- A scientific cruise conducted by Imarpe in 2014 to assess Peruvian anchovy stocks found serious contradictions in the methodology used and failures to strictly follow the approved protocol. - The estimated biomass of 1.45 million tons was likely an underestimate given moderate El Niño conditions and the inadequacy of acoustic assessment methods in such conditions. - Imarpe failed to comply with its own 2009 protocol which recommends 200-600 trawl hauls to reduce biases, conducting only 165 trawl sets and 55 purse seine sets, resulting in very low total catches that call the reliability of the results into question.