This document provides an overview of business valuation in India and emerging opportunities. It discusses the history of valuation in India and recent trends in startup valuation and private equity deals. The presentation covers various valuation approaches, methodologies, and the valuation process. It also examines valuation under different statutes such as M&A, RBI, Income Tax, SEBI, and the Companies Act. Emerging opportunities in valuation include the role of registered valuers and adoption of international valuation standards. Tricky valuation issues and case laws are also briefly outlined.
What is job costing? What are its main characteristics?
Characteristics
Features
procedure involve in job order costing.
Applicability
What is BEP? List out the assumption of breakeven analysis
Assumption of BEP analysis
What is Profit Volume (P/V) Ratio
What is CVP analysis? How does it help the management?
What is process costing? What are its main characteristics? Name the industries where process costing can be applied.
Normal Loss
Abnormal Loss
Abnormal Gain
Job Costing & Process Costing
Accounting for losses in process costing
What do you mean by operating costing? Draw a specimen cost sheet for transport costing.
INDUSTRY AND CORRESPONDING COST UNIT
RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Cash flow is the flow of money in and out of the business. Managing your cash flow is vital for business survival and growth, even if you have existing cost savings programs in your organization.
The impact of disasters such as COVID-19 has driven the global economy into a recession and many businesses are only just trying to survive. Before taking drastic actions such as cutting salaries and staff, you might want to review your current cash flow performance to stem unnecessary cash outflow and eliminate waste in your processes.
To run your business effectively, you need to balance the timing and amount of your expenses with those of your income. This training presentation explains the various areas you need to consider when managing and improving cash flow in your business.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain what cash flow means
2. Understand the cash flow cycle and importance of cash flow to a business
3. Identify major causes of cash flow problems
4. Define strategies to improve cash flow
5. Gain knowledge on eliminating waste to improve cash flow
6. Learn how to forecast cash flow
CONTENTS:
1. Introduction to cash flow
2. Causes of cash flow problems
3. Strategies to improve cash flow
4. Improving cash flow through waste elimination
5. Cash flow forecasting
To download this complete presentation, please visit: http://www.oeconsulting.com.sg
A tutorial to basics of stock markets, basically for newbie's. Explains what is stocks, how trading happens, kinds of trading and some basic terminologies.
What is job costing? What are its main characteristics?
Characteristics
Features
procedure involve in job order costing.
Applicability
What is BEP? List out the assumption of breakeven analysis
Assumption of BEP analysis
What is Profit Volume (P/V) Ratio
What is CVP analysis? How does it help the management?
What is process costing? What are its main characteristics? Name the industries where process costing can be applied.
Normal Loss
Abnormal Loss
Abnormal Gain
Job Costing & Process Costing
Accounting for losses in process costing
What do you mean by operating costing? Draw a specimen cost sheet for transport costing.
INDUSTRY AND CORRESPONDING COST UNIT
RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Cash flow is the flow of money in and out of the business. Managing your cash flow is vital for business survival and growth, even if you have existing cost savings programs in your organization.
The impact of disasters such as COVID-19 has driven the global economy into a recession and many businesses are only just trying to survive. Before taking drastic actions such as cutting salaries and staff, you might want to review your current cash flow performance to stem unnecessary cash outflow and eliminate waste in your processes.
To run your business effectively, you need to balance the timing and amount of your expenses with those of your income. This training presentation explains the various areas you need to consider when managing and improving cash flow in your business.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain what cash flow means
2. Understand the cash flow cycle and importance of cash flow to a business
3. Identify major causes of cash flow problems
4. Define strategies to improve cash flow
5. Gain knowledge on eliminating waste to improve cash flow
6. Learn how to forecast cash flow
CONTENTS:
1. Introduction to cash flow
2. Causes of cash flow problems
3. Strategies to improve cash flow
4. Improving cash flow through waste elimination
5. Cash flow forecasting
To download this complete presentation, please visit: http://www.oeconsulting.com.sg
A tutorial to basics of stock markets, basically for newbie's. Explains what is stocks, how trading happens, kinds of trading and some basic terminologies.
Mr. Chander Sawhney, Partner & Head – Valuation & Deals, Corporate Professionals shared his thoughts as a guest Speaker on M&A Valuation and challenges at a Business Valuation Masterclass organised by VC Circle on 31st August, 2016. Corporate Professionals acted as the event supporting partner.
• In case of a merger valuation, the emphasis is on arriving at the relative values of the shares of the merging companies to facilitate determination of the swap ratio, hence, the purpose is not to arrive at absolute values of the shares of the companies. The key issue to be addressed is that of fairness to all shareholders. There are established legal precedence for merger valuation methodologies:
• Valuer’s role is to incorporate case specific factors and use appropriate methodologies so as to determine a fair ratio
• Usually, best to give weight ages to valuation by all methods
• Market price method and Earnings methods dominate.
• It is observed that in case of M&A, the Valuations depart from the concept of “Fair Value” as elements like Distress Sale, Desperate Buy, Comparable Transaction Multiples come into play reflecting Price than Value.
About Corporate Professionals Valuation Practice
Corporate Professionals Capital Pvt. Ltd. is a SEBI Registered (Cat-1) Merchant Banker and has a successful track record of providing a broad range of M&A and Transaction Advisory Services. Our Dedicated Team has more than 10 years of rich Valuation experience and we have executed more than 500 Corporate Valuations for clients of International Repute across different Context, Industries and Boundaries.
To know more about Our Valuation offerings and how we can help you, please visit us at www.corporatevaluations.in or download our Valuation profile @ http://www.corporatevaluations.in/VALUATION_PROFILE.pdf
Introduction to Business Valuation, Fair Market Value, reasons and elements of business valuation, methodologies of business valuation, case study on net asset value.
A detail on forex market is being provided refering to global forex hours and the need of forex market. DAILY TURNOVER OF THE GLOBAL FOREIGN EXCHANGE. Indian forex market is also explaied with reference to usd inr movement. A brief technical analysis is also provided explaning the different chart types
DCF Valuation : Business Valuation Article by Corporate Valuation TeamCorporate Professionals
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Method of Valuation expresses the present value of the business attributable to its stakeholders as a function of its future cash earnings capacity.
Chander Sawhney (FCA, CS, Certified Valuer (ICAI), Vice President, Corporate Professionals, SEBI REGISTERED (CAT -I) MERCHANT BANKER in
“CKF Master class on Recent Developments in Foreign Exchange Management Law” – 17 th Aug,2012
Mr. Chander Sawhney, Partner & Head – Valuation & Deals, Corporate Professionals shared his thoughts as a guest Speaker on M&A Valuation and challenges at a Business Valuation Masterclass organised by VC Circle on 31st August, 2016. Corporate Professionals acted as the event supporting partner.
• In case of a merger valuation, the emphasis is on arriving at the relative values of the shares of the merging companies to facilitate determination of the swap ratio, hence, the purpose is not to arrive at absolute values of the shares of the companies. The key issue to be addressed is that of fairness to all shareholders. There are established legal precedence for merger valuation methodologies:
• Valuer’s role is to incorporate case specific factors and use appropriate methodologies so as to determine a fair ratio
• Usually, best to give weight ages to valuation by all methods
• Market price method and Earnings methods dominate.
• It is observed that in case of M&A, the Valuations depart from the concept of “Fair Value” as elements like Distress Sale, Desperate Buy, Comparable Transaction Multiples come into play reflecting Price than Value.
About Corporate Professionals Valuation Practice
Corporate Professionals Capital Pvt. Ltd. is a SEBI Registered (Cat-1) Merchant Banker and has a successful track record of providing a broad range of M&A and Transaction Advisory Services. Our Dedicated Team has more than 10 years of rich Valuation experience and we have executed more than 500 Corporate Valuations for clients of International Repute across different Context, Industries and Boundaries.
