Business studies class 12 # organizing in Nepali medium # Organizing for class 12

Class - 12
WELCOME
Business Studies
Jofj;flos cWoog – II
(Chapter-Organizing)
Prepared by:
Pralhad Sapkota
Pragati Secondary
School, Hetauda- 9,
Makawanpur, Nepal

Class 12, Business Studies, Organizing: Prepared by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur, Nepal
Chapter 4: Organizing ;ªu7g sfo{ - LH 30

Learning Objectives:
After completion of this chapter, students will be able to understand:

4.1: Concept of organizing ;ªu7g sfo{sf] cjwf/0ff
 Organizing is the process of classifying the activities, grouping them, and assigning the tasks to the right man
with balanced authority, responsibility and reporting relationship.
 ;Ë7g sfo{ eg]sf] ;femf p2]Zo k|flKtsf] lgldQ ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?sf] klxrfg ug]{,
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;fd"xLs/0f ug]{, ljleGg JolQmx¿nfO{ sfo{ef/ ;'Dkg] / 7f8f] tyf ;dtn ;dGjo
sfod ug]{ k|lqmof xf] .
 o; sfo{leq ;Ë7gdf ug{'kg]{ sfo{nfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/G5 .
 To;}u/L sfo{ 9fFrf tof/ u/L sfo{ ljefhg ul/G5 .
 klxrfg ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ljz]iftfsf] cfwf/df ;d"xa4 ul/G5 .
 plrt ;Ë7g ;+/rgf tof/ u/L sfd, st{Jo clwsf/ Pjd pQ/bfloTj ls6fg ul/G5 .
 ;Ë7g ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df cfb]zsf] >[+ªvnf -Chain of command_ tyf Joj:yfkg Ifdtf ;Ldf -
Spam of management) :yfkgf ul/G5 .
 cGTodf ;Ë7g ;+/rgfdf ;+nUg ljleGg dfgjLo tyf u}/ dfgjLo ;fwg / >f]taLr plrt ;dGjo
sfod ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 .

Features of Organization
Organization is the structural framework which an enterprise is bound together and the framework
in which individual effort is coordinated.
Goal oriented
Structure
Continuity
Environment
Group of human
Division of work

 ;Ë7g sfo{nfO{ ljleGg lj4fgx?n] lgDg cg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf 5g . t'O; P= Pn]gsf cg';f/,
;Ë7g sfo{ k|lqmof eg]sf] sfo{sf] klxrfg tyf juL{s/0f ug]{, clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg tyf
pQ/bfloTjsf] :ki6 JofVof ug]{, ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ / nIo k|flKtsf lgldQ ljleGg JolQmx¿nfO{
;xefuL u/fpg] k|lqmof xf] .
 s'Gh / afOl/rsf cg';f/, ;Ë7g sfo{ cGtu{t -!_ cfjZos lqmofsnfk x¿sf] klxrfg / juL{s/0f
ug]{, -@_ p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu rflxg] u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;d"x agfpg], -#_ cfjZos ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{
clwsf/ ;lxt k|aGwsx¿nfO{ x/]s ;d"x ;'Dkg] / -$_ ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf 7f8f] / ;dtn ;dGjosf]
Joj:yf ug]{ cflb ;dfj]z x'G5g .
 ;+If]kdf ;Ë7g sfo{ -Organizing_ ;femf p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ sfd jf >dsf] laefhg ug]{, plrt 7fpFdf
plrt JolQmsf] Joj:yf ug]{, ;DaGwsf] vfsf tof/ ug]{, pknJw ;|f]tx?sf] afF8kmfFF8 ug]{, Kf|of;x?nfO{
;dGjo ug]{, lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;fd"lxsLs/0f ug]{ / x/]s ;fd"lxs lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{
clwsf/ lbO{ Joj:yfksnfO{ ;'Dkg];+u ;DalGwt Joj:yfksLo sfdnfO{ ;Ë7g sfo{ elgG5, h;df
pko'Qm clVtof/sf] k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] x'G5 .

Assignment
1. What is Organizing? Explain the natures of Organizing.
;Ë7g sfo{ eg]sf] s] xf] < ;Ë7g sfo{ sf k|s[ltsf] JofVof ug{'xf]; .

4.2: Principles of organizing ;ªu7g sfo{sf] l;4fGtx?
Principles of organizing show the guidelines to organizational structuring.
Principle of unity of objectives
Principle of specialization
Principle of exception
Principle of scalar of chain
Principle of span of control
Principle of unity of command
Principle of delegation authority
Principle of personal ability
Principle of efficiency
Principle of simplicity
Principle of responsibility
Principle of flexibility
Principle of balance
Principle of functional definition
Principle of coordination

1. Principle of unity of objective p2]Zodf Pstfsf] l;4fGt
Jofj;flos ;Ë7gdf sfo{sf/L tyf txut p2]Zox¿ x'G5g . sfo{sf/L p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L
txut p2]Zox¿ lgwf{/0f ug{'kb{5 . ;Ë7gsf] sfo{sf/L p2]Zo / txut p2]Zox¿aLr ;dGjo tyf tfnd]n
ePg eg] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;lsb}g . To;}n] sfo{sf/L p2]Zo / txut p2]Zox¿aLr Pstf x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 .
2. Principle of specialization / division of work ljlzi6Ls/0f jf sfo{ ljefhgsf] l;4fGt
;Ë7gdf ljleGg sfo{x¿ x'G5g . o:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ plrt tl/sfn] juL{s/0f u/L pko'Qm sfd pko'Qm
JolQmnfO{ ;'Dkg'kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ sfo{ ljlzi6Ls/0f xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 / pTkfbg nfutdf ;d]t sdL ug{
;lsG5 . To;}n] plrt tl/sfn] sfo{ ljefhg u/]/ ;Ë7gnfO{ ;Ifd tyf bIf agfpg'kb{5 .
3. Principle of span of control/management Joj:yfkg lgoGq0f Ifdtfsf] l;4fGt
Pp6f Joj:yfksn] ;Lldt JolQmx¿nfO{ dfq k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf lgb]{zg ug{ ;Sb5 . To;}n]
Pp6f Joj:yfksn] ;kmntfk"j{s slt JolQmx¿nfO{ k|ToIf ¿kn] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf lgb]{zg lbg ;S5 eGg] s'/f
lglZrt ug{'kb{5 . olb IfdtfnfO{ ljrf/ gu/L Joj:yfkg sfo{ ug]{ xf] eg] ;'kl/j]If0f, lgb]{zg tyf lgoGq0f
sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;Qm}g . ;fdfGotM Pshgf Joj:yfksn] a9Ldf % b]lv * hgf;Dd JolQmnfO{ k|efjsf/L
¿kn] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf lgb]{zg lbg ;Sb5 / k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f x'G5 .

4. Principle of exception ljlzi6Ls/0f ckjfbsf] l;4fGt
o; l;4fGtcg';f/ h'g;'s} ;d:ofx¿ klg sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfˆg} txaf6 ;'Nemfpg kb{5 . ;fgfltgf
;d:ofx¿nfO{ dflyNnf] txdf k7fP/ ;d:of kG5fpg] sfo{ ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;d:of;Fu h'Wg'kb{5 . olb ckjfb:j¿k
hl6n ;d:of cfOkof]{ eg] dfq dflyNnf] txdf k7fpg'kb{5 . sfo{sf/L k|d'vn] klg cfkm"n] ug{'kg]{ dxTjk"0f{
sfdx¿ ug{'kb{5 . ckjfbdf afx]s pm ;fgfltgf lgoldt k|s[ltsf sfddf cNdlng' x'Fb}g .
5. Principle of scalar of chain qmda4tfsf] l;4fGt
sfd ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, pQ/bfloTj qmda4 tyf z[Înfa4 ¿kn] ls6fg ul/g'kb{5 . k|To]s
;xfos sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] xflsd sf] xf] / s;sf] lgb]{zg kfngf ug]{ eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . o;af6
lgb]{zg lbg / lgb]{zgcg';f/ sfo{ ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . To;}n] ljleGg txdf /x]/ sfo{ ug]{ ljleGg JolQmx¿sf]
sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTj z[Înf :ki6 ePdf dfq ;Ë7g k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
6. Principle of unity of command cfb]zdf Pstfsf] l;4fGt
;Ë7gfTds k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu cfb]z kfngfdf cfpg] lj/f]wfefif x6fpg' kb{5 / k|d'v p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu
JolQmut pQ/bfloTjnfO{ clej[l4 u/fpg' kb{5 . To;}n] Ps JolQmaf6 dfq cfb]z k|fKt ug]{ / p;k|lt dfq
pQ/bfoL x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . o;af6 cfb]zdf Pstf cfO{ ;Ë7g bIf Pjd k|efjsf/L x'G5

7. Principle of delegation of authority clVtof/ k|Tofof]hgsf] l;4fGt
;Ë7gdf ;jf]{Rr clVtof/ k|d'v sfo{sf/Lsf] xftdf /xG5 . k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbg kof{Kt clVtof/ljgf ;Dej
x'Fb}g . To;}n] tNnf] txsf Joj:yfks tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo tyf pQ/bfloTj k"/f ug{
clVtof/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ctM pgLx¿nfO{ klg kof{Kt clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg ug{'kb{5 . clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg
z[Înfa4 ¿kn] x'g'kb{5 .
8. Principle of personal ability JolQmut bIftfsf]] l;4fGt
o; l;4fGtcg';f/ ;Ë7gfTds ;kmntfsf lgldQ Joj:yfksn] cfˆgf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{Ifdtf tyf k|efjsfl/tf
ljsf; ug{ dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg'kb{5 . h:t}M sd{rf/Lsf] egf{, 5gf]6, pgLx¿sf] sfo{ :yfg ;xL 7fpFdf x'g'kb{5 .
To:t} cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg tflnd, ;'kl/j]If0f, ;df/f]x, lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{'kb{5 . h;af6
sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf j[l4 x'G5 .
9. Principle of responsibility pQ/bfloTjsf] l;4fGt
;Ë7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu clwsf/sf ;fy;fy} pQ/bfloTj klg lbg'kb{5 .
clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTj;Fu;Fu} cfpFb5g , cnu ug{ ;lsb}g . xflsd ;xfos sd{rf/Låf/f ul/Psf] sfdk|lt k"0f{
pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5 eg] ;xfos sd{rf/Lx¿ klg cfˆgf] lhDdfsf] sfdk|lt k"0f{ pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5 .

