piriàpolis and
Neptunia) recorded their fishing activities in the
logbooks during the second stage. Pajas Blancas and San
Luis are considered as a single fishery because
fishermen (and often their families) usually move
between both areas following the target species (i.e.
the whitemouth croaker migration). In this fishery, the
largest in this zone, where 80-90 boats operate during peak
activity, seven fishermen were monitored using logbooks.
Table3.Seasonalandannualnumbersoffranciscanasreportedcaught(C),fishingeffort(FE),by-catchperunitofeffort(BPUE)andfishingevents,offranciscanadolphinintheartisanal
gillnetfisheryoftheRíodelaPlataestuary(RPE)andAtlanticOceancoast(AOC)andUruguayancoastduring2006.
FEL
=NLxNNxHR;whereNLcorrespondstothelengthofthenet(km),NNtothenumberofnetsandHRtothetime(inhours)thatthenetsremainedinthewater
(expressedas1000mofnetsetperhour).FES
=NLxNN(expressedas1000mofnetperset).BPUEL
=C/FEL
(expressedasnumberoffranciscanascaughtper1000m
ofnetperhour).BPUES
=C/FES
(expressedasnumberoffranciscanascaughtper1000mofnetperset).
RPEAOCURUGUAYANCOAST
CFELBPUEL
FISHING
EVENTS
FESBPUESCFELBPUEL
FISHING
EVENTS
FESBPUESCFELBPUELFESBPUES
Summer1155.65
0.0064
(±0.0013)
5039.55
0.0253
(±0.0220)
1721669.30
0.0008
(±0.0006)
369551.40
0.0308
(±0.0146)
1821824.95
0.0008
(±0.00059)
590.95
0.0305
(±0.0132)
Autumn91075.55
0.0084
(±0.0020)
8055.13
0.1633
(±0.0392)
65531.96
0.0011
(±0.0008)
269624.42
0.0096
(±0.0095)
156607.51
0.0023
(±0.0007)
679.55
0.0221
(±0.0113)
Winter0101.92
0.0000
(±0.000)
11872.10
0.0000
(±0.000)
146350.15
0.0022
(±0.0031)
297859.98
0.0163
(±0.0165)
146452.07
0.0022
(±0.0022)
932.08
0.0150
(±0.0130)
Spring0315.34
0.0000
(±0.000)
6449.78
0.0000
(±0.000)
335113.44
0.0065
(±0.0026)
258541.26
0.0610
(±0.0320)
335428.78
0.0061
(±0.0021)
591.04
0.0558
(±0.0258)
Annual101648.46
0.0061
(±0.0009)
312216.56
0.0462
(±0.0094)
7038664.85
0.0018
(±0.00067)
11932577.06
0.0272
(±0.0080)
8040313.31
0.0020
(±0.0007)
2793.62
0.0286
(±0.0177)
7. BY-CATCH OF FRANCISCANA IN URUGUAYAN ARTISANAL GILLNET FISHERIES 17
Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 7(1-2): 11-22, December 2009
This represents only 8-9% of the total fleet, considering
monthly and seasonal variations. Two fishermen were
monitored in Piriápolis, where the number of boats
operating varied between 10 and 15 (Table 2). During
June 2006, all fishermen who worked with the logbooks
moved to the fourth location, Neptunia (Figure 1: 7). This
locality was not monitored during the first study stage
and was not originally included in the second stage
selection. However, Neptunia was added because of the
size of the fleet (ca. 120 boats) arriving from nearly all
fisheries of the RPE following the occurrence of great
concentrations of whitemouth croaker. Such
unpredictable movements of the fishermen along the Río
de la Plata coast following the target species sometimes
prevented us from contacting them on a monthly basis.
The main target species along the year is the whitemouth
croaker, although in some seasons they also target other
species like bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), Brazilian
codling (Urophycis brasiliensis), parona leatherjacket
(Parona signata), stripped weakfish (Cynoscion
guatucupa), king weakfish (Macrodon ancylodon) and
Brazilian menhaden (Brevoortia aurea). Most cases in
which gillnets remained only few minutes in the water
were due to the use of echo sounding equipment (Table
2). Such equipment enables them to locate the school of
fish and set the nets accurately in position and time.