To know more about Our Valuation offerings and how we can help you, please visit us at www.corporatevaluations.in or download our Valuation profile @ http://www.corporatevaluations.in/VALUATION_PROFILE.pdf
Introduction to Business Valuation, Fair Market Value, reasons and elements of business valuation, methodologies of business valuation, case study on net asset value.
A detail on forex market is being provided refering to global forex hours and the need of forex market. DAILY TURNOVER OF THE GLOBAL FOREIGN EXCHANGE. Indian forex market is also explaied with reference to usd inr movement. A brief technical analysis is also provided explaning the different chart types
DCF Valuation : Business Valuation Article by Corporate Valuation TeamCorporate Professionals
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Method of Valuation expresses the present value of the business attributable to its stakeholders as a function of its future cash earnings capacity.
Chander Sawhney (FCA, CS, Certified Valuer (ICAI), Vice President, Corporate Professionals, SEBI REGISTERED (CAT -I) MERCHANT BANKER in
“CKF Master class on Recent Developments in Foreign Exchange Management Law” – 17 th Aug,2012
A Presentation given by Mr. Pavan Kumar Vijay, Past President, ICSI, Chairman-Secretarial Standards Board
on Corporate Governance through the eyes of Secretarial Standards.
Mr. Chander Sawhney, Partner & Head – Valuation & Deals, Corporate Professionals shared his thoughts as a guest Speaker on Valuation Principles & Techniques in Ind AS at a seminar organised by Gurgaon Branch of ICAI on 3rd September, 2016.
IndAS113 prescribes Fair Valuation definition, Techniques, Application and its Hierarchy. About 75% of the Balance Sheet Size is expected to change due to Fair Value Accounting (#IndAS109 #Financial Instruments, #IndAS102 #Share based payments, #IndAS16 Property Plant Equipments (PPE), #IndAS103 #Business combination etc. shall be impacted using #FairValue. Time to get ready, Plan Prepare and Align with the new requirements...
About Corporate Professionals Valuation Practice
Corporate Professionals Capital Pvt. Ltd. is a SEBI Registered (Cat-1) Merchant Banker and has a successful track record of providing a broad range of M&A and Transaction Advisory Services. Our Dedicated Team has more than 10 years of rich Valuation experience and we have executed more than 500 Corporate Valuations for clients of International Repute across different Context, Industries and Boundaries.
To know more about Our Valuation offerings and how we can help you, please visit us at www.corporatevaluations.in or download our Valuation profile @ http://www.corporatevaluations.in/VALUATION_PROFILE.pdf
The presentation discusses various aspects of Corporate Governance and involved issues, keeping in view the recent developments and controversies arose in conglomerates such as Tata and Infosys. It aims at portraying the extant position in filed of Corporate Governance vis-a-vis a pragmatic view of what it would be.
This presentation "FEMA Valuation Aspects(FDI & ODI) and Registered Valuation" has been delivered by Mr. Chander Sawhney at East of Kailash Study Circle of ICSI on 22/11/2014.
The Companies Act 2013 has introduced the concept of ‘Registered Valuer’ through Section 247 Chapter XVII to cover valuation of any property, stock, shares, debentures, securities, goodwill or any other assets of the company as well as its net worth and liabilities.
Valuation team of Corporate Professionals here presents the summarized presentation on Registered Valuer.
Mr. Chander Sawhney, Partner & Head – Valuation & Deals, Corporate Professionals shared his thoughts as a guest Speaker on Relative Valuation - Techniques & Application at a Business Valuation Masterclass organised by VC Circle on 31st August, 2016.
Relative Valuation in which value of an asset or liability is done by comparing it to its Peers is pervasive and preferred for ascertaining Fair Value at a point of time as it reflects the market positioning of the Industry and Peers at that time. While Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method is applied for arriving at Fundamental Valuation, most M&A transaction are based on Relative Valuation multiples (mostly Earnings based). The valuation ratio typically expresses the valuation as a function of a measure of Key Financial Metrics like PE, EV/EBITDA, EV/Sales or Book Value Multiple.
But before using a multiple, one should know the fundamentals determining the multiple and how changes impact it. Sanity check through use of fundamental valuation method like DCF is strongly recommended.
About Corporate Professionals Valuation Practice
Corporate Professionals Capital Pvt. Ltd. is a SEBI Registered (Cat-1) Merchant Banker and has a successful track record of providing a broad range of M&A and Transaction Advisory Services. Our Dedicated Team has more than 10 years of rich Valuation experience and we have executed more than 500 Corporate Valuations for clients of International Repute across different Context, Industries and Boundaries.
To know more about Our Valuation offerings and how we can help you, please visit us at www.corporatevaluations.in or download our Valuation profile @ http://www.corporatevaluations.in/VALUATION_PROFILE.pdf
A Business Valuation Article: Relative Valuation uses the valuation ratios of Comparable publicly traded companies and applies that ratios to the comapny being valued subject to necessary adjustments.
Key Issues in Relative Valuations- a) Peer Selection, b) Current Multiples or Forward Multiples, c) Adjustments to the Value...
The 2015 budget had long list of expectations. On one hand; the Government has addressed major issues surrounding the foreign investors which would certainly boost capital market inflows and revive the private equity industry (by deferring GAAR by 2 years and clarifying Permanent Establishment & Indirect Transfer of Assets). On other hand; it has just rationalized the subsidies. Probably as we see growth coming in and more job creation; subsidy burden can be better dealt with by the Government. Though there are no direct benefits for the middle class. However incentives have been introduced to encourage savings. These savings are expected to fuel the infrastructure and other investment plans laid out by the Government. Certainly Foreign investors have a reason to cheer for this Pro Business; Pro Growth Government budget.
A clear and detailed way to present your company's valuation. Downloaded by 20.000+ entrepreneurs easy to complete, compliant and thorough. Learn more on: https://www.equidam.com/valuation-report/
Contents:
Business Valuation,
Relative valuation,
Sum of the Parts (SOTP) Valuation and Value Creation,
ESOP Valuation,
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Valuation,
Enterprise Valuation,
Valuation Discount Applicable to Holding Companies,
Valuation in Information Technology (IT) Sector,
RBI Valuation
Corporate Valuations “Techniques & Application”: A compilation of research oriented valuation articles.
Contents: Business valuation, Relative valuation, Sum of the parts valuation and value creation, ESOP valuation, Discounted Cash Flow Valuation, Enterprise Valuation etc.
Presentation for ICSI Certificate Course of Valuation (Oct 2013) given by Mr. Chander Sawhney, Vice President, Corporate Professionals:
This presentation elaborately deals with Theoretical, Procedural and Regulatory aspects of Business Valuation in India.
Stepping into a role which requires business finance knowledge? Here is a short guide offering advice, tools, and expertise that you will need to equip yourself with to be successful. Check out our Diploma in Business Finance for more.
Business Valuations, Business Plans and Business Projections Explained!Kunal Kamath Sarpal
Learn the nuances of business plans, business projections and business valuations. Make the most of the start-up boom and ensure you are on the right track. For all those who own, run or help to run a business.
Valuation in Indian Regulatory Environment with focus on Tricky Issues: the presentation given by Mr. Chander Sawhney, Vice President (chander@indiacp.com) of Corporate Professionals at the CKF Masterclass "Corporate Valuations- Techniques and Applications"...
Takeover Panorama, a Monthly Newsletter by Corporate Professionals on Takeove...Corporate Professionals
-The brief synopsis of recent Judicial Pronouncements given by the SEBI, AO, SAT, Informal Guidance and Consent orders passed in the month of December in the matter of SEBI Takeover Regulations.