10. Principle of efficiency bIftfsf] l;4fGt
;Ë7gn] Go"gtd nfut tyf ;dodf o;sf nIo tyf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu plrt
;Ë7g ;+/rgfsf cltl/Qm cg'ejL, of]Uo tyf bIf sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}n] ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf
tof/ ubf{ bIftfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug{'kb{5 .
11. Principle of simplicity ;/ntfsf] l;4fGt
o; l;4fGtn] ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf ;/n x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 lsgls x]g]{lalQs} s'g} klg sd{rf/Ln]
cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/ ;lhn} a'‰g ;sf]; . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] ;Ë7gsf] ;+/rgfaf6 ;a}
sd{rf/Lx¿n] Pscsf{aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] :ki6 hfgsf/L kfpg ;Sg] lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 . ;Ë7g ;s];Dd sd
tx ePsf] / ;lhn} ;~rf/ ug{ ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 .
12. Principle of flexibility nrstfsf] l;4fGt
Jofj;flos lqmofsnfkx¿ l:y/ geO{ kl/jt{gzLn x'G5g . To;sf/0f cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfdf s'g} kl/jt{g
gu/L ablnFbf] jftfj/0fcg';f/ jf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg] x'g'kb{5 cyf{t Jofj;flos ;Ë7gsf]
sf/f]af/df ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ x'Fbf klg ;+/rgfdf ;lhn} kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg] u'0f o;df x'g'kb{5 .

13. Principle of balance ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGt
;Ë7g ;+/rgfdf ;Dk"0f{ cË tyf efux¿sf] /fd|f] ;Gt'ng x'g'kb{5 . x/]s l;4fGt tyf ;Gt'lnt 9Ën] ug{'kb{5
h;af6 ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo klg k|efjsfl/tf cfcf]; . To;}u/L clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg ljs]G›Ls/0faLr ;Gt'ng
x'g'kb{5 . ;Gt'lnt ;+/rgfn] bIftfk"j{s ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
14. Principle of functional definition sfo{ut kl/efiffsf] l;4fGt
;Ë7gsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ljleGg JolQmx¿ ljleGg txdf /x]/ ljleGg sfo{;Dkfbg ub{5g . sfd, st{Jo,
clwsf/ tyf pQ/bfloTjdf cGof]n tyf e|d l;h{gf gxf]; egL :ki6 ls6fg ul/lbg'kb{5 . ;Ë7gdf sfo{/t
JolQmx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ tyf pQ/bfloTjnfO{ k|:6 kl/eflift ul/lbg] xf] eg] pgLx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw
klg cem dha't x'Fb} hfG5 .
15. Principle of co ordination ;dGjosf] l;4fGt
;Ë7gsf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿, ljefux¿ tyf sd{rf/Lx¿aLr /fd|f] ;dGjo x'g] u/L ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf
tof/ ug{'kb{5 . ;dGjo Joj:yfkgsf] h8 ePsfn] o;n] ;Ë7gfTds k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 .

Assignment
2. Explain the various principles of Organizing?
;Ë7g sfo{sf] laleGg l;4fGtx?sf] j0f{g ug{'xf]; .

4.3: Importance of organizing as a management function Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] ?kdf ;ªu7g sfo{sf] dxTj
Utilization of human resources
Coordination and communication
Use of new technology
Effective management
Training and development
Growth and diversification
Job satisfaction and productivity
Proper coordination between authority & responsibility
;Ë7lgs sfo{ Joj:yfkgsf] cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ tyf cfjZosLo sfo{ xf] cyf{t of] ;Ë7gfTds lqmofsnfksf] vfsf
(Framework) xf] h;df ;du| ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . Pp6f ;ªu7g ;+/rgfn] ljleGg sfo{x¿aLr
cf}krfl/s ;DaGw :yflkt ub{5, ljsf; tyf lj:tf/nfO{ k|jb{wg ub{5, gofF k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u ub{5, tflnd
tyf ljsf;nfO{ lglZrt ub{5, plrt ;dGjo tyf ;~rf/ ub{5 cflb . Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] ?kdf ;ªu7g sfo{sf]
dxTjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/G5 .

1. Utilization of Human Resources dfgjLo ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u
;Ë7gdf s'g} klg JolQmsf] of]Uotf, Ifdtf tyf cg'ejsf cfwf/df sfo{ ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 . To:t} plrt
;dodf plrt JolQmnfO{ plrt sfo{ ;'lDkPsf] x'G5 . o;af6 Psftkm{ JolQmcg';f/ sfd ldNg hfg] x'G5 eg]
csf]{tkm{ sfo{df ljlzi6Ls/0f xfl;n x'G5 . o;/L ;Ë7gn] dfgjLo ;fwgsf] clwstd ;b'kof]u ug{ d2t ub{5 .
2. Effective Coordination and Communication k|efjsf/L ;dGjo / ;~rf/
;dGjo eGgfn] ;Ë7gsf dfgjLo tyf u}/dfgjLo ;fwg / ;|f]taLr tfnd]n Nofpg] k|lqmof xf] . vf;u/L
;Ë7g sfo{cGtu{t x/]s kbsf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, hjfkmb]lxtf tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k sfddf
lj/f]wfef; x'Fb}g . To:t} x/]s kbsf JolQmx¿nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ cfb]z, lgb]{zg tyf ;/ ;Nnfx Pjd
;'emfj k|fKt x'Fbf c;n ;~rf/ eO/x]sf] x'G5 . o;/L ;Ë7gn] ;dGjo / ;~rf/df d2t k'/ÞofPsf] x'G5 .
3. Training and development tflnd tyf ljsf;
clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg tyf ljs]G›Ls/0fsf dfWod, cfb]z, lgb]{zg tyf ;'kl/j]If0fsf dfWodaf6 ljleGg
JolQmx¿sf] Ifdtfsf] klxrfg tyf d"NofÍg x'G5 . o;af6 cfjZos JolQmn] plrt tflndsf] cj;/ k|fKt
ub{5 . h;af6 Psftkm{ JolQmut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;Ë7gn] sd nfutdf k|efjsf/L sfo{
;Dkfbg ub{5

4. Use of New Technology gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
gofF k|ljlwsf] plrt k|of]u ug{' s'g} klg ;Ë7gsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;Ë7gdf nrstfsf]
u'0f x'g'kb{5 . jftfj/0fdf cfpg] kl/jt{gcg';f/ ;Ë7g ;+/rgf klg kl/jt{g ug{'kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ k|ljlwdf
x'g] kl/jt{gaf6 ;+:yfdf sfd ug]{ k|lqmofdf kl/jt{g NofO{ ;Ë7gfTds nIo ;lhn} xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
5. Effective management and administration k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg / k|zf;g
ljleGg Joj:yfksLo tyf k|zf;lgs sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug]{ cf}hf/ g} ;Ë7g sfo{ xf] . ;Ë7g ;+/rgfdf
ljleGg JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ / st{Jo :ki6 kfl/Psf] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ s'g} sfo{x¿ bf]xf]l/g] tyf s'g} sfo{
5'6g] ;Defjgf x'Fb}g . o;n] k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], ;Ë7gsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ juL{s/0f ug]{, >d
ljefhg ug]{, k|To]s JolQmsf] clwsf/ Pjd pQ/bfloTj :ki6 ug]{h:tf sfo{x¿ ub{5 .
6. Facilitates growth and divercification ljsf; Pjd ljljwtf
;Ifd ;Ë7g;+/rgfn] ;+:yfsf] ljsf; Pjd lj:tf/nfO{ 7"nf] d2t k'/ÞofPsf] x'G5 . o;n] ;+:yfsf
sfo{x¿nfO{ ljleGg efux¿df 5'§fpg] tyf ljs]G›Ls/0f ug]{ ub{5 . o;af6 ;+:yfsf] ljsf; x'G5 eg]
csf]{tkm{ ;Ë7gsf] dfWodaf6 w]/} lsl;dsf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 ;+:yfsf] sfddf ljljwtf
tyf ljsf; x'G5 .

7. Productivity and Job Satisfaction pTkfbsTj tyf sfo{;Gt'li6
s'g} klg ;Ë7gdf ljleGg sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ of]hgf tyf lg0f{ok|lqmofdf ;dfj]z u/fOG5 . To:t} pQm sfo{
sfof{Gjog ug{ pQ/bfloTj klg ls6fg ul/G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k pgLx¿af6 lg0f{osf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog x'G5 .
To:t} ;Ë7gsf gLltlgdf{tf tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ JolQm sd{rf/L cfkm} ePsf]n] pgLx¿df h;af6 ;Ë7gsf]
pTkfbsTj a95 / ;lhn} nIo xfl;n x'G5 .
8. Proper Authority and Responsibility clwsf/ Pjd pQ/bfloTjsf] plrt ;dGjo
c;n ;Ë7g ;+/rgfn] laleGg txsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] clwsf/ tyf bfloTjnfO{ :ki6 kfb{5 . :ki6 kl/eflift
clwsf/ tyf pQ/bfloTjn] ;Ë7gfTds k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ug{ d2t ub{5 . o;n] sd{rf/Lx¿df
:jcg'zf;g, :jclwsf/, dfgjLo ;DaGw tyf pko'Qm sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'/ÞofpF5 .