Atlantic Ocean coast (AOC)
A total of 17 fishermen were contacted in this zone,
where fishermen homes are stable and the monthly
follow up of activities was easier than in RPE. Two
localities were visited: La Paloma, where 14 fishermen
(i.e. 50% of the total fishery) were contacted, and Cabo
Polonio, where all fishermen were visited (n=3; Table
2). All fishermen recorded every fishing event in their
logbooks and considered it a good method for having
their own fishing records.
In these fisheries the main target species during winter-
autumn was the narrownose smooth-hound (Mustelus
schmitti), followed by sciaenid fishes such as the
whitemouth croaker and the stripped weakfish. During
spring-summer the fishery targeted mainly the angel
sharks (Squatina spp.), followed by tope sharks
(Galeorhinus galeus), sand tiger sharks (Carcharias taurus),
sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus) and
hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna sp.) (see Table 2).
Franciscana by-catch
In 2006, considering the whole study area, 80
franciscanas were reported as incidentally captured and
in all cases, they were caught dead. As data were not
complete for all fishing trips (e.g. number of franciscanas
caught per depth or mesh size), the number of captures
used in the analyses varies according to the different
variables considered.
In RPE, 10 franciscanas were incidentally caught; nine of
them in autumn and one in summer (Table 3). The FEL
was
higherinautumn(65%)(Table3),within9kmfromthecoast
(85%) where all recorded franciscanas were caught. The
depth where most (61%) of the FEL
was employed ranged
from 6 to 10m, and accounted for 90% of the recorded by-
catch (Figure 2a). Most (92%) FEL
occurred when using nets
of mesh sizes of 10-12cm, in which all recorded franciscanas
were incidentally caught (Table 4).
In AOC, the by-catch of 70 franciscanas was recorded
and most of them occurred in spring (47.1%), followed
by summer (24.3%), winter (20%) and autumn (8.6%). In
this area the FEL
was higher in summer (56%) (Table 3),
when sharks are the target species and nets used have a
minimum of 18cm of stretched mesh size, and are set close
to shore. Most fishing effort (78%) took place within 9km
of shore, where 59 (84%) of the recorded franciscanas
were caught. The FEL
was similar in depths of 16-20m
and 21-25m (31% and 29%, respectively); however, the
greatest total number of franciscanas reported (n=17;
30%) was recorded in depths of 21-25m (H=5.46; p<0.05)
(Figure 2b). FEL
was greater with 10-12cm mesh size nets
(26%); however, franciscana by-catch was greatest (n=30
or 43%) when using nets of 18-20cm stretched mesh size,
which accounted for only 22% of the total FEL
(Table 4).
Figure 2. Linear fishing effort (FEL
: 1000m of net set per hour) and franciscana dolphin catches by depth (m) in (a) Río de la Plata
estuary (RPE) and (b) Atlantic Ocean coast (AOC) in 2006.
8. 18 V.FRANCO-TRECU et al.
Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 7(1-2): 11-22, December 2009
The annual BPUEL
for the entire Uruguayan coast was
0.0020 (SD= 0.0007) franciscanas per 1000m per hour,
but there was an inverse seasonal relationship
between FEL
and BPUEL
(Table 3), with spring having
the greatest BPUEL
and the least FEL
; while summer
had the greatest fishing effort and the smallest BPUEL
(FEL
: H = 5.95; P = 0.014). The annual BPUEL
(as
franciscanas per 1000m per hour) for the RPE was
0.0061 (SD= 0.0009) and for the AOC was 0.0018 (SD=
0.00067). In the RPE, the BPUEL
was greatest in the
season with the highest FEL
, while in AOC the highest
BPUEL
was reported during the season with the least
FEL
(Table 3).
When the fishing effort was based on fishing events
(1000m per set; FES
), the annual BPUES
for the entire
Uruguayan coast was 0.0286 (SD= 0.0177) franciscanas
per 1000m per set. This measure of FES
varied between
seasons (P < 0.05 in all cases) and was greatest during
winter, while the greatest BPUES
occurred in spring
(Table 3). The annual BPUES
(expressed as
franciscanas per 1000m per set) was 0.0462 (SD=
0.0094) for the RPE and 0.0272 (SD= 0.0080) for the
AOC. Number of fishing events recorded, FES
and
BPUES
per area and season are shown in Table 3.
By-catch of other species such as Phocoena spinipinnis,
Arctocephalus australis, Otaria flavescens, Chelonia
mydas, Dermochelys coriacea and Caretta caretta were
recorded occasionally.