-The brief synopsis of latest Open Offers given by the National as well as International Acquirers under the SEBI Takeover Regulations
-Unhide the hidden but important provision of the SEBI Takeover Regulations which generally get unnoticed on a plain reading of the regulations.
Acquisition of stake in YourNest Angel Fund by Religare Global Asset Management
Acquisition of stake in Bokaro Jaypee Cement by Dalmia Bharat
Telstra Health Acquires Business of IdeaObject
Promulgation of SEBI (Share Based Employee Benefit) Regulations, 2014Corporate Professionals
With our endeavor to disseminate information upon the SEBI’s new Regulations, we have prepared a small presentation on Promulgation of SEBI (Share Based Employee Benefit) Regulations, 2014.
A Monthly Newsletter by Takeover Team of Corporate Professionals.
Highlights of this edition:-
SAT order in the matter of Mr. Hemant Kothari, Mr. Rajesh Kothari, Mr. Dharmendra Kothari, Mrs. Ichraj Devi Kothari and Mrs. Sunita Kothari
SAT order in the matter ofMr. Vilas Valunji, Mr. Partha Debnath,
Mr. Janardhan Shriniwas Purandare and Mr. V. A. Norhi
Consent Order in the matter of M/s. Count N Denier (India) Limited
Consent Order in the matter of M/s. Macor Packaging Limited
Exemption Order in the matter of M/s. Sarla Performance Limited
Adjudicating Officer/WTM Orders
Regular Section- Automatic Exemption from Open Offer
Legal Updates:
•SAT order in the matter of M/s. Coimbatore Flavors & Fragrances Limited, Mr. Benny Abraham and Mrs. S. Subashini
•SAT order in the matter of M/s. E-Ally Consulting (India) Private Limited, M/s. Shree Jaisal Electronics and Industries Limited and others
•SAT order in the matter of Mr. Vijay Jain, Mrs. Urvashi Jain, Mrs. Sunita Jain and others
•Consent Order in the matter of Mr. Santhosh J. Karimattom
•Consent Order in the matter of M/s.IFL Promoters Limited
•Consent order in the matter of M/s. Welspun India Limited
•Adjudicating Officer/WTM Orders
Regular Section: Open offer Escrow Account under SEBI (SAST) Regulations,2011
Highlights of IJTIB, August 2014
Toshiba to buy 26% stake in UEM India from existing shareholders
Nissan to build Micra for European market in France instead of Chennai
Mahindra Conveyor Systems group firm forms JV with Japanese Tsubaki
India’s Karbonn to make phone batteries with a Japanese researcher
Sun Pharmaceutical, with Daiichi, to tap the Japanese market
Japan may allow India to produce parts for US-2 amphibious aircraft
Ricoh seeks to double revenue from Indian market
Japan’s Keihin corp is set to develop facilities in Bangalore
India’s Suzlon in talks for Japanese offshore wind partner
Sony plans to set up a manufacturing plant in India
Toto opens its new plant in India
Amtek and Riken join hands to form 50:50 JV
With the promulgation of Companies Act, 2013, provisions governing issuance of shares by offering Stock Options to the Employees have been recognized under Section 62(1)(b) of the new Act, read with Rule 12 of Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules, 2014.
Takeover Panorama: A monthly newsletter by Takeover Code Team of Corporate Professionals
Highlights of the Panorama...
1. SAT order in the matter of Ms. Sangeeta Sethia and Mr. Prabhat Sethiavs SEBI;
2. Exemption granted in the matter of M/s Prozone Capital Shopping Centres Limited;
3. Exemption granted in the matter of M/s Sibar Autoparts Limited.
4. Adjudicating Officer/WTM Orders
Risk Management Using Derivatives in Financial Planning Journal by Gaurav K B...Corporate Professionals
it is essential to identify business risks accurately and to use the right
control techniques, because derivative products can be used as insurances policies by paying
premium. An Individual/Corporate may think that they can reduce their risk, but in case of event
specific risk and unsystematic risk it’s not the same thing. Event specific risks can only be
managed by buying insurance & unsystematic risks can be managed by diversification. In this
article we'll discuss major financial risks and the way-out to use derivatives for managing those
risks. Before going to the risk management, we have to understand some of the basic concepts
of derivatives.
NEED OF BRAND VALUATION: A brand can be valued anytime and for many reasons, that includes- Brand strategy, Financial Reporting, Mergers and acquisitions, value reporting, licensing, legal transaction, accounting, strategic planning, management information, taxation planning and compliance, liquidation.
Takeover Panorama- A monthly Newsletter by TakeoverCode.com team
-Legal Update
-Hint of the Month:
-Latest Open Offers
-Case Study: SEBI’s view on the Scheme of Arrangement of M/s Aashee Infotech Limited
-Market Update
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
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Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Exploring Patterns of Connection with Social Dreaming
Business Valuation in India & Emerging Opportunities
1. Business Valuation
in India &
Emerging
Opportunities
December 6th 2016
Chander Sawhney
FCA, ACS, Certified Valuer (ICAI)
Partner & Head – Valuation & Deals
2. Agenda -Overview of Valuation
-History of Valuation in India
-Startup Valuation
-Preferred Stock Valuation
-Valuation Process
-Valuation under different Statutes
M&A
RBI
Income Tax
SEBI / Stock Exchanges
Companies Act, 2013
-Emerging Opportunities in Valuation in India
Registered Valuer
Ind AS
DCF
Relative Valuation
-Tricky Issues
4. Valuation is the process of determining the
“Economic Worth” of an Asset or Company
under certain “Assumptions” and “Limiting
Conditions” and subject to the “Data” available
on the “Valuation Date”
*Source -International Valuation Standard Council
5. ‘WHY VALUATION’ ?
Transactions
• Mergers
• Acquisitions / Investment
• Fund Raising
• Sale of Businesses
• Voluntary Assessment
Regulatory
• RBI
• Income Tax
• SEBI
• Stock Exchange
• Companies Act
• CLB/Courts
Accounting
• ESOP
• Purchase Price Allocation
• Impairment / Diminution
• Fair Value (Ind AS)
9. ‘VALUATION APPROACHES’
Other
Methods
• Contingent Claim Valuation (Option Pricing)
• Price of Recent Investment / Backsolve Method
• First Chicago Method (Start Up) – Scenario based
• Venture Capitalist Method (Start Up)
• Rule of Thumb (Industry wise)
10. Choice of Valuation
approaches
In General, Income Approach is preferred;
The dominance of profits for valuation of share was emphasised in
“McCathies case” (Taxation, 69 CLR 1) where it was said that “the real
value of shares in a company will depend more on the profits which the
company has been making and should be capable of making, having
regard to the nature of its business, than upon the amount which the
shares would realise on liquidation”.
This was also re-iterated by the Indian Courts in Commissioner of
Wealth Tax v. Mahadeo Jalan’s case (S.C.) (86 ITR 621) and Additional
Commissioner of Gift Tax v. Kusumben D. Mahadevia (S.C.) (122 ITR
38).
However, Asset Approach is preferred in case of Asset heavy
companies and on liquidation; The liquidated value of the Net Assets
is also considered the minimum value of the whole company and
will prevail even if Earning capacity is low or negative subject to any
discounting in appropriate circumstances (like Reluctance to wind
up, Ability to control, Tax adjustments etc.)