Assignment
3. Why organizing function in modern management is important?
cfw'lgs Joj:yfkgdf ;Ë7gs sfo{ lsg dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 <

4.4: Organizing Process ;ªu7g sfo{sf] k|lqmof
Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfo{sf] ¿kdf
;Ë7gfTds sfo{ /x]sf] x'G5 . Joj:yfksLo
sfo{cGtu{t of]hgfsfo{ kl5 ;Ë7gfTds sfo{
ul/G5 . t;y{ of] Joj:yfkgs} Ps cË ePsf]n]
o;df klg lglZrt k|lqmof jf r/0f kf/ ug'{kb{5
. h;nfO{ ;Ë7gfTds sfo{sf r/0f jf k|lqmof
elgG5 . tL r/0f jf k|lqmofnfO{ lgDgcg';f/
k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

1. Determining Objectives p2]Zox¿sf] lgwf{/0f
;Ë7gsf] p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Ë7gfTds sfo{sf] klxnf] k|lqmof xf] . lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKt
ug{ ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ul/G5 lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;Dkfbg
u/L p2]Zo kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;Ë7gfTds sfo{ ul/G5 . p2]Zosf] lgwf{/0f lagf ;Ë7gfTds
sfo{sf] ;'?jfltg} ;Dej x'Fb}g .
2. Identification of Activities lqmofsnfkx¿ jf sfo{x¿sf] klxrfg
p2]Zosf] lgwf{/0f u/]kl5 tL p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu s] s:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;Dkfbg
ug{'kb{5, tL sfo{sf] klxrfg u/L JolQmnfO{ Ifdtfcg';f/ ;'Dkg' kb{5 . ;Ë7gdf vl/b
sfo{, laqmL sfo{, pTkfbg sfo{, ahf/Ls/0f sfo{ cflb h:tf ljljw lqmofsnfkx¿ ;Dkfbg
ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . ;Ë7gsf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu sfdsf] ;lx klxrfg / juL{s/0f u/L ;f]xL
cfwf/df s:tf] JolQm s'g sfdsf nflu eGg] ;d]t lgwf{/0f ug{'kb{5 .

3. Grouping the Activities or Departmentation sfo{x¿sf] ;d"x jf ljefuLs/0f
klxrfg ul/Psf sfo{x¿nfO{ k|fs[lts cfwf/df Ps} ljz]iftf ePsf / ;DalGwt sfdx¿nfO{
Ps ;d"x jf ljefusf] ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfo{ ul/G5 . h:t}M laqmL;Fu
;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfdx¿ laqmL ljefu lgdf{0f u/L ;f]xL 7fpFaf6 ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
To;} u/L cGo ljljw ;d"x / ljefusf] lgwf{/0f o; k|lqmofcGtu{t kb{5 .
4. Allocating of Duties and Responsibilities st{Jo tyf pQ/bfloTjsf] afF8kmfF8
sfo{x¿nfO{ Ps} k|s[ltsf] sfd Ps 7fpFdf ;fd"xLs/0f u/]/ ljefusf] lgdf{0f kl5 csf]{
r/0fsf] ¿kdf st{Jo tyf pQ/bfloTjsf] afF8kmfF8 kb{5 . sfdsf] cfwf/df plrt JolQmnfO{
;f] sfd ;DkGg ug{ st{Joaf]w u/fpg'sf ;fy} pQ/bfoL ;d]t agfpg' kb{5 . JolQmsf]
Ifdtf a[l4 / 1fgsf] cfwf/df plrt sfd plrt JolQmnfO{ ;DkGg ug]{ lhDdf lbg'sf] ;fy}
st{Joaf]w ;d]t u/fpg' kb{5 .

5. Delegation of authority clVtof/sf] k|Tofof]hg
JolQmsf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df sfd ;'Dkg] jf bfloTjaf]w u/fO{ ;s]kl5 ;Fu;Fu} ¿kdf clVtof/sf] klg afF8kmfF8 jf
k|Tofof]hg ug{' kb{5 . pRr txsf Joj:yfksn] tNnf] txsf Joj:yfks / sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ clVtof/ ;'Dkg' kb{5
. lhDd]jf/L dfq lbg] t/ clVtof/L glbgfn] ;Ë7gdf gsf/fTds k|efj kf5{ . t;y{ s;n] cfb]z jf lgb]{zg lbg
;Sg] < s;n] lg0f{o lng ;Sg] < eGg] lglZrt u/L sfo{ dxTjsf cfwf/df ;f] JolQmnfO clVtof/ klg
;'Dkg'kb{5 . ;Ë7g sfo{ k|lqmofsf] o; r/0fn] clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/LnfO{ Joj:yfkg / ;Gt'ng k|bfg ub{5 .
6. Co-ordination ;dGjo
;Ë7gdf ul/g] ljleGg lqmofsnfk tyf JolQm JolQmaLr d]nldnfk / ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ sfd ;dGjo ug{' xf] .
;Ë7gdf ;Ë7gfTds sfo{ k|lqmofsf] clGtd / dxTjk"0f{ r/0fsf] ¿kdf ;dGjo /x]sf] x'G5 . sfddf Ps?ktf=
;xof]u, k|fKt ug{'kg]{ nIosf] ;~rf/ / ;"rgf ;dGjosf dxTjk"0f{ tTjx¿ x'g . sfddf k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg
u/L ;Ë7gfTds sfo{sf] ;kmntfsf nflu of] clgjfo{ sfo{ xf] . /fd|f] / k|efjsf/L ;dGjoaf6 nfutdf sdL
cfpg], ;xof]usf] efjgfdf a[l4, ;"rgfdf :ki6tfsf sf/0fn] bf]xf]/f]kgf gcfpg] h:tf kmfO{bf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

Assignment
4. Explain the steps involved in organizing process.
;fË7lgs k|lqmofsf r/0fx?sf] j0f{g ug{'xf]; .

4.5: Organizational Structures ;ªu7gfTds ;+/rgf jf 9fFFrf jf :j?kx?
;Ë7gsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ juL{s/0f ug]{, sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ tyf pQ/bfloTj k|:6 kfg]{, clVtof/
k|Tofof]hg tyf ;~rf/ k|0ffnL sfod ug]{ tyf ;dGjonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg];Fu ;DalGwt ljlw tyf
tl/sfnfO{ ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf elgG5 . ;+:yfsf] cfsf/, k|s[lt tyf p2]Zocg';f/ ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf
km/s km/s x'G5g . ;fdfGotM ;u7gfTds ;+/rgf lgDgfg';f/sf x'G5g M

A: Line Organization Structure /]vf ;ªu7g ;+/rgf
;a} eGbf k'/fgf] / zf:qLo l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t ePsf]
;fy} ;/n of] /]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgf z'¿df ;]gfdf
k|of]u ePsfn] o;nfO{ ;}lgs ;Ë7g ;+/rgf klg
elgG5 . o;df sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ tyf
pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ;a} txdf :ki6 ?kdf kl/eflift
ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fy} cfb]z dflyaf6 tntkm{ / cg'/f]w
tyf u'gf;f] tnaf6 dfly k|jflxt x'G5 eg] cfb]zdf
Pstf, clwsf/sf] >[Înf;d]t lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 .
/]vf ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf cjnDag u/]sf ;ªu7gx?df clwsf/nfO{ s]G›Ls/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . dflyNnf]
lgsfo / tNnf] lgsfoaLr Psf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ k|jfx x'g] / dflysf] cfb]z x'ax' kfngf ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{tf
/ k[i7kf]if0f gx'g] cflb sf/0faf6 o; lsl;dsf] ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgfnfO{ Tolt Jojxfl/s dfGg ;lsFb}g.
BOD
Supervisor

dflysf] lrqcg';f/ /]vf ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgfdf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] dftxtdf k|d'v
sfo{sf/L dxfk|aGws x'G5 eg] Tof] eGbf tNnf] txdf cfjZostf cg';f/ Joj:yfksx¿ /xG5g .
Joj:yfksnfO{ ;xof]u k'/Þofpg] p2]Zon] ;'k/Lj]Ifs / ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] dftxtdf kmf]/Dofg /xG5g .
k|To]s kmf]/Dofgsf] k|ToIf lgu/fgL / ;'k/Lj]If0fdf sfdbf/x¿ /xG5g . o:tf] ;Ë7gdf gLlt
lgdf{0f ug]{, dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿ ug]{ / sfo{ljwL to ug]{h:tf clwsf/ dxfk|aGwsdf /xG5 . pRr
tx / lgDg txaLr clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTjsf] k|ToIf ;DaGw :yflkt ul/G5 eg] ;xfosx¿df
cfkm'eGbf dflysf] cfb]z / lgb]{zg t'?Gt kfngf ug]{ lhDd]jf/L /xG5 .
/]vf ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgfnfO{ z'4 /]vf ;Ë7g / ljefuLo /]vf ;Ë7g u/L bO{ k|sf/df juL{s/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . h;df z'4 /]vf ;Ë7gleq Pstxdf sfd ug]{ x/]s JolQmn] Pp6} lsl;dsf] dfq
sfd ub{5g . ;fy} lgb]{zg / lgoGq0fsf] lhDdf klg Pp6} dfq ljefunfO{ tflsPsf] x'G5 . To;}u/L
ljefuLo /]vf ;Ë7gdf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ljleGg ljefu, zfvf, pkzfvfx¿df ljefhg
ul/Psf] x'G5 . k|To]s ljefudf 5'§f5'§} lsl;dsf] sfd ;dfg sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;Dkfbg ub{5g .