Mortality
From the recorded by-catch, the estimated mean annual
mortality of franciscanas, calculated as the sum of the
mortalities per area and season, in the surveyed
Uruguayan fisheries was 289 (CI: 266-350) individuals
in 2006. In the AOC and in the RPE, the mean estimated
mortality was 195 (CI: 181-232) and 94 (CI: 85-118)
franciscanas, respectively. Seasonal and annual values
of mortality for the RPE, AOC and the Uruguayan coast
are shown in Table 5.
Discussion
The first study stage was important for understanding
the dynamics of the fishery and to approach fishermen
and improve their trust, so data collected during the
second stage would be more reliable. Although during
the first stage of this work the collaboration of individual
fishermen interviewed varied, the committed work of
some fishermen encouraged others to participate. The
strategy of work, where researchers emphasized the
importance of proper recording of data on each visit and
responded to questions and demands of the fishermen
led to a strong commitment between the two parts. It
also turned into a sense of ownership and responsibility
by the fishermen for being a fundamental part of the
research as they were the ones who collected the data
onboard. Hence, in the second stage, most fishermen
recorded data of their fishing events in the logbook on a
continuous basis. A priori, records of franciscanas
incidentally caught may be thought of as being under-
reported due to the species’ conservation status and
possible penalizations over its capture. Nevertheless,
given that this study was neither conducted nor directed
by any fiscal organization, and given the approach used,
data provided by fishermen are considered as
trustworthy. Further, providing the fishermen with
cameras resulted in a good method to encourage them to
become more involved with the study. In both zones
cameras had good acceptance, fishermen took pictures
not only of franciscanas but also of several situations of
their work, and the pictures helped in generating a more
relaxed conversation and increasing their enthusiasm
about our monthly visits as well.
The use of logbooks differed between the two areas: in
the AOC fishermen showed more willingness to
cooperate, resulting in a greater number of logbooks
completed and a greater representation of the entire fleet
operating in the area. The difference in support and
commitment to this work might be related to differences in
social,economic,andculturalcircumstancesbetween areas.
RPE AOCMESH SIZE
(cm) C FEL BPUEL C FEL BPUEL
7-9 0 132.36 0.0000 0 - -
10-12 10 1516.09 0.0066 19 10030.74 0.0019
13-16 0 - - 4 1066.86 0.0037
18-20 0 - - 30 8473.47 0.0034
22-24 0 - - 7 7853.16 0.0010
26-30 0 - - 0 3895.95 0.0000
> 32 0 - - 10 7344.66 0.0014
Table 4. Number of franciscanas incidentally caught (C), total linear fishing effort (FEL
, expressed as 1000m of net set per hour) and by-
catch per unit of effort (BPUEL
, expressed as number of franciscanas caught per 1000m of net per hour) according to the mesh size (in
centimetres) used by the artisanal gillnet fishery in Río de la Plata estuary (RPE) and Atlantic Ocean coast (AOC) during 2006.
9. BY-CATCH OF FRANCISCANA IN URUGUAYAN ARTISANAL GILLNET FISHERIES 19
Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 7(1-2): 11-22, December 2009
In the RPE, and particularly in Pajas Blancas/San Luis (the
largest fishing community of the region), poverty is
widespread. This community is far from having their basic
needs covered (food, health, education, etc.), and houses
are precariously built on the sand. Most homes are not
stable. When fishermen follow the migration of the
whitemouthcroaker,somefamiliesaretemporarilybroken
apart or the whole family moves together at least twice a
year. Therefore, it is difficult to motivate fishermen to
commit to the research and develop an awareness of their
own activity, at least in the short term. The difficulties in
establishing connections each month and maintaining
continuity of logbook reporting makes RPE a challenging
area to study. In this region, neither the number of
franciscanas caught nor the fishing effort recorded was
high. However, records increased as time passed,
suggesting that the fishermen’s confidence may have
improved through time and that the overall by-catch may
have been underestimated. Long-term studies are needed
to better understand the magnitude of franciscana
interactions with this fishery.
In the AOC the overall social and economic situation is
modest, but it varies among fishermen, with some living
in extreme poverty. Homes are stable, and fishermen
work in the same locality all year round, making it easier
to contact them systematically and increase their trust
towards the research. Fishermen with higher
educational levels consider it important to get involved
with scientific research, and regard it as valuable for
their work and for the conservation of the species. Such
a perspective is very important for the continuity of the
research, since it has a positive influence on other
fishermen.