Market Approach is preferred in case of listed entity and also to
evaluate the value of unlisted company by comparing it with its
peers;
Purpose of Valuation (Regulatory or Transaction), Size of
Transaction (Minority or Control), Stage of Business, and
Business Model determine Valuation Approaches
11. Valuation
methodologies & Value
impact
Major Valuation
Methodologies
Ideal for Result
Net Asset Value
Net Asset Value (Book Value) Minority Value
Equity Value
Net Asset Value (Fair Value) Control Value
Comparable Companies Multiples (CCM) Method
Price to Earning , Book
Value Multiple Minority Value
Equity Value
EBIT , EBITDA Multiple Enterprise Value
Comparable Transaction Multiples (CTM) Method
Price to Earning , Book
Value Multiple Control Value
Equity Value
EBIT , EBITDA Multiple Enterprise Value
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)
Equity Control Value Equity Value
Firm Enterprise Value
13. Key drivers of
Valuation
Cash Flow
Investor assign value based on the cash flow they
expect to receive in the future
- Dividends / distributions
- Sale of liquidation proceeds
Value of a cash flow stream is a function of
- Timing of cash Receipt
- Risk associated with the cashflow
That’s why DCF is most prominent valuation method
14. Key drivers of
Valuation
Assets
Operating Assets
• Assets used in the operation of the business
including working capital, Property, Plant &
Equipment & Intangible assets
• Valuing of operating assets is generally reflected in
the cash flow generated by the business
Non - Operating Assets
• Assets not used in the operations including excess
cash balances, and assets held for investment
purposes, such as vacant land & Securities
• Investors generally do not give much value to such
assets and Structure modification may be necessary
Need for restructuring
16. (Start Up)
Wealth Tax Rules,1957
Had provision for
Valuation of unquoted
shares and Company
Emphasis was given on
Book Value Method
(Adjusted) as per
Balance Sheet duly
adjusted for discount
for Marketability, Lack
of Dividends etc.
(repealed w.e.f.
1.4.1989)
There was fixed Pricing
Guidelines for valuation of
shares done as per erstwhile
Comptroller of Capital Issue
(CCI) guidelines which
prescribed Net Assets Value
(NAV), Profit Earning
Capacity Value (PECV) and
Market Value (in case of
Listed Company). As the
value was based on Historical
Financials and formulae
drives, resultant value was
fixed
Since SEBI Act was
made, companies
are free to price
their issues in
consultation with
the Merchant
Bankers
April21st2010–
March31st2014
DFCF Method was
prescribed by RBI
for all FDI
Valuations (which
later changed to
any Internationally
accepted method)
ICAI issued
Valuation standard
CAS-1
(recommendatory)
Sep 2013
Draft Registered
Valuer provisions
governing both
Technical &
Financial Valuer
were brought in
Companies Act,
2013 but its still in
Draft stage
(Expected to be
fully Operational in
2017)
1.10.2009
; 1.6.2010
April 2013
Income Tax Law
prescribed Valuation
for Transfer of Shares
ESOP tax was also
introduced as
Perquisite
From 1.4.2016,
Ind AS comes into
play for certain
big companies;
will be applicable
to all companies
in 2 years
2016
Income Tax Law
prescribed Valuation
for Issue of Shares
ICAI issued
Valuation
Guidance
17. Startup valuation
recent trend
India taking a center stage in global markets because of high growth & reform
expectations, demographic dividend and large market, many Indian startups have
come out, especially in the last couple of years, building scalable businesses
(substantially Tech-enabled) to solve a multitude of problems we face in our daily
life.
Till 2015, Indian digital retail and e-Commerce companies and their valuations
were being closely linked to the soaring valuation of US tech start-ups and
investors are under the fear of missing out. The online retail companies were
relying on a different metric of valuations – "GMV" gross merchandise value which
is defined to indicate total sales value for merchandise sold through a marketplace
over a period. However, it must be noted that GMV is not reflected on their
financial statements and their actual revenues are just a fraction of GMV. The GMV
or sales (as per financial statement) was then multiplied by a multiple (x times) to
get the Valuation of the entity.
Interestingly the trend of Investments has remained difficult and different in 2016.
Many e-tailers have reported decline in number of orders significantly as they cut
discounts leading to drop in their GMV raising eyebrows on their fresh funding
rounds and valuations.
18. Startup valuation
recent trend (Cont.)
While we fully appreciate the way startup revolution has taken in India but we recall
how the best and most innovative companies in the world like Apple, Microsoft etc.
were formed. Yes, they were bootstrapped !
But in recent times, we have seen mad rush for Investor Funding and focus is much
more on Valuation than Value and Scale then having a biz model with stable
profitability.
Start-up Funding has dried Up with Investors looking when and if ventures would
turn Profitable? This is also driving more M&A as consolidation is taking place,
striving for consistency -
• Morgan Stanley marks down “Flipkart” valuation 3rd time to 5.6Bn $ - Nov
2016. It was 15Bn$ in June 2015 when it last raised funds
• Jabong sold to Flipcart for just $70M in July 2016; Got Valued at approx. 0.5
times of its reported 2015 Topline. It was expecting 1.2Bn$ about 18 months
back
• Jabong parent raises $339M; valuation plunges by 68% - April 2016
• Hyperlocal delivery start-up – “PepperTap” shuts operations in six large cities –
Feb 2016
• “Grofers” decides to close operations in nine cities-Jan 2016
There are others like Yebhi, Bestylish and many others who are half dead…….
“Topline is vanity, Bottomline is Sanity,
Cashflow is reality”
19. PE activity and deals trends
As per latest research reports –
1. Overall Deal Value and Volume is on downside in 2016. In first 11 months Deal
value was reported as 10,799 Mn $ compared to 22,286 Mn $ in 2015. No of
deals also reduced to 1181 from 1661 in this period
2. M&A has emerged as the preferred exit route for PE exits in 2016. There
were 89 M&A exits worth 2.42 Bn$ constituting 50% of total Deal value
3. Deal values continue to slip across early-stage rounds. Cautious investors
are writing smaller cheques, indicating a measured flow of "cautious money"
available.
20. Valuation of Preferred
stock v. Equity shares
Example, presume an Investor Invests 10$ for 10% Preferred Stock stake (say CCPS with
Dividend and Liquidation preferences) in a company. In this case it cannot be said that
the Equity Value of Company is 100$ (10$/10%). Actual Company Value will actually be
much lower as rest 90% Equity does not carry any preferred rights. The same can be
computed using complex Option Pricing (BackSolve method). As a ballpark number, the
difference can be 30-40% signifying the value of preferences / control depending on a
no. of factors.
The first step in valuing a company with complex capital structure is to value the
company itself using a combination of the Income, Market and Asset approaches
depending on its Nature and Stage of Business, Business Model, Purpose of Valuation
etc.
The second step is to allocate the value of the company among different classes of
securities like Equity Shares, CCPS, OCPS etc. (including their different series). It is
important to understand terms of each of the series of securities including the
conversion option, liquidation preference, participation in profits etc.
The Backsolve OPM is a form of market approach which derives the implied equity
value for one type of equity security (Common Stock) from derived value of another
form of equity security (Preferred stock).
In this method, each share class only has value if the funds available for distribution to
shareholders exceed the value of the liquidation preferences at the time of a liquidity
event for each of the prior share classes in a company's cap table.
21. Valuation of Preferred
stock v. Equity shares
Break points are created in this model (based on the claim each security has in company)
and then each class of security is valued as a call option using Black Scholes OPM. The
incremental call option value is then allocated amongst each breakpoint. based on the
relative liquidation value and thereafter based on the outstanding no of shares.
OPM Inputs
The OPM relies on following inputs:
• the total equity value of the enterprise^
• expected time to exit
• expected risk-free interest rate as of the valuation date
• expected volatility derived from similar publicly traded companies
• expected dividend yield
Exercise price of each breakpoint is based on liquidation preferences and conversion
value of different securities. Incremental call option at each breakpoint is then allocated
based on no of outstanding securities.