Advantages of Line Organization Structure /]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgfsf kmfObfx¿
 /]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgf a'‰g / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lhnf] 5 .
 /]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgfdf sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ tyf pQ/bfloTj :ki6 ?kn] kl/eflift tyf
kf/bzL{ x'G5 .
 k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ k|0ffnL x'G5 . k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ t'?Gt sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 .
 cfb]zdf tyf lgb]{zgdf PsfTdstf, sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTjsf] :ki6 JofVof tyf
s8f cg'zf;gsf] sf/0fn] k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f ;Dej x'G5 .
 /]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgf cGo ;Ë7g ;+/rgfsf t'ngfdf a9L ldtJooL / k|efjsf/L 5 .
 /]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgfdf Psn clwsf/, PsLs[t lgoGq0f tyf lglZrt hafkmb]lxtf x'g] ePsfn]
zL3| lg0f{o x'G5 .
 /]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgfn] kl/jt{gzLn jftfj/0fdf klg cfkm"nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ ;Sb5 . To;}n] of]
;Ë7g ;+/rgf a9L nf]rbf/ 5 .

Disadvantages of Line Organization Structure /]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgfsf a]kmfObfx¿
 /]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgf ;fgf ;+:yfx¿sf nfludfq pko'Qm x'g] ePsfn] 7'nf ;+:yfsf nflu
pko'Qm x'Fb}g .
 /]vf clwsf/Lx¿ sfo{gLlts of]hgfdf eGbf a9L sfo{;~rfngdf g} Jo:t x'G5g .
 a9L lgoGq0f x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ uO{ ;+:yfsf] lxtljk/Lt JolQmut
lxtnfO{ a9L dxTj lbg] k/Dk/f xfaL x'g ;S5 .
 ;+:yfsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf nflu ljz]if / ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'Fb}g .
 o; ;Ë7g ;+/rgfdf pko'Qm ;"rgfsf] cefj /xG5 . ;"rgfsf] cefjdf Joj:yfkgdf
;xeflutf l;4fGt ;kmn x'Fb}g . kl/0ffd:j¿k lg0f{ox¿ unt x'g uO{ ;+:yfdf gsf/fTds
c;/ kg{ hfG5 .
 /]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgfdf gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, rfKn';Lh:tf lj;Ëltx¿n] k|f]T;fxg kfpFb5g .
o;af6 c;Ifd JolQmn] klg pRr kb xfl;n ug]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 .

Assignment
5. Define line organization structure and explain it’s advantages and
disadvantages./]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ o;sf kmfObf tyf a]kmO{bfx¿
a0f{g ug{'xf]; .

B: Line and staff Organization Structure /]vf tyf sd{rf/L ;ªu7g ;+/rgf
sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/
cy{lj1
/]vf tyf sd{rf/L ;Ë7g ;+/rgf Ps
;/n k|sf/sf] ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf xf] .
/]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgfdf h:t} o;df klg
;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf sfd, st{Jo,
clwsf/, pQ/bfloTj tyf hafkmb]lxtfnfO{
:ki6 kl/eflift ul/Psf] x'G5 . cfb]z tyf
lgb]{zgdf PsfTdstf x'G5 . cfb]z
dflyaf6 tn / cg'/f]w tnaf6 dfly
k|efljt x'G5 . k|d'v clwsf/L cyf{t
dxfk|aGwsnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ljlzi6 sd{rf/L tyf k|fljlw1x¿ /flvPsf x'G5g . ltgLx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo tyf
clwsf/nfO{ /]vfa4 ul/Psf] x'Fb}g t/ klg dxTjk"0f{ ;Nnfxsf/ tyf lgsfosf ¿kdf /xG5g . ;+:yfsf] lxtsf nflu
dxfk|aGwsnfO{ ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfj lbg] clwsf/ eP tfklg /]vfTds lgb]{zg tyf cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ eg] x'Fb}g .
/]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgfdf ljz]if1 tyf k|fljlw1sf] Joj:yf ugf{;fy /]vf tyf sd{rf/L ;Ë7g ;+/rgf aGb5 .

ljz]if1x¿sf] ljlzi6 ;]jf k|fKt u/]/ ;Ë7gfTds k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ug]{ /]vf tyf
sd{rf/L ;Ë7g ;+/rgfsf] k|d'v tyf ljlzi6 p2]Zo xf] . ljz]if1x¿n] dxfk|aGwsnfO{ ;Nnfx
tyf ;'emfj lbg'sf ;fy} of]hgf agfpg], gLlt th{'df ug]{, sfo{ljlw tof/ ug]{h:tf dxTjk"0f{
sfo{x¿df /]vf Joj:yfksx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpFb5g . cfhsfnsf] Jofj;flos huTfdf o:tf]
k|sf/sf] ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf Hofb} nf]slk|o tyf k|rlnt 5 . k|foM u/L 7"nf] :t/sf ;+:yfx¿n]
o;k|sf/sf] ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf k|of]udf NofpFb5g .
Advantages of Line and staff Organization Structure /]vf tyf sd{rf/L ;Ë7g ;+/rgfsf kmfObfx¿
 /]vf tyf sd{rf/L ;Ë7g ;+/rgf lgof]lht ljlzi6Ls/0fdf cfwfl/t 5 .
 Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfngdf ljz]if1 tyf k|fljlw1sf] ;]jf k|fKt x'G5 .
 plrt JolQmnfO{ plrt sfd k|bfg ul/g] ePsfn] ;+:yfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ;Dej x'G5 .
 cfb]z tyf lgb]{zgdf PsfTdstf, sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, pQ/bfloTj tyf hafkmb]lxtfsf]
:ki6 /]vf x'g] ePsfn] k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f x'G5 .

 /]vf tyf sd{rf/L ;Ë7g ;+/rgf a'‰g tyf sfof{Gjg ug{ ;lhnf] 5 .
 /]vf tyf sd{rf/L ;Ë7g ;+/rgf nlrnf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;do;fk]If kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
 /]vf tyf sd{rf/L ;Ë7g ;+/rgfdf cg'zf;g tyf :yfloTj sfod /fVg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
Disadvantages of Line and staff Organization Structure /]vf tyf sd{rf/L ;Ë7g ;+/rgfsf a]kmfObfx¿
 ljz]if1 tyf k|fljlw1x¿sf] clwsf/ tyf pQ/bfloTjnfO{ k|:6 ls6fg gul/g] x'gfn] /]vfTds
Joj:yfks;Fu dgd'6fj tyf åGå x'g ;Sb5 .
 ljz]if1 tyf k|fljlw1x¿sf] sfo{ ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfj lbg]dfq x'G5 . ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfjnfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug]{ jf gug]{ clwsf/ /]vf clwsf/LnfO{ x'G5 . To;}n] ljz]if1 tyf k|fljlw1x¿ lgliqmo /xg ;Sb5g .
 ljz]if1 tyf k|fljlw1x¿n] lbPsf] ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfjsf] unt JofVof x'g ;Sb5 .
 dxfk|aGwsn] cfjZos ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfa ljz]if1af6 lng] x'gfn] /]vf Joj:yfksx¿df cfTdxLgtfsf]
efjgf l;h{gf x'g hfG5 .
 /]vf clwsf/L / ljz]if1x¿sf] sfo{ If]qdf ;dGjo Nofpg sl7g x'G5 .

Assignment
6. Define line and staff organization structure and explain it’s
advantages and disadvantages./]vf tyf sd{rf/L ;Ë7g ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/eflift
ub}{ o;sf kmfObf tyf a]kmfO{bfx? a0f{g ug{'xf]; .

Difference between Line and Line & staff Organization Structure

Assignment
7. Differentiate between line organization structure and
line and staff organization structure.
/]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgf / /]vf tyf sd{rf/L ;Ë7g ;+/rgfaLr km/s 5'6ofpg'xf]; .

C: Functional Organization Structure sfof{Tds ;ªu7gfTds ;+/rgf
BOD

sfof{Tds ;Ë7gsf] cjwf/0ff j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf lktf F.W. Taylor n] ljsf; u/]sf x'g . pgn]
sf/vfgf Joj:yfkgsf nflu of] ;Ë7g ;+/rgfsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf lyP . jt{dfg ;dosf] sfof{Tds ;Ë7g
Functional foremanship sf cfwf/df ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . Jojxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Tds ;Ë7gsf] k|of]u pRr
txsf] Joj:yfkgdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] kfOG5 . tNnf] txsf] Joj:yfkgdf o;sf] sfof{Gjog ePsf] kfOFb}g . F.W.
Taylor n] Jojxfl/s cWoogaf6 of] lgrf]8 lgsfn] ls s'g} klg kmf]/d]g ;a} s'/fdf lgk'0f xFb}g h;n] ubf{
ljleGg txdf ljleGg ljz]if1x¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . h;n] Joj;fosf ljleGg If]qdf sd{rf/L jf 6f]nLgfossf
¿kdf sfd ub{5g . Taylor n] Joj:yfkgdf ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] l;4fGt ckgfpg'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbP . pgn]
Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ of]hgfljefu / sfo{sf/L ljefu u/L @ efudf ljefhg u/] . of]hgf ljefudf ;do Pjd
nfut Sns{, lgb]{zg Sns{, sfo{ dfu{ Sns{ / cg'zf;g lgo'lQm ug]{ Sns{ x'G5 eg] sfo{sf/L ljefudf 6f]nL
gfos, ult gfos, dd{t gfos / lg/LIf0f gfosx¿ x'G5g . o; ;Ë7g ;+/rgfcg';f/ k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] ljleGg
JolQmx¿af6 cfb]z / lgb]{zg k|fKt ub{5g . o; ;Ë7gsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ tTj eg]sf] sfof{Tds Joj:yfksn]
cfˆgf] sfof{Tds clwsf/sf] k|of]u cfˆgf] ljefu jf If]qafx]s cGo If]qdf klg k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5 . h:t}M Pp6f
ljQ Joj:yfksn] ;Ë7gsf cGo ljefu tyf zfvfdf ljQLo tTjsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg ;Sb5 . To;sf/0f
o:tf] ;+/rgf ;fgf] Jofj;flos ;Ë7gsf nflu pkof]uL xG5, hxfF ljleGg sfo{x¿ cGt;{DalGwt x'G5g .