Franciscana by-catch
During 2006, 80 franciscanas were recorded caught
along the Uruguayan coast, providing an annual
mortality estimate of 289 (CI: 266-350) franciscanas in
the fisheries surveyed, with the greatest by-catch in the
AOC zone. This study represents the first one including
data on interaction in the estuarine Uruguayan coast.
Recorded mortality for the AOC was lower than the
values obtained during 1970-1990, but slightly higher
than those obtained for 1993-1994 (Praderi, 1997).
Because there were no data of fishing effort during 2005,
the BPUE (linear and per set) was estimated only for
2006, and the incidental catch of franciscana dolphin is
not comparable for both stages of our study in the
Uruguayan coast. Moreover, these results are based on
the first two years of monitoring after a twelve-year gap
of systematic studies. Hence, it is necessary to continue
and intensify data recording to verify apparent trends.
The franciscana is restricted to coastal areas, between
the coastline and the 40-60m isobath, and up to 55km
off the coast (Pinedo et al., 1989; Danilewicz et al., 2002).
In this study, 25.4% of the recorded captures occurred
at depths of 21-25m, but four captures were recorded
between 31 and 37m depth.
Table5.Seasonalandtotalvaluesoffranciscanasmortalityestimatedfor2006intheRíodelaPlataestuary(RPE)andAtlanticOceancoast(AOC).
Valuesfortheestimationareshown:numberoffranciscanareportedcaught(C),numberoffisheryevents(N°FE),andmean(X)and
standarddeviation(SD)offishingeffort(FEL
)perfisheryevents.Meanmortalityvalues(XM)andtheirconfidenceintervals(CI2.5%and
CI97.5%)arepresented.
RPEAOCUruguay
C
N°
FE
X
FEL
DS
FEL
X
M
CI
2.5%
CI
97.5%
C
N°
FE
X
FEL
DS
FEL
X
M
CI
2.5%
CI
97.5%
X
M
CI
2.5%
CI
97.5%
Summer1503.980.541514201736938.292.02222124373544
Autumn9809.781.20797198626922.911.311312159283113
Winter01181.630.350001429718.051.76242228242228
Spring0645.711.050003325840.724.15136126165136126165
Total10948511870195181232289266350
10. 20 V.FRANCO-TRECU et al.
Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 7(1-2): 11-22, December 2009
In the RPE, most captures of franciscana dolphins
were recorded during autumn, when recorded fishing
effort was greater than in other seasons because
soaking times of the nets were longer (up to 37.5hs).
The BPUEL
value was greater in autumn, and both the
fishing effort and the number of franciscanas caught
were greatest. In AOC, most franciscanas were
captured during spring, one of the seasons in which
the fishing vessels target large sharks (e.g. Squatina
sp., Galeorhinus galeus, Carcharhinus sp.) with nets of
stretched mesh sizes larger than 18cm, set within 9km
off the coast and for up to 90 days (Table 2). This is
consistent with the findings of Praderi (1997) based
on their 20-year study, which also identified the
greatest mortality of franciscana during spring and
summer (from November to February), when shark
fisheries used nets of large stretched mesh size.
During our study, shark fishing led to increased effort
during summer (roughly four times the effort during
spring), but franciscana by-catch during spring was
about twice that of summer. This may be due to fleet
characteristics and/or the behaviour and ecology of
franciscana (Bordino et al., 1999; Bordino et al., 2002),
not analyzed herein.
BPUE values
In this paper we describe two BPUE values related to
fishing effort units (Table 3). However, due to the high
variability in fishery dynamics found, within and
between fisheries, in relation to soak time and
frequency of fishing set, we suggest that the BPUEL
is
the more accurate index for this study. Nevertheless
in order to compare with values reported for the rest
of the species distribution, a value per set (fishing
event) had to be calculated. When using the FES
, there
is an uncertainty of the real fishing effort because the
time nets are set can vary considerably among
fishermen, target species, season, and even among
areas. For such reasons, we believe it is important to
characterize the dynamics of the fisheries monitored
in this study. For example in AOC, nets targeting
shark species during spring-summer are set over
periods ranging from one week to three months, but
fishermen cannot check their nets daily. So, if fishing
effort is expressed in units of 1000m of net per hour
(FEL
) the greatest value is obtained for summer, but
when it is considered in units of 1000m of nets per set
(FES
), the greatest value is obtained for winter. Thus,
fishing effort varies if the total time (hours) a nets is
set is considered, rather than simply counting fishing
events.