^The Equity value of company is computed (by trial and error) such that the value of
recent preferred stock investment equals the price paid for such investment as per the
backsolve method
According to the AICPA, the backsolve is the most reliable indicator of enterprise
value for early-stage customers, provided the following:
• transactions in the enterprise's shares have occurred at arm's length
• the most recent transaction occurred within ninety days of the date of valuation
date.
23. VALUATION PROCESS FLOW
Submit the final report
Project Closure
Planning & Data Collection
Data Analysis & Valuation
Reporting
Process
Flow
1 2
3 4 Submit draft valuation
working sheet
Confirmation on draft
valuation working sheet
Incorporate the suggestions
Submit draft valuation report
Discuss the draft valuation
report
Submit information request
list after understanding
Standard & Premise of
Valuation
Business understanding
Understanding of market and
analysis of Biz
Analysis of revenue and cost
Perform trend analysis
Complete a high level review
of assumptions
Industry analysis &
understanding of key value
drivers of the business
Review valuation model
Conclude Company Value and
allocate it to different
securities
Apply discount / premium
Value Conclusion
25. FAIR MARKET VALUE
INTRINSIC VALUE FAIR VALUE
INVESTMENT VALUE
Standard of Value is the hypothetical conditions under which a business is valued.
While selecting the Standard of Value following points is to be taken care of
Subject matter of Valuation;
Purpose of Valuation;
Statute;
Case Laws;
Circumstances.
Types of Standard of Value:
Standard of
value
26. Premise of value relates to the assumptions upon which the valuation is
based.
Premise of Value
Going Concern – Value as an ongoing operating business enterprise.
Liquidation – Value when business is terminated . It could be ‘forced’ or
‘orderly’.
Value-in-use
Value-in-exchange
Premise of value
27. KEY DELIVERABLES OF VALUATION REPORT
Discussion of the
date, purpose, premise,
scope and limitations of
the valuation;
The value
conclusions
statements
Analysis of the
Business Plan
Summary of
Comparable Companies
and Similar Transaction
Multiples
A description of and
justification for each of the
valuation methodologies
considered and ultimately
used;
Supporting Exhibits
Business overview
and group overview (if
relevant)
1
2
3 Analysis of historical
4
5
6
7
8
29. M&A
Mergers Acquisitions
Stock Purchase
COURT PROCESS NON - COURT PROCESS
Listed Company
SEBI
[TAKEOVER CODE]
391-394 of
Companies Act, 1956
Asset Purchase
Unlisted
Company
Slump Sale Itemized Sale
230-236 of
Companies Act, 2013 #
# yet to be enforced
M&A – Situations
and Valuations
30. M&A Valuation Case
Laws
WHETHER VALUATION IS REQUIRED FOR MERGER?
In the matter of Shreya’s India (P) Ltd. v. Samrat Industries (P) Ltd. the Regional
Director (RD) raised an objection that no valuation report has been filed and that
the exchange ratio for amalgamation has not been worked out by an
independent valuer.
“The Hon’ble High Court of Rajasthan overruled this objection and sanctioned
the scheme of amalgamation by holding that there was no legal or factual
impediment to grant sanction to the scheme of amalgamation.”
Same ratio in Advance Plastics (P) Ltd vs Dynamic Plastics (P) Ltd - Bombay
High Court
WHETHER ANY VALUATION METHODOLDY IS REQUIRED FOR MERGER?
Though there are no specific methodology prescribed for valuation under
Merger, however In Hindustan Lever Employees Union v. Hindustan Lever Ltd
and Others, Bombay High Court -
“accepted the ratio of 2:2:1 as Income, Market and Asset Approach on which
the valuation was based.”
VALUATION OF INFREQUENTLY TRADED SHARES
In G.L. Sulatnia and another the parameters expressly laid down therein must be
considered by the valuer since they are basic and essential. If the valuation
report discloses non consideration of any of the enumerated parameters, the
report shall stand vitiated for that reason. That however does not prevent the
valuer from considering other relevant factors according to accepted principles
of valuation of shares”.
31. Valuation for
Mergers
APPLICABLE LAW FOR VALUATION FOR MERGERS:
1. Companies Act, 1956 [Section 391- 394];
2. Fairness Opinion [Regulation 37 of the LODR];
3. SEBI Notification [CIR/CFD/CMD/16/2015], dated 30th November, 2015
“Valuation is generally the Starting Point of the M&A
process”
None of the aforesaid laws provide for specific valuation
approaches under Mergers - Valuation Standards under
Registered Valuation provisions are proposed under
Companies Act, 2013 (not yet operational)
Under SEBI Notification, Valuation by independent chartered account
mandatory other than those specifically exempted. ''Valuation
Report from an Independent Chartered Accountant'' is not required
in cases where there is no change in the shareholding pattern of the
listed company / resultant company.
32. Determination of Swap ratio
•In case of a merger valuation, the emphasis is on arriving at the “relative”
values of the shares of the merging companies to facilitate determination
of the “swap ratio”
Hence, the purpose is not to arrive at absolute values of the shares of
the companies
•The key issue to be addressed is that of fairness to all shareholders
This is particularly important where the shareholding pattern and
shareholders vary between the two companies
•There are established legal precedence for merger valuation
methodologies
Valuer’s role is to incorporate case specific factors and use appropriate
methodologies so as to determine a fair ratio
Usually, best to give weight ages to valuation by all methods
Market price method and Earnings methods dominate.
33. Preferential Issue – Unlisted Company
APPLICABLE LAW:
Sec 62 of Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 13 of Share Capital Rules, 2014
Sec 42 of Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 14 of Companies (Prospectus
& Allotment of Securities) Rules, 2014
Applicable to which Instruments
Valuation of Equity Shares and Convertible Instruments – fully or partly
(including Non Cash Consideration, if any for Issue of Shares)
Method of Valuation
The price of equity shares to be issued on preferential basis shall be
determined by the valuation report of SEBI registered Merchant Banker or
CA in practice having ten years of experience.
Minimum Valuation
Further, rule 13(3) of the Share Capital Rules provides that the price of
shares to be issued on preferential basis shall not be less than the price
determined on the basis of the valuation report.
34. Sweat Equity Valuation
APPLICABLE LAW:
Sec 54 of Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 8 of Companies (Share Capital) Rules, 2014
SEBI (Issue of Sweat Equity) Regulations, 2002
As per rule 8(4) of the Share Capital Rules, the Company shall not issue sweat equity shares for
more than 15% of the existing paid up equity share capital in a year or shares of the issue value
of Rs. 5 crores, whichever is higher. the issuance of sweat equity shares in the Company shall
not exceed 25% of the paid up equity capital of the Company at any time.
Valuation of Sweat Equity Shares
For Listed Companies – Average of weekly high and low of closing prices during last 6 months or 2 weeks
preceding relevant date shall be considered.
For Unlisted Company, Merchant Banker or CA in practice having ten years of experience will value
Valuation of IPR / Know How (For Listed Companies)
The valuation of IPR or know or other value additions shall be carried by a Merchant Banker. The Merchant
Banker shall obtain a certificate from an Independent CA that such valuation is in accordance with the relevant
Accounting Standards
Valuation of IPR / Know How (For Unlisted Companies)
A registered valuer (SEBI registered Merchant Banker or CA in practice having ten years of experience).
Registered valuer shall provide a proper report addressed to the Board of directors with justification.
35. RBI Valuation
Guidelines
• Subscription to MOA at Face Value allowed
• RBI vide RBI/201415/129 A. P. (DIR Series) Circular No. 4 dated15th July, 2014 has replaced DFCF
methodology with internationally accepted pricing methodology in case of Unlisted Companies
• No fixed IRR can be committed to Foreign Investor
• The price/ conversion formula of compulsory convertible capital instruments should be determined
upfront at the time of issue of the instruments.