Advantages of Functional Organization Structure sfof{Tds ;Ë7g ;+/rgfsf kmfObfx¿
 >d ljefhg / ljlzi6Ls/0faf6 kmfObf lng ;lsG5 .
 pRr:t/sf] sfof{Tds s'zntfdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 .
 k|dfkLs/0f / ljlzi6Ls/0fåf/f a[xt pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
 zf/Ll/s sfo{ / dfgl;s sfo{nfO{ ljefhg ul/G5 .
 ;'dw'/ cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw sfod x'G5 / ljleGg sd{rf/Lx¿aLr cfk;L ;xof]u ;Dej x'G5 .
 sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflnd tyf k|lzIf0fsf cj;/x¿ k|fKt x'G5g .
 sfof{Tds ;Ë7gn] k|d'v sfo{sf/Lsf] sfo{ef/ 36fpFb5 .
Disadvantages of Functional Organization Structure sfof{Tds ;Ë7g ;+/rgfsf a]kmfObfx¿
 sfof{Tds ;Ë7g ;+/rgf ;fgf / dWod:t/sf ;+:yfsf nflu cg'ko'Qm .
 clwsf/sf] :ki6 kl/efiffsf cefjdf kmf]/Dofg / lg/LIfsaLr cfk;L åGå x'g ;Sb5 .
 Joj:yfkgnfO{ pQ/bfloTj lgwf{/0f ug{ sl7gfO kb{5 .

 sfdnfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ / lqmofsnfk, sd{rf/L tyf ljefux¿aLr ;dGjo Nofpg sl7g
x'G5 .
 cfb]z tyf lgb]{zgdf PsfTdstf x'Fb}g . Pp6f sfdbf/n] w]/} xflsdx¿sf] lgb]{zg kfngf
ug{'kg]{ x'G5 / ;a}k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ x'G5 .
 sfof{Tds ;Ë7g ;+/rgfdf lg0f{odf l9nfO x'G5 . o;af6 dxTjk"0f{ cj;/x¿ u'Dg hfg]
8/ x'G5 .
 sfdbf/x¿sf] sfdk|lt pT;fx / kxndf sdL cfpFb5 .
Assignment
8. Define functional organization structure and explain it’s
advantages and disadvantages.
sfof{Tds ;Ë7g ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ o;sf kmfObf tyf a]kmO{bfx? a0f{g ug{'xf]; .

Difference between Line and functional organization structure

Assignment
9. Differentiate between line organization structure and
functional organization structure.
/]vf ;Ë7g ;+/rgf sfof{Tds ;Ë7g ;+/rgfaLr km/s 5'6ofpg'xf]; .

4.6.1: Meaning of Departmentation ljefuLs/0fsf] cy{
;Ë7gfTds nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;Ë7gsf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ljleGg PsfO jf ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{
k|lqmof g} ljefuLs/0f xf] . csf]{ zAbdf ;Ë7gsf sfdx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt / ;/nLs/0f ug{sf nflu sfo{nfO{
ljefhg u/L ljeflht sfo{sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ Ps} lsl;dsf sfo{x¿nfO{ Pp6} ;d"xdf /fVg' / ;f]xL sfo{cg'?ksf]
gfd lbg' ljefuLs/0f xf] . h:t}M n]vf;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ug]{ n]vf ljefu, pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{x¿ ug]{
pTkfbg ljefu cflb kb{5g .
ljefuLs/0f eGgfn] ;Ë7gsf sfdx¿nfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df ljeflht u/L plrt JolQmnfO{ plrt sfd ;Dkg' xf]
. ;fy} ;f] sfd k"/f ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf ;d]t k|bfg ug{' g} ljefuLs/0f xf] . o;sf] p2]Zo
;aeGbf pko'Qm tl/sfn] k|zf;g rnfpg' / ;Ë7gfTds sfo{x¿nfO{ ljleGg ljefu, zfvf tyf k|zfvfdf
juL{s/0f ug{' xf] .
ljefuLs/0fn] ;+:yfsf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ ;lhnf] kfg{'sf ;fy} ;~rf/, ;dGjo tyf lgoGq0fnfO{ klg
k|efjsf/L agfpFb5 . ljefuLs/0faf6 k|efjsf/L ;'kl/j]If0f tyf lgoGq0f, plrt dfu{bz{g, k|efjsf/L ;dGjo
xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 / sfd st{Jo, clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTjnfO{ :ki6 kl/eflift u/L cfk;L dgd'6fj / åGånfO{
lg?T;flxt ug{ ;lsG5 . ljefuLs/0faf6 sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ ;/n kfg{ klg ;lsG5 .

YK Bhusan sf cg';f/, k|zf;lgs p2]Zosf nflu lqmofnfkx¿nfO{ ljleGg PsfOdf ljefhg ug]{
k|lqmofnfO{ ljefuLs/0f elgG5 .
S A Sheralakar sf cg';f/, ljefuLs/0f eGgfn] lqmofnfkx¿nfO{ h:t}M JolQm zfvf ljefux¿
cflbnfO{ Jojl:yt efux¿df ljZn]if0f ljefhg tyf qmda4 ug]{ k|lqmof xf] .
ljefuLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 s'g} klg ;Ë7gn] lgDglnlvt kmfObfx¿ k|fKt ug{ ljefuLs/0fsf]
dfWodaf6 >d ljefhg tyf ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] kmfObf lng ;lsG5M
ljefuLs/0faf6 ljleGg sd{rf/Lx¿df sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, pQ/bfloTj hjfkmb]lxtf cflb
lglZrt ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
o; sfo{af6 ;Ë7gfTds sfo{x¿sf] lgoGq0f, ah]6 th{df tyf ljlgof]hg ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .
o; sfo{af6 ljleGg JolQm tyf ljefux¿df plrt ;dGjo :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
;~rf/ sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pTk|]/0ff lbnfpg tyf pgLx¿sf] JolQmTj ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ub5 .
Joj:yfksLo sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

lgisif{df ;+:yfsf] k|zf;lgs sfo{nfO{ ;/n kfg{sf nflu ;Ë7gfTds lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{
ljleGg ljefux¿df ljefhg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ljefuLs/0f elgG5 . ljefuLs/0f sfo{ Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfksLo sfo{ xf] . ljz]if1 tyf /]vfTds clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;xof]u tyf ;Nnfxdf
k|d'v sfo{sf/Ln] ljefuLs/0f ug{'kb{5 . ljefuLs/0f ubf{, ldtJolotf, ljlzi6Ls/0f, ;dGjo,
lgoGq0f, :yfgLo kl/l:ylt cflbnfO{ ljrf/ ug{'kb{5 . pQd ljefufs/0f ug{ ;s]sf v08df
k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] sfo{;Dkfbg u/L ;Ë7gfTds k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
Assignment
10. What do you mean by departmentation?
ljefuLs/0f eGGffn] tkfO{+ s] a'emg'x'G5 <

4.6.2: Methods of Departmentation ljefuLs/0fsf ljlwx?
;dfg k|s[ltsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ljefux¿df ;d"xLs[t ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ljefuLs/0f elgG5 . ;a}
k|sf/sf ;Ë7gx¿nfO{ Ps} lsl;dsf ljefuLs/0f pko'Qm gx'g ;S5 . -There is no single best way of
departmentation that is applicable to all organizations or to all situations_ o;nfO{ ;do, sfo{k|s[lt, p2]Zo
cflbh:tf tTjx¿n] k|efj kf/]sf x'G5g . To:t} ;a} cj:yfdf Ps} k|sf/sf] tl/sf pko'Qm gx'g
;Sb5 . ljefuLs/0fsf k|d'v ljlwx¿nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
i. Departmentation by Function sfo{sf cfwf/df ljefuLs/0fM
cfˆgf] nIo k|flKtsf] lgldQ s'g} klg ;Ë7gn] ljleGg sfo{x¿ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . tL ljleGg sfo{x¿
;Dkfbg ug{ leGgfleGg} ljefux¿ v8f ul/G5 eg] o;nfO{ sfo{sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] ljefuLs/0f
elgG5 . o;nfO{ csf]{ zAbdf sfof{Tds ljefuLs/0f klg elgG5 . Pp6f pTkfbgd"ns Jofa;flos
;+:yfn] cfˆgf sfo{x¿nfO{ pTkfbg, ljQ, ahf/Ls/0f, sd{rf/L cflbnfO{ ljleGg ljefux¿df jf
;d"xdf ljefhg ub{5 . cfjZostfcg';f/ tL ljefuLs[t sfo{x¿nfO{ klg k'gM pkljefu jf
zfvfx¿df afF8g ;lsG5, h;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lrqdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

Advantages of departmentation by function:
 ;DalGwt ljz]if1x¿n] ljefuLo sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ ePsfn] sfo{df ljlzi6Ls/0f,
 plrt >d ljefhg,
 ljefuLo ;dGjo sfod ug{ tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ ;lhnf],
 dfgjLo tyf u}/dfgjLo ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng,
 ljleGg sd{rf/Lx¿n] JolQmTj ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug]{ .
Disadvantages of departmentation by function:
• kl/jlt{t Jofj;flos jftfj/0fcg';f/ ;dfof]hg ug{ sl7g,
• ljleGg ljefux¿aLr plrt ;~rf/ tyf ;dGjosf] cefj,
• lg0f{odf l9nfO, ljleGg ljefux¿n] cfˆgf] ljefuLo :jfy{ dfq x]g]{ ePsfn] ljefuLo åGå pTkGg x'g ;Sg],
• sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug{ sl7gfO{ .