In Uruguay there were two previously reported
values of BPUE based only on records from AOC
(franciscanas per 1000m of net per set) (Crespo et al.,
1986; Praderi et al., 1989). The BPUES
value obtained
for the surveyed area during 2006 is higher than those
previously reported, despite certain statistical
uncertainty, showing a possible increasing trend since
1975 (Table 1). The estimate presented in this study
is one order of magnitude greater than the values
reported for the AOC during 1975-1978, 1980-1982,
and based on the 20-year review (1974-1994).
Although the total number of estimated captures
diminished, the BPUES
is higher because of a decrease
in fishing effort.
In comparison with estimates from Brazil, the BPUES
values reported in this study are greater than those
reported by Di Beneditto (2003) for Northern Rio de
Janeiro and by Secchi et al. (1997) for Rio Grande/Rio
Grande do Sul. They are similar to those reported by
Secchi et al. (2004) for the same area, but lower than rates
reported by Ott et al. (2000) for Torres and Tramandai/
Rio Grande do Sul. Values recorded for South and North
of Buenos Aires Province in Argentina (Corcuera et al.,
2000; Cappozzo et al., 2000) are higher than the one
reported herein (Table 6).
LOCALITY BPUE (FRANCISCANAS PER
1000m OF NET PER DAY)
SOURCE
North of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 0.015 Di Beneditto, 2003
Torres and Tramandai / Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) 0.054
0.088
Ott, 1998; Ott et al., 2000
Moreno et al., 2000
Rio Grande/ Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) 0.0066
0.0119 – 0.0294
Secchi et al., 1997
Secchi et al., 2004
Atlantic coast, Rocha (Uruguay) 0.0064 Ott et al., 2000
Atlantic coast, Rocha (Uruguay) 0.0025 - 0.0055 Crespo et al., 1986
Atlantic coast and Rio de la Plata Estuary (Uruguay) 0.0286 This study
North of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) 0.2161
0.4289
Corcuera et al., 2000
Cappozzo et al., 2000
South of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) 0.0734 Cappozzo et al., 2000
Table 6. By-catch per unit of effort (BPUE) of franciscana dolphin in the artisanal gillnet fishery of the different localities of the region.
Data are presented as linear values (1000m of net set per day).
11. BY-CATCH OF FRANCISCANA IN URUGUAYAN ARTISANAL GILLNET FISHERIES 21
Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 7(1-2): 11-22, December 2009
Final considerations
Along the Uruguayan coast, artisanal fisheries operate
within the range of the franciscana dolphin, highlighting
this species’ vulnerability. This is the first by-catch study
to include estuarine Uruguayan waters and to estimate
mortality values within them. Also, we present effort and
by-catch rates using two different measures. Our results
update the by-catch data for Uruguay, and make a
substantial contribution to the studies of mortality of
franciscanas, particularly in the Franciscana Management
Area III (FMA III) (Secchi and Wang, 200311
).
A long-term monitoring plan in the fishing localities
studied is essential for conservation and would enable
enhancing links with fishermen. Finally, we recommend
that future evaluations should be supported by
abundance estimations in the study area, allowing for a
more precise analysis of the impacts of by-catch on the
species within FMAIII. The information reported herein
is the first step towards generating relevant information
for establishing management measures and marine
protected areas in Uruguay.
Acknowledgements
We are indebted to the fishermen, and their families, who
are part of this work and provided invaluable assistance in
data collection. We thank Mariana Piedra, Alejandra de
Giorgi and Verónica Iriarte for collaborating in the
beginnings of this project, and Philip Miller for field
assistance. We are grateful to Marila Lázaro for introducing
the franciscana to most of us and for encouragement to start
studying it. We also thank Bettina Tassino (Facultad de
Ciencias – UDELAR), Ignacio Moreno and Daniel
Danilewicz (GEMARS) who reviewed an early version of
this project. We are very grateful to Enrique Crespo and
Eduardo Secchi for their support and significant
contributions to our work and the manuscript. Thanks to
Javier Klaich and to Susana Pedraza for their help with
statistics. The National Directorate of Aquatic Resources of
Uruguay (DI.NA.R.A.) provided logistic support. This
research was supported by grants from Yaqu-pacha and
The Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation. Also, we thank the
twoanonymousrefereesfortheircorrectionsandcomments
thathelpedusimprovethemanuscript.Finally,wededicate
this work to Ricardo Praderi, the pioneer researcher on
franciscana, who is always willing to cooperate.
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