• In case of Listed Companies – Pricing shall be done as per SEBI Preferential Allotment Guidelines.
• Valuation Guidelines applicable to Downstream Investments also
• Right Issue to NR allowed but at price not less than as made to Resident Shareholder
37. Takeover Regulations
APPLICABLE LAW:
SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares & Takeovers) Regulations, 2011
Traded Turnover of Shares ≥ 10%
[In the Last Twelve Calendar Months preceding the Month of Public
Announcement (P.A.)]
FREQUENTLY TRADED SHARES
Method of Valuation
1. Highest Negotiated Price Per Share under agreement attracting the obligation to make P.A.
2. The volume weighted avg. price paid or payable by acquirer or PAC during the 52 Weeks;
3. The Highest volume weighted avg. price paid or payable by acquirer or PAC in last 26 Weeks;
4. Volume weighted average Market Price of Shares for a period of 60 trading days
HIGHEST PRICE AMONG ALL IS THE VALUE PER SHARE FOR P.A.
Traded Turnover of Shares < 10%
[In the Last Twelve Calendar Months preceding the Month of Public
Announcement (P.A.)]
INFREQUENTLY TRADED SHARES
Method of Valuation
1. Book value,
2. Comparable Trading Multiples;
Such other Parameters as are customary for valuation of shares of such companies
*As per Regulation 76A, Valuation to be done by a Merchant Banker or CA with 10 year experience
38. Preferential Issue –
Listed company
APPLICABLE LAW:
SEBI (ICDR) Regulations, 2009
Equity shares of issuer have been listed on recognized stock exchange and are frequently
traded
Method of Valuation
The average of the weekly high and low of the Volume Weighted Average Price of the related equity
shares quoted on the recognized stock exchange* during 26 weeks or 2 weeks preceding the relevant
date WHICHEVER IS HIGHER
*In which highest trading volume has been recorded
Equity shares of issuer have been listed on recognized stock exchange and are not
frequently traded
Method of Valuation
As per SEBI SAST Regulations, 2011i.e. after taking into account parameters including Book Value, Comparable Trading
Multiples and such other parameters as are customary for valuation of such companies
Note - In case of valuation for Delisting also, where shares are infrequently traded, above valuation method is
prescribed.
39. Valuation of Assets
(business) if
consideration other than
Cash is issued to
Promoters or PAC
APPLICABLE LAW:
Regulation 73 (3) of SEBI (ICDR) Regulations, 2009
Where specified securities are issued on a preferential basis to promoters, their relatives,
associates and related entities for consideration other than cash, the valuation of the
assets in consideration for which the equity shares are issued shall be done by an
independent qualified valuer, which shall be submitted to the recognized stock exchanges
where the equity shares of the issuer are listed.
Method of Valuation
No Method for Valuation has been prescribed.
Valuer
Chartered Accountant or a Merchant Banker
40. ESOP Accounting Valuation
APPLICABLE LAW:
Sec 62 of Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 12 of Share Capital Rules, 2014
SEBI (Share Based Employee Benefits) Regulations, 2014
ICAI Guidance Note
Purpose of Valuation
Determination of compensation cost for amortization over the vesting period
Impact of Valuation
Being P&L item, it impacts Profitability and reduces EPS. The expense may or may not be
allowed by the Tax authorities
Method of Valuation : If a Company listed on recognized stock exchange in India and issued shares under
an ESOS / ESPS, the fair value of stock option shall be estimated using an option pricing model (Black-
Scholes or a binomial model) which shall be treated as employee compensation cost for the Company.
If company is unlisted, Intrinsic value method is allowed with disclosure of Fair Value
Valuer: Not Prescribed
41. Exit opportunity to Shareholders of
Exclusive Listed Companies
APPLICABLE LAW:
SEBI Circular SEBI/HO/MRD/DSA/CIR/P/2016/110 dated October 10, 2016 and notice
(20161104 – dated November 4, 2016)
The Promoter of such companies in consultation with the Designated Stock Exchange shall
appoint an independent valuer from panel of expert valuers.
Method of Valuation: BSE and NSE are in process of finalizing the valuation reporting format and also
the process guidance
Purpose of Valuation
Providing Exit Opportunities to Shareholders of Exclusively Listed Companies of De-
recognized Stock Exchanges placed in Dissemination Board
Impact of Valuation
Promoters will have to buyout the exiting Shareholders based on the Valuation of the valuer
and this would entail a cost. Being Minority Shareholders, SEBI is protecting there rights and
regulating the process.
Valuer: BSE and NSE have recently empaneled Valuation Firms for this purpose
43. Tax implications of
ESOP in India
Stages Tax Treatment
Grant of Options Nil
Vesting of Options Nil till Exercised
Exercise of Options Section -17
(2)(vi) Income Tax Act, 1961 read
with Rule 3(8)(i) of Income Tax
Rules 1962
Taxed as perquisite in the hands of Employees which is computed
as the difference between the FMV of the share on the date of
exercise and the exercise price. The employer is required to
withhold tax at source in respect of such perquisite.
No Method has been prescribed for Valuation (In case of Unlisted
Companies, Valuation to be done by a SEBI Registered (Cat-I)
Merchant Banker
For Listed companies, Average of Opening and Closing Market
Price on Exercise date is prescribed
Sale of Options Section -45 read
with Section – 49(2AA) of Income
Tax Act, 1961
The incremental gain (i.e. difference between sale consideration
and the FMV on the date of exercise), on sale of shares is
considered a capital gain for the employee. For computing capital
gains, the FMV on the date of exercise becomes the cost base.
44. FMV of Unquoted Shares other than
Equity shares of an Unlisted Company
- Valuation shall be price it would fetch
if sold in Open Market on Valuation
date and Valuation shall be done by a
Merchant Banker or CA.
Sec 56 not applicable on issue of
Bonus or Right Issue of Shares Sudhir
Menon HUF vs. ACIT (ITAT Mumbai)
45. Transfer Pricing
Valuation
As per sec 92C of Income Tax Act, 1961 any international transaction between associated
entities needs to be done at Arms Length Price. In case where issue or transfer of shares,
business or certain rights (intangibles) is involved in such a case, it requires Valuation.
Why to Obtain Tax Valuation?
Tax Valuation is required to meet with the regulatory guidelines in this respect. In recent
past we have seen Indian Income Tax Department challenging valuation of Vodafone in the
Transfer Pricing Case. The Transfer Pricing Officer is questioning on the use of comparables,
validation of Business Model, Actual achievement of projected results and what not. Tax
valuation is critical in any Deal transaction as it could lead to huge tax outgo and frivolous
litigation.
Approaches and Methodologies for Transfer Pricing Valuation
The following methods are used in determination of Arms length price namely comparable
uncontrolled price method, profit split method and most importantly transactional net
margin method.
Courts have recently upheld use of DCF method while valuing Shares in Transfer Pricing
matters (Ascendas (India) Pvt Ltd. - Chennai ITAT)
46. Emerging Opportunities in Valuation in India
• Legal Recognition
• Requires Judgement
• Introduces Volatility
• Requires Skill set
47. Registered Valuer
(Section 247 of
Companies act – 2013)
objective is to Regulate
the practice of
Valuation in India for
Standardization and
Transparency
Note – SEBI vide its circular dated November 30th 2016 has defined Valuer in respect of Financial
and Technical valuation in REIT and INVEIT regulations. The criterion is same as above.
48.