ii. Departmentation by Product or Services j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfwf/df ljefuLs/0f
s'g} klg ;Ë7gn] ljleGg j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg ub{5 / To;sf cfwf/df ljefuLs/0f ub{5 eg]
To;nfO{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf cfwf/df ul/Psf] ljefuLs/0f elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf ljefuLs/0f ljleGg
j:t'x¿ pTkfbg ug]{ jf k|of]u ug]{ ;Ë7gsf nflu pkof]uL dflgG5 . h;df ;dfg k|s[ltsf j:t'x¿sf
nflu Pp6f ljefu :yfkgf ul/G5 . of] ljefuLs/0f j:t' ljljwLs/0f, pTkfbg / j:t'sf] ahf/Ls/0f
ug{sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] ljefuLs/0fnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

Advantages of departmentation by product or service:
• Ps} ;fy w]/} j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ tyf ljleGg j:tsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;Ë7gsf nflu pko'Qm,
• k|To]s ljefusf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg ug{ ;lhnf],
• x/]s ljefuLo k|d'vn] cfˆgf] ljefuLo sfo{df a9L Wofg s]lG›t ug]{,
• zL3| lg0f{o,
• clwsf/ tyf pQ/bfloTj ls6fg ug{ ;lhnf],
• sfo{s'zntfdf j[l4 .
Disadvantages of departmentation by product or service:
• Joj:yfksLo ;Lk ePsf ljleGg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfjZostf,
• k|zf;lgs vr{df j[l4,
• ljleGg ljefux¿aLr ;dGjosf] cefj,
• ;Ë7gsf] ;jf{ËL0f lxteGbf ljefuLo lxtdf Wofg s]lG›t ug]{ ePsfn] ;Ë7g ljsf;df cfFr cfpF5,
• ljleGg ljefux¿aLr åGå pTkGg x'g ;Sg] .

iii. Departmentation by Territory ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df ljefuLs/0f
s'g} klg ;Ë7gsf sf/f]jf/x¿ ljleGg If]qdf km}lnPsf 5g eg] To; ;+:yfn] ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cfwf/df
ljefuLs/0f ub{5 . o:tf] ljefuLs/0fdf Pp6f ef}uf]lns If]q Pp6f Joj:yfkssf] lhDdfdf x'G5 . ef}uf]lns
ljefuLs/0fdf k|To]s ljefu cfkm}+df k"0f{ PsfO x'G5 . k|foM a}+s, ladf sDkgLx¿ cflbn] o:tf] ljefuLs/0f
u/]sf] kfOG5 . cGt/f{li6«o :t/df eg] ljleGg ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿n] o:tf] ljefuLs/0f ub{5g . olb s'g}
;+:yfsf] sf/f]af/ g]kfn clw/fHoel/ km}lnPsf] 5 eg] To; ;+:yfsf] If]q, k|b]z, c~rn, lhNnfsf] cfwf/df
ljefuLs/0f ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf] ljefuLs/0fsf] ;fdfGo :j?knfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

Advantages of departmentation by Territory:
• :yfgLo u|fxs tyf :yfgLo ahf/sf cfjZostfx¿df s]lG›t /xg] xgfn] :yfgLo u|fxssf cfjZostf
;lhn} k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 .
• Pp6f ef}uf]lns If]qsf] lhDdf Pp6f Joj:yfksnfO{ lbOg] x'gfn] lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
• x/]s ljefunfO{ s]G›Lo ;xof]u tyf ;dGjo k|fKt x'G5 .
• Jofj;flos jftfj/0fdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gcg';f/ o;nfO{ ;lhn} ;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 .
• ljleGg If]qLo Joj:yfksnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ tflnd k|bfg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
Disadvantages of departmentation by Territory:
• ;a} k|sf/sf ;Ë7gsf nflu cg'ko'Qm
• ljleGg ;fwg tyf ;|f]tsf] ljefhgdf c;Gt'ng
• ljleGg If]qLo ljefux¿aLr ;dGjo sfod ug{ sl7g
• vlr{nf] k|lqmof
• jftfj/0fLo kl/j]znfO{ sd cg';/0f .

iv. Departmentation by Customers u|fxssf] If]qsf cfwf/df ljefuLs/0f
ljleGg k|sf/sf ;Ë7gx¿n] ljleGg k|sf/sf u|fxsx¿nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{
x'G5 . To;}n] u|fxssf k|s[ltcg';f/ ug]{ ljefuLs/0fnfO{ u|fxssf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] ljefuLs/0f elgG5. h:t}M Pp6f
pTkfbgd"ns ;Ë7gn] cfkm"n] sf/f]jf/ ug{'kg]{ u|fxssf cfwf/df cfˆgf] sfo{nfO{ yf]s ljefu, v'b|f ljefu, cfoft
lgof{t ljefu, ls:tfaGbL ljefu cflbdf ljefuLs/0f ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf] ljefuLs/0fsf] ;fdfGo :j?knfO{
lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

Advantages of departmentation by Customers:
• o; k|sf/sf] ljefuLs/0f ljz]if u/L u|fxs s]lG›t x'g] ePsf]n] cfjZosu|fxsnfO{ cfjZos ;]jf
k'/ofpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
• u|fxssf] If]qdf ljz]if ;]jf k'/Þofpg ;lsG5 .
• ljleGg k|sf/sf u|fxsx¿nfO{ ;]jf k'/Þofpg'kg]{ ;Ë7gsf] nflu pko'Qm
• ;Ë7gsf] Voflt tyf k|lti7f sfod /fVg ;lhnf]
• cfˆgf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ u|fxs;DaGwL lhDd]jf/Laf]w u/fpg ;lhnf] .
Disadvantages of departmentation by Customers:
• Joj:yfksLo lgoGq0f tyf ;'kl/j]If0fdf ck|efjsfl/tf
• ;fwg tyf ;|f]tsf] ljefhgdf ;d:of
• ljleGg ljefuLo k|d'vx¿n] ljefuLo :jfy{nfO{ Wofg lbg] x'gfn] åGåfTds l:yltsf] l;h{gf
• cGt/ ljefuLo ;dGjosf] cefj
• ;a} k|sf/sf ;Ë7gsf nflu cg'ko'Qm

v. Departmentation by Time ;dosf] cfwf/df ljefuLs/0f
k|foM rf}aL; 306f ;~rfng x'g] ;+:yfx¿n] ;dosf] cfwf/df ljefuLs/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;
k|sf/sf] ljefuLs/0fdf x/]s ;q -Shift_ sf nflu Pp6f Pp6f OGrfh{sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . k|foM
xf]6n, /]:6'/]G6, c:ktfnx¿n] o:tf] ljefuLs/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; k|sf/sf] ljefuLs/0fdf ;Dkfbg
ug{'kg]{ sfo{nfO{ ;dosf cfwf/df 5'6ofOG5 . lglZrt jf tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq cfˆgf] sfo{ k"/f
ug{ g;Sg ;Ë7gx¿n] o; k|sf/sf] ljefuLs/0faf6 ljleGg kmfObf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g . o; k|sf/sf]
ljefuLs/0fnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lrqaf6 b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

Advantages of departmentation by Time:
• lglZrt sfo{ ;~rfng
• ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
• ;f}aL;} 306f sfo{;~rfng x'g] x'gfn] ljleGg u|fxsx¿n] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
• kl/l:yltcg';f/ cg's"n
• s'g} klg Joj:yfksn] cfˆgf] kfnf]df dfq Wofg s]G›Lt ug{ ;Sg]
• ;fwg tyf ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng .
Disadvantages of departmentation by Time:
• ;a} ;dodf lgoGq0f k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g
• ljleGg ;qx¿df ;dGjo Nofpg sl7g
• ;fd'lxs :jfy{ / ;Ë7gfTds :jfy{aLr dtleGgtf
• ;]jfd'vL tyf pTkfbgd'vL ;Ë7gsf nflu dfq pkof]uL
• vlr{nf] k|lqmof .

vi. Departmentation by process sfo{ k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df ljefuLs/0f
s'g} klg pTkfbgd"ns ;Ë7gdf pTkfbg;DaGwL ljleGg 5'§f5'§} sfo{x¿ ug{'kg]{ cj:yfdf
o;k|sf/sf] ljefuLs/0f ul/G5 . ljz]ifu/L of] tl/sf 7"nf 7"nf ;+:yfx¿df k|of]u ul/G5 .
o;k|sf/sf] ljefuLs/0fdf ;dfg k|s[ltsf sfo{x¿nfO{ Pp6f ;d"xdf s]G›Lt ul/G5 / pQm
ljefusf] lhDdf Pp6f ljefuLo k|d'vnfO{ nufOG5 . o;f] ugf{n] sfo{df ldtJolotf tyf
k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Pp6f lrgL sf/vfgfn] cfˆgf sfo{x¿nfO{ Crusing,
Refining, Finishing tyf Packing u/L ljefhg ug{ ;Sb5 h;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

Advantages of departmentation by Process:
• k|To]s ljefuLo k|lqmofsf nflu Pp6f Joj:yfks lgo'Qm ul/G5 / p;nfO{ ljefuLo
lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkOG5 .
• sfo{df ljlzi6Ls/0f tyf sfo{ ;~rfngdf k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n x'G5 .
• o;nfO{ jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gcg;f/ cg's'n agfpg ;lsG5 .
• x/]s JolQmx¿n] cfˆgf] ljefuLo sfo{k|lt Wofg s]G›Lt ug]{ x'Fbf ;fwg tyf ;|f]tsf]
bIftfk"j{s kl/rfng x'G5 .
Disadvantages of departmentation by Process:
• ljefuLo ;dGjo sfod /fVg sl7g
• pTkfbgd"ns ;Ë7gsf] nflu dfq pkof]uL
• ljefuLo nIo / ;fË7lgs nIoaLr ljjfb

vii. Departmentation by numbers ;Îofsf] cfwf/df ljefuLs/0f
s'g} ;Ë7gn] cfˆgf] sfo{x¿nfO{ ;Îofsf cfwf/df 5'6ofpF5 eg] o;nfO{ ;Îofsf cfwf/df ul/Psf]
ljefuLs/0f elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] ljefuLs/0fdf lglZrt ;d"x 5'6ofOG5 . h:t}M ! b]lv !))
;Dd, !)! b]lv @)) ;Dd cflb . k|To]s ljefusf] /]vb]vsf lgldQ Pp6f ;'kl/j]Ifssf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] x'G5 . ladf sDkgL, a}+s, 6«flkms sfof{no cflbn] o:tf] ljefuLs/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t}M
ljleGg z}lIfs lgsfox¿n] k/LIffsf a]nfdf o:tf] ljefuLs/0f ub{5g, h;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lrqaf6
b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