49. Section wise requirement
of Registered Valuer
Section 62(1)(c) – For Valuing further Issue of Shares *
Section 192(2) – For Valuing Assets involved in Arrangement of Non Cash transactions involving
Directors
Section 230(2)(c)(v) – For Valuing Shares, Property and Assets of the company under a Scheme of
Corporate Debt Restructuring
Section 230(3) and 232(2)(d) – For Valuation including Share swap ratio under a Scheme of
Compromise/Arrangement, a copy of Valuation Report by Expert, if any shall be accompanied
Section 232(3)(h) - Where under a Scheme of Compromise/Arrangement the transferor company is a
listed company and the transferee company is an unlisted company, for exit opportunity to the
shareholders of transferor company, valuation may be required to be made by the Tribunal
Section 236(2) – For Valuing Equity Shares held by Minority Shareholders
Section 260(2)(c) – For preparing Valuation report in respect of Shares and Assets to arrive at the
Reserve Price or Lease rent or Share Exchange Ratio for Company Administrator
Section 281(1)(a) – For Valuing Assets for submission of report by Company Liquidator
*To be valued by a Merchant Banker or CA with 10 year of experience
till Registered Valuer provisions are notified (as per MCA clarification)
50. Registered Valuer draft
rules – method of
valuation
I. Before adopting methods, decide Valuation Approach-
• Asset Approach
• Income Approach
• Market Approach
II. Valuer to consider following points while undertaking Valuation-
• Nature of the Business and the History of the Enterprise from its inception
• Economic outlook in general and outlook of the specific industry in particular
• Book Value of the stock and the Financial condition of the business
• Earning Capacity of the company
• Dividend-Paying Capacity of the company.
• Goodwill or other Intangible value
• Sales of the stock and the Size of the block of stock to be valued
• Market prices of stock of corporations engaged in the same or a similar line of business
• Contingent Liabilities or substantial legal issues, within India and Abroad, impacting business
• Nature of Instrument proposed to be issued, and nature of transaction contemplated by parties
Relates to IRS
Revenue Ruling
(1959-60),USA
51. Registered Valuer draft
rules – method of
valuation (Cont.)
III. Registered Valuer shall make valuation of any asset in accordance with any one or more of the
following methods-
a. Net Asset Value Method (NAV)
b. Market Price Method
c. Yield Method / PECV Method
d. Discounted Cash Flow Method (DCF)
e. Comparable Companies Multiples Method (CCM)
f. Comparable Transaction Multiples Method (CTM)
g. Price of Recent Investment Method (PORI)
h. Sum of the parts Valuation Method (SOTP)
i. Liquidation Value
j. Weighted Average Method
k. Any other method accepted or notified by RBI, SEBI or Income Tax Authorities
l. Any other method that valuer may deem fit provided adequate justification for use of suh method
(and not any of the above methods) is provided
IV. Registered Valuer shall make valuation of any asset as on the Valuation date and in accordance with
applicable standards, if any stipulated for this purpose.
V Contents of Valuation report shall contain information as contained in Form 17.3
52. Ind AS Valuation
• Emphasis on Fair Value
• Market-based measurement,
• NOT an entity-specific measurement
• Leading to use of Complex Valuation Methods
54. Applicability of Ind AS
Financial year Mandatorily applicable to
2016-17
Companies (listed and unlisted) whose net worth is
equal to or greater than 500 crore INR
2017-18
Unlisted companies whose net worth is equal to or
greater than 250 crore INR and all listed companies
2018-19 onwards
When a company’s net worth becomes greater than
250 crore INR
55. O Ind AS 113 - Dedicated Standard on Fair Value Measurement
O Ind AS 103 – Business Combination
O Ind AS 16 – Property Plant & Equipment
O Ind AS 36 – Impairment of Assets
O Ind AS 102 – Share based payment
O Ind AS 40 – Investment Property
O Ind AS 38 – Intangible Assets
O Ind AS 109 – Financial Instruments
Ind AS using Fair Value as their guiding principle
56. Fair value
The PRICE that would be RECEIVED TO SELL AN ASSET or PAID TO TRANSFER A LIABILITY in
an ORDERLY TRANSACTION between MARKET PARTICIPANTS at the MEASUREMENT DATE.
• Fair Value is a market-based measurement, NOT an entity-specific measurement
• It is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, including
assumptions about risk. As a result, an entity’s intention to hold an asset or to settle or otherwise fulfill a liability is NOT
relevant when measuring fair value
59. Fair Value Techniques
prescribed in Ind AS - 113
Market Approach
Market Approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by
market transactions involving comparable assets/liabilities/business,
considering qualitative and quantitative factors (Comparable Companies
Valuation Method)
Cost Approach
Cost Approach reflects the amount that would be required currently to replace
asset (Replacement Cost method)
Income Approach
Income Approach converts future amounts to current (i.e. Discounted) amount
(ex-Cash Flows or Income and Expenses) resulting in the current market
expectations about those future amounts.
Income Approach Techniques could include-
• Present Value Techniques (Discounted Cash Flow Method)
• Option Pricing Models (Black Scholes or Binomial models)
• Multi period excess earning method (used for Intangibles)
60. Components of present
value measurement
(discounted cash flow)
• An estimate of future cash flows for the asset/liability being measured;
• Expectations about possible variations in amount and timing of cash flows representing
uncertainty inherent in cash flows;
• Time value of money, represented by the rate on Risk Free Monetary Assets having maturity
coinciding with period of cash flows (Risk Free rate)
• Price for bearing the uncertainty inherent in cash flows (Risk Premium)
• Other factors that market participants would take (CSRP)
Notes
1. An entity shall develop unobservable inputs using best information available in circumstances.
An entity may begin with own data but shall adjust that if market participants would use
different data (which is reasonably available).
Discount rates should reflect assumptions consistent with those inherent in Cash Flows.
2. Assumptions about Cash Flows and Discount rates should be internally consistent (Nominal
Cash Flows v, Real Cash Flows, Tax adjustments etc.)
3. Discount rates should be consistent with underlying economic factors of currency in which
cash flows are denominated
61. Validation of projections
(discounted cash flow)
• Future cash flow projections should reasonably capture the growth prospects and earning capability
of the company. Past performance, any envisaged savings or pressure on margins due to say
competition should be properly reviewed.
• Discontinuation of any part of business, Business Expansion or Diversification and any major
changes in policies of the company may materially impact the projections and make it different than
the historical trends.
• In case of Business Expansion, state of execution at time of valuation should be given due
consideration. Mere paper plans for expansion should not be taken into account.
• In case profits are expected to be realized after a lapse of some years or if material amount is to be
incurred before profits are realized, due consideration have to be given to these circumstances. A
better way could be valuing new business stream separately as it carries a different risk reward
characteristics.
• Similarly in Turnaround cases, the uncertainty of higher profits in much greater. Careful evaluation of
the steps actually taken to implement its strategy should be undertaken before accepting
management’s claims. If necessary, reports of Technical and other consultants should be called for.
• For Companies which are cyclical, the forecast period should necessarily cover entire business cycle
• Appropriate allowance should be made for Capital Expenditure and Working Capital in Projections
(for growth and also for existing capacity).
• In case of multiple unrelated businesses, SOTP valuation is preferred
62. Free cash flows – value trend
Terminal Value is calculated for the Perpetuity period based on the Adjusted last year
cash flows of the Projected period.
63. Free cash flow
calculation
Free cash flows to firm (FCFF) is calculated as
EBITDA
Taxes
Change in Non Cash Working capital
Capital Expenditure
Free Cash
Flow to Firm
Note that an alternate to above is following (FCFE) method in which the value of
Equity is directly valued in lieu of the value of Firm. Under this approach, the
Interest and Finance charges is also deducted to arrive at the Free Cash Flows.
Adjustment is also made for Debt (Inflows and Outflows) over the definite period
of Cash Flows and also in Perpetuity workings.
Theoretically, the value conclusion should remain same irrespective of the method
followed (FCFF or FCFE), (Provided, assumptions are consistent).