Advantages of departmentation by Numbers:
• ;ÎofnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ ;Ë7gsf] nflu pkof]uL
• ;d"xcg';f/ sfuhkq vf]Hg tyf sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;lhnf
• o; k|sf/sf] ljefuLs/0f cfkm+}df Ps cg'qmdl0fsf xf] .
Disadvantages of departmentation by Numbers:
• ;ÎofeGbf cGo tTjx¿nfO{ dxTj lbg'kg]{ ;Ë7gsf nflu cg'kof]uL
• s'g} kqsf] ;Îof uNtL ePdf sfuhkq vf]Hg a9L ;do nfUg]

Assignment
11. Explain the various methods of departmentation?
;Ë7gdf ljefuLs/0f ug]{ ljleGGf ljlwx?sf] j0f{g ug'{xf]; .

4.7.1: Concept of Authority clVtof/sf] cy{
 zflAbs cy{df clVtof/ eGgfn] clwsf/, xs, tfut, ;fdYo{ cflbnfO{ hgfpFb5 . ;Ë7gdf
clVtof/ zAbn] sfd ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ hgfpFb5 . of] Pp6f ;Ë7gdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt ug]{
cf}krfl/s clwsf/ xf] . h;nfO{ sfg'gL efiffdf sfd ug]{ klbo zlQm -Power_ dflgG5 . ;ªu7gdf
sfd ug]{ s'g} klg sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] kbcg';f/ h] hlt sfd ub{5g, Tof] g} clVtof/ xf] .
 clVtof/ sd{rf/Lsf] klbo zlQm xf] . of] zlQm sd{rf/Ln] ;Ë7gsf] gLlt lgod cg'?k k|fKt ub{5g
. h;nfO{ ;Ë7gdf sfd ug{sf nflu k|fKt j}wflgs clwsf/ klg dflgG5 . ;Ë7gdf JolQmx¿nfO{
sfo{ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbFbf ;fy;fy} clwsf/ klg lbg'kb{5 . olb sfd ug]{ clwsf/ lbOPg eg]
bfloTj k"/f ug{ sl7g x'G5 .
 clVtof/sf] wf/0ff Hanary Fayol n] k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkg l;4fGtdf ljsf; u/]sf x'g . sd{rf/Lsf]
;Ë7gleq /x]sf] klbo x}l;otnfO{ sfd ug]{ clwsf/n] g} k|i6 kfb{5 . To;}n] clVtof/ To:tf] zlQm
xf], h;n] ;Ë7gdf sfd ug]{ jf c¿nfO{ sfd ug{ cfb]z lbg] x}l;ot /fVb5 .

 Stephen P. Robins sf cg';f/, Authority is the right to act or command others to act
toward the attainment of organizational goals. clVtof/L eg]sf] ;Ë7gfTds p2]Zo xfl;n
ug{sf nflu s'g} sfd ug]{ jf c?nfO{ sfd ug{ cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ xf] .
 Henry Fayol sf cg';f/, Authority is the right to give orders and power to exact obedience.
cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ / cf1fsf/Ltf a9fpg] zlQm g} clVtof/ xf] .
To;}n] clVtof/ ;Ë7gdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] txut ?kdf sfo{ ug{sf nflu k|fKt sfg'gL
clwsf/ xf] . h;af6 p;n] lg0f{o cfb]z / lgoGq0f ug{;Sb5 .
 lgisif{df ;Ë7gfTds nIo k|flKtsf nflu lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ ?kn] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ jf c¿åf/f sfd
u/fpg cfb]z lbg ;Sg] zlQm tyf Gofo;+ut clwsf/ g} clVtof/ xf] . s'g} klg JolQmn]
ljlzi6 1fgsf] sf/0fn], kbLo sf/0fn] tyf sfg'gL sf/0fn] clVtof/ k|fKt ub{5 . clVtof/
k|fKt JolQmn] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ tyf cwLg:t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfddf nufpg tyf cfb]z lbg
klg ;Sg'kb{5 .

Characteristics of Authority clVtof/sf ljz]iftfx¿
• clVtof/ JolQmsf] cf}krfl/s sfg'gL clwsf/ xf] .
• clVtof/ s'g} sd{rf/Ln] sfd ug{ ;Sg], cfb]z lbg ;Sg] / lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf xf] .
• clVtof/sf] l;h{gf -;|f]t_ JolQmx¿sf] ;Demf}tf lgodsfg'gaf6 x'G5 .
• clVtof/ dflyNnf] txn] tNnf] txnfO{ k|Tofof]lht ub{5 .
• clVtof/sf] cl:tTj lg/Gt/ /lx/xG5 .
• clVtof/ ;+u7gsf] nIo k|flKtsf nflu sd{rf/Ln] ug'{kg]{ sfd st{JonfO{ :ki6 kfl/G5 .
• clVtof/ cg'?k dflyNnf] tx / tNnf] txsf] ;DaGwnfO{ k|i6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .

4.7.2: Concept of Responsibility pQ/bfloTjsf]] cy{
zflAbs cy{df pQ/bfloTjn] lhDd]jf/L jf hjfkmb]xLtfnfO{ hgfpFb5 . of] clwsf/k|fKt JolQmn] cfˆgf] st{Jo
k'/f ug{kg]{ aGwg xf] . csf]{ zAbdf clVtof/ k|fKt JolQmdf sfo{;Dkfbg ug{'kg]{ bfloTj l;h{gf x'G5 eg]
To;nfO{ pQ/bfloTj elgG5 . ;Ë7gsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ljleGg kbdf a:g] sd{rf/Lx¿n] tf]lsPsf]
st{Jo kfngf ug{' kb{5 . pQm st{Jo k"/f ug{'kg]{ lhDd]jf/L ;f]xL kbsf] sd{rf/Lsf] x'G5, h;nfO{ pQ/bfloTj
elgG5 . To;}n] elgG5, clVtof/L k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ pQ/bfloTj k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;ls+b}g .
Stephen P. Robbins sf cg';f/, Responsibility is the obligation to perform delegated duties and tasks.
pQ/bfloTj eGgfn] k|Tofof]lht st{Jox¿ Pjd sfdx¿ ;Dkfbg ug]{ bfloTjnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
Theo Haimann sf cg;f/, Responsibility is the obligation of a subordinate to perform the duty as required
by his superior. pQ/bfloTj clwg:y sd{rf/Ln] / clwsf/Ln] rfx]em} st{Jo k"/f ug{kg]{ aGwg xf] .
dflyNnf] txn] tNnf] txnfO{ sfdk|lt lhDd]jf/L agfpgsf] nflu pQ/bfoL agfpFb5 . pQ/bfloTjsf] ;fydf
clwsf/;d]t k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . clwg:y sd{rf/Ln] pRr clwsf/Ln] ;f]r]cg'?k st{Jo k'/f ug]{ aGwg g}
pQ/bfloTj xf] . To;}n] pQ/bfloTj pRr clwsf/Ln] lbPsf] cfb]z tyf st{Jox¿nfO{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ bfloTj xf],
eGg ;lsG5 .

Characteristics of Responsibility pQ/bfloTjsf] ljz]iftf
• pQ/bfloTj JolQmsf] klbo bfloTj xf] . o;nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;ls+b}g .
• pQ/bfloTjn] dflyNnf] tx / tNnf] tx aLrsf] ;DaGw b]vfpFb5 . oxL ;DaGwaf6 bfloTj l;h{gf
x'G5 .
• pQ/bfloTj st{Jo k"/f ug]{ aGwg xf] . o; aGwgn] sd{rf/LnfO{ sfdk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpFb5 .
• dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿ cfˆgf] pRr txsf xflsdk|lt pQ/bfoL x'G5g . To;}n] pQ/bfloTjsf]
k|efj tnaf6 dflytkm{ k|efljt x'G5 .
• pQ/bfloTj;Fu} clwsf/ klg /xG5 . t/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg eO{;s]kl5 pQ/bfloTj ;dfKt x'G5 .
pQ/bfloTjdf sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] ug{'kg]{ bfloTjnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'G5 .
• pQ/bfloTj slt / s;/L axg ug]{ ;Ë7gsf] nIo / sfo{x? cg'?k tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 .

Difference between authority and responsibility

Assignment
12. What is authority? Mention its features.
clVtof/ eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf laz]iftfx? n]Vg'xf]; .
13. What is responsibility? Mention its features.
pQ/bfloTj eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf laz]iftfx? n]Vg'xf]; .
14. Differentiate between authority and responsibility?
clVtof/ / pQ/bfloTj lar km/s 5'§ofpg'xf]; .