FREE CASH FLOWS
64. Cost of capital
calculation
DISCOUNT RATE – WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL
Where:
D = Debt part of capital structure
E = Equity part of capital structure
Kd = Cost of Debt (Post tax)
Ke = Cost of Equity
In case of following FCFE, Discount Rate is Ke and Not WACC
WACC
(Kd x D) + (Ke x E)
(D + E)
65. Cost of equity calculation
DISCOUNT RATE - COST OF EQUITY
Where:
Rf = Risk free rate of return (Generally taken as 10-year Government
Bond Yield)
B = Beta Value (Sensitivity of the stock returns to market returns)
Ke = Cost of Equity
Rm= Market Rate of Return (Generally taken as Long Term average
return of
Stock Market)
SCRP = Small Company Risk Premium
CSRP= Company specific Risk premium
Mod. CAPM Model
ke = Rf + B ( Rm-Rf) + SCRP + CSRP
The Cost of Equity (Ke) is computed by using Modified Capital Asset Pricing
Model (Mod. CAPM)
66. Terminal calculation
PERPETUITY FORMULA
– Usually comprises a Large part of Total Value and is sensitive to small
changes
– Capitalizes FCF after definite forecast period as a growing perpetuity;
– Estimate Terminal Value using Terminal Value Multiplier applied on last year
cash flows
– Gordon Formula is often used to derive the Terminal Cash
Flows by applying the last year cash flows as a multiple of
the growth rate and discounting factor
– Estimated Terminal Value is then discounted to present day at company’s
cost of capital based on the discounting factor of last year projected cash
flows
(1 + g)
(WACC – g)
IMPORTANT TIP- It is advised to do Sanity check by applying Relative Valuation
Multiples to the Terminal Year Financials and also doing Scenario Analysis.
67. Rule of Thumb
Industry Valuation Parameters
Hospital EV/Room
Engineering Mcap/Order Book
Mutual Fund Asset under management
OIL EV/ Barrel of equivalent
Print Media EV/Subscriber
Power EV/MW, EBITDA/Per Unit
Entertainment & Media EV/Per screen
Metals EBITDA/Ton, EV/Metric ton
Textiles EBITDA depend upon capacity utilization Percentage & per spindle value
Pharma Bulk Drugs New Drug Approvals , Patents
Airlines EV/Plane or EV/passenger
Shipping EV/Order Book, Mcap/Order Book
Cement EV/Per ton & EBITDA/Per ton
Banks Non performing Assets , Current Account & Saving Account per Branch
A rule of thumb or benchmark indicator is used as a reasonableness check against the
values determined by the use of other valuation approaches.
However, Exclusive
use of Rule of
Thumb is not
recommended
69. What is Relative
Valuation
The Value of an asset is compared to the values assessed by the market for similar or comparable
assets.
Relative Valuation is Pervasive
71. Multiples can be
misleading
To use a multiple you must:
• Know what are the fundamentals that determine the multiple and how changes in
these fundamentals change the multiple
• Know what the distribution of the multiple looks like (Mean/Median/Outliers)
• Ensure that both the denominator and numerator represent same group
PE, Book Value, Mcap/Sales Multiples result in Equity Value
EBIT, EBITDA, EV / Sales Multiple result in Enterprise Value
• Ensure that firms are comparable (Business Model, Product Profile, Geography,
Stage & Size of Business, Profitability margins, Borrowings etc. play a crucial role in
finding “Comps”
73. Discounts
Discounts & Premiums come into picture when there exist difference between the subject being valued and
the Methodologies applied. As this can translate control value to non-control and vise versa , so these should
be judiciously applied.
• Discount for Entity Level – Impact on entity as a whole
Key Person Discount
Discount for Contingent Liability
Discount for diversified company
Discount for Holding Company
Tax Payout
• Discount for Shareholders Level – Impact on specific ownership interest
Discount Lack of Control (DLOC)
Discount Lack of Marketability (DLOM)
• Size of distribution or dividends
• Dispute
• Revenue / Earning – Growth / Stability
• Private Company
• % stake & special rights
• Shareholders Agreement Restrictions
Global Studies over the years on diversified companies
and holding companies has shown that companies trade
at a discount in the range of 20%. to 40% each.
DLOM: As per CCI Guidelines, 15% discount has
been prescribed; however practically DLOM and
DLOC depends upon following factors:
74. Excess cash and
non operating
assets
Excess cash is defined as ‘total cash (in balance sheet) – operating cash (i.e. minimum required cash) to
sustain operations (working capital) and manage contingencies
Key Issue: Estimation of Excess Cash ?
Non operating Assets are the Surplus assets which are not used in operations of the business and does not
reflect its value in the operating earnings of the company. Therefore the fair market value of such Assets should
be separately added to the value derived through valuation methodologies to arrive at the value of the
company.
One of the solutions is to estimate average cash/sales or total balance sheet size of the company’s relevant
Industry and then estimate if the company being valued has cash in excess of the industry’s average.
However when valuing a non controlling ownership interest under the income approach, the
value of any non operating assets, non operating liabilities, or excess or deficient operating
assets may or may not be used to adjust the value of the operating entity depending on the
Valuer’s assessment of the influence exercisable by the non controlling interest (ICAI
Business Valuation Standard)
75. Cross holding &
Investments
Holdings in other firms can be categorized into:
Types of Cross Holding Meaning
Minority, Passive Investments If the securities or assets owned in another firm represent less
than 20% of the overall ownership of that firm
Minority, Active Investments If the securities or assets owned in another firm represent
between 20% and 50% of the overall ownership of that firm
Majority, Active Investments If the securities or assets owned in another firm represent more
than 50% of the overall ownership of that firm
Investment Value
Ways to value Cross Holding and Investments:
Dividend Yield Capitalization or DCF based on expected dividends
Separate Valuation (Preferred)
By way of Shareholders
Agreement even less % holding
may command control value
76. Accounting practices
& Tax issues
Most of the information that is used in valuation comes from financial statements.
which in turn are made on certain Accounting practices considered appropriate.
• Ind AS v. Ind GAAP
• Operating Lease v/s Financial Lease
• Notional Tax vs. Actual Tax
• Treatment of Intangible Assets
• Companies Paying MAT
• Treatment of Tax benefits and Losses
• Cash v. Accrual System
77. Control Premium &
Takeover bid
“Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder; valuation in those of the buyer”
• An investor seeking to acquire control of a company is typically willing to pay more than the
current market price of the company. Control premium is an amount that a buyer is usually
willing to pay over the fair market value of a publicly traded company to acquire controlling
stake in a company.
• Control can be direct (shareholding or Authority to appoint Board) or indirect (veto power,
casting vote etc)
• Research has shown that the control premium in India has widely ranged from 30-50% in the
past few years having median of 40%.
Recent Transactions (2016) Control Premium
Microsoft acquires LinkedIn 50%
Oracle acquires NetSuite 19%
Verizon acquires Fleetmatics Group 40%
78. Qualitative Factors
• Industry Assessment
• Economy
• Management Competence and Experience
• Competitors and Entry Barriers
• Proprietary Assets (Tangible and Intangibles)
• Strategic relationships
• Financial Condition
• Risk Factors
79. “We must analyze all Corporate Actions
and take necessary steps to Align them
with new Regulatory Valuation
requirements”
Let’s Learn…Unlearn…Relearn
80. Chander Sawhney
FCA, ACS, Certified Valuer (ICAI)
Partner & Head – Valuation & Deals
Corporate Professionals Capital Pvt. Ltd.
SEBI Registered (Cat-I) Merchant Banker
M: +91 9810557353; E: chander@indiacp.com
D-28, South Extension, Part-I, New Delhi-110049
www.corporateprofessionals.com
www.corporatevaluations.in