4.7.3: Concept of Accountability hjfkmb]lxtfsf]] cy{
 ;fwf/0f cy{df hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ hjfkm lbg' eGg] a'lemG5 . lj:t[t cy{df hjfkmb]lxtf eGgfn] clwsf/
k|fKt JolQmn] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L sfo{;Dkfgsf] af/]df ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ hjfkm lbg' xf] .
 tNnf] txn] dflyNnf] txnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] jf:tljs l:yltaf/] cf}krfl/s ?kdf JoQm ug]{ bfloTjnfO{
hjfkmb]xLtf elgG5 . of] cfkm'n] u/]sf] sfdsf] hjfkmb]xL x'g] ;Ë7gfTds k|lqmof xf] . hjfkmb]xLtfnfO{
cfkm'af6 csf]{ JolQmdf x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;ls+b}g .
 hjfkmb]xLtfn] sd{rf/LnfO{ st{Jok|lt ;r]t ub{5 . dftxtsf] sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"n] ug{'kg]{ sfo{ u/]
gu/]sf] af/]df dflyNnf] clwsf/LnfO{ ;do;dodf k|ltj]bg tyf :kli6s/0f lbg'kb{5 .
 Stephen P. Robbins sf cg';f/, Accountability is the obligation to a higher authority for satisfactory
performance of the duties and tasks. hjfkmb]xLtf eg]sf] sfd st{Jox? ;Gtf]ifhgs 9+un] ;Dkfbg ug{sf
nflu pRr clwsf/Lk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g' xf] .
 Edwin B. Flippo sf cg';f/, Accountability is the requirement of answer ability for one’s performance.
cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu hjfkm -:ki6Ls/0f_ lbg'kg]{ clgjfo{tf g} hjfkmb]xLtf xf] .

 dflysf ljleGg kl/efiffx¿nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ hjfkmb]xLtf cf}krfl/s k|ltj]bg xf] . dftxtsf] sd{rf/Ln]
dflyNnf] txsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{sf] :kli6s/0f lbg'kb{5 .
hjfkmb]xL sd{rf/Ln] dflyNnf] txk|lt clgjfo{ ?kdf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] hfgsf/L u/fpFb5 . o;n] ;Ë7gnfO{ s'zn ?kdf
;~rfng ug{sf nflu d2t ub{5 . dftxtsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{' / cg'zfl;t agfpgsf nflu hjfkmb]xLtf
dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . dftxtsf sd{rf/LnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfO{ ;Ë7gfTds pknlAwsf] d"NofÍsg pRr txn] ub{5 .
hjfkmb]xLtfn] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lgoGq0fsf] bfo/fleq /fVg] / ;a}nfO{ p2]Zod"ns agfpFb5 .
Characteristics of accountability hjfkmb]xLtfsf ljz]iftfx¿
• hjfkmb]xLtfdf tNnf] lgsfon] dflyNnf] lgsfonfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf cj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpFb5 .
• hjfkmb]xLtf s'g} klg zt{df k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;lsFb}g .
• Pp6f JolQmnfO{ k|Tofof]lht ul/Psf] sfdnfO{ lnP/ csf]{ JolQmnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfOFb}g .
• hjfkmb]xLtfsf] l;h{gf -;|f]t_ clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTjaf6 xG5 .
• hjfkmb]xLtfdf tNnf] txn] dflyNnf] txnfO{ cf}krfl/s k|ltj]bg a'emfpFb5 .
• Hfjfkmb]xLtf hlxn] klg dflylt/ k|jfx xG5 . cyf{t lhDd]jf/L k|fKt u/]sf] JolQmn] dflyNnf] lgsfonfO{ clgjfo{
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] hjfkm lbG5 .
• hjfkmb]xLtfn] ;Ë7gfTds 9fFrfdf kbLo txnfO{ :ki6 5'6ofpFb5 . Pp6f txnfO{ csf]{ k|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpFb5 .

Assignment
15. What is accountability? Mention its features.
hjfkmb]xLtf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf laz]iftfx? n]Vg'xf]; .

 ;Ë7gdf pRr txsf Joj:yfksx¿n] tNnf] txsf Joj:yfks sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ clwsf/ lbg] k|lqmof g}
clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg xf] . ;a} clwsf/ pRr kb:y clwsf/Ln] dfq lng] xf] eg] clwsf/ljxLg sfd
ug{ s'g} klg sd{rf/L tTk/ x'Fb}gg . To;sf/0f tNnf] txsf jf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfdsf]
lhDdf lbO;s]kl5 ltgLx¿nfO{ pQm sfd ug{ / lg0f{o ug{ clwsf/ klg lbg'kb{5 . o;y{ clwsf/ /
sfo{ ;Fu;Fu} cfpF5g . logLx¿nfO{ cnu ug{ ;lsFb}g . olb o;nfO{ cnu ug]{ xf] eg] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf
ljleGg afwf c8rg cfpF5g .
 csf]{ zAbdf, ;Ë7gsf] pRr Joj:yfkg;dIf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ s]lG›t x'G5 t/ ;Ë7gsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{
pRr Joj:yfkgn] dfq ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g, To;sf/0f ;Ë7gsf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ tNnf] txsf
Joj:yfks jf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfdsf] lhDdf lbO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{'kb{5 . o;/L ;+If]kdf
eGg'kbf{ clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 ug{' g} clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg xf] .
 x]g/L kmof]nsf zAbdf, cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ / cf1fsfl/tf agfpg] zlQm g} clVtof/ xf] . o;
kl/efiffaf6 of] :ki6 x'G5 ls clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg eGgfn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ c¿nfO{ ;Dkg' xf] .
4.8.1: Concept of Delegation of authority clVtof/ k|Tofof]hgsf] cy{

Characteristics of Delegation of Authority clVtof/ k|Tofof]hgf ljz]iftfx¿
• clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg ubf{ clVtof/L lng] JoflQmn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 jf zky lng' kb{5 .
• clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/L dftxtsf] Joj:yfksnfO{ lbP klg dflyNnf] lgsfodf hjfkmb]xLtf
/xG5 .
• clVtof/nfO{ k|Tofof]hg u/L lbPsf] clwsf/ yk jf s6f}tL ug{ ;d]t ;lsG5 . clwsf/k|fKt
JolQmn] lhDd]jf/L;d]t jxg ug{'kb{5 .
• Jofj:yfkn] cfkm"df /x]sf] clwsf/dfq k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sb5 .
• clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg ubf{ lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ bfloTj ;d]t k|Tofof]lht eP/
hfG5 .
• clVtof/sf] k|Tofof]hg df}lvs tyf lnlvt ?kdf ug{ ;lsG5 .

4.8.2: Principles of Delegation of authority clVtof/ k|Tofof]hgsf] l;4fGt
1. Principle of Parity of Authority and Responsibility clVtof/ tyf pQ/bfloTj ;dtfsf] l;4fGt
;dtfsf] cy{ ;dfgtf xf] . o; l;4fGtn] sfdcg'?k clwsf/ lbg'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . ;fy}
clVtof/ / bfloTjaLr ;fdGh:otf sfod u/fpFb5 . gq sfo{ ;Dkfbg ck]Iff u/]cg';f/ x'Fb}g .
cfkm";Fu hlt clwsf/ 5 plt g} bfloTj jxg ug{'kb{5, sd jf a];L ug{' x'Fb}g . clVtof/L lbFbf
sfdcg';f/ clwsf/ / clwsf/cg';f/ bfloTj l;h{gf u/fO{ oL b'O{ aLr ;dtf sfod u/fOG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu pTkfbg Joj:yfksnfO{ pTkfbgk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpgsf nflu sRrf kbfy{
cg'dfg ug{, sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ug{, d]l;g ;~rfng ug{ cflb ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ lbg' kb{5 .
2. Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility pQ/bfloTj cljefHotf l;4fGt
o; l;4fGtn] pQ/bfloTjnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{ g;Sg] s'/f JoQm ub{5 . clVtof/jfnf JolQmn] g}
bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{ / csf]{ JolQmnfO{ lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f ug{ ldNb}g . clwsf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f
;lsG5 t/ bfloTj kG5fpg ldNb}g . h:t} sfof{no k|d'vn] ;xfosnfO{ lglZrt sfdx¿ ;Dkfbg
ug]{ clwsf/ lbof] eg] ;xfos sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L csf]{df ;fg{ ;Sb}g .

3. Principle of Goal Achievement ;ªu7gfTds nIo k|flKtsf] l;4fGt
;+u7gsf] ;kmntf g} nIo k|flKt ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu dflyNnf txn] ;a} sfd PSn} ug{ ;Sb}g . dflyNnf] txsf]
sfo{af]em sd u/L ;u7gfTds p2]Zo k|flKt ug{ clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg ul/G5 . clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmn]
clwsf/cg'?k lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{' kb{5 .
4. Principle of Unity Command cfb]z PsfTdstfsf] l;4fGt
Pp6} JolQmnfO{ cfb]z lbg], lgb]{zg lbg], / dfu{bz{g ug]{ JolQm km/s km/s ePdf cfb]z k|fKt ug]{ JolQm s;n]
eg]sf] dfGg] cGof]ndf kg{ ;Sb5 . ;xfos jf dftxtsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfO{ sfd u/fpgsf nflu
cfb]z lbg] JolQm Pp6} x'g' kb{5 . h;af6 clwsf/ k|fKt u5{ p;}k|lt pQ/bfoL agfpgsf nflu / sd{rf/LnfO{
lgoGq0f ug{ ;d]t cfb]zdf Ps?ktf x'g' kb{5 .
5. Principle of Hierarchy Authority clwsf/ >[Înf l;4fGt
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg x'gsf nflu ;a{k|yd dflyNnf] tx / tNnf] txsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;df hlxn] klg
dflyNnf] txn] tNnf] txnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ub{5 . h:t} pRr tx Joj:yfksn] ljefluo Joj:yfksnfO{ /
ljefluon] lgDg tx Joj:yfksnfO{ clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ub{5 . >[Înf 6'6fP/ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]df l/kf]l6ª
ug{sf nflu Pjd lgoGq0f ug{ ;d]t sl7gfO{ x'G5 .

6. Principle of Idea Communication cfbz{ ;~rf/sf] l;4fGt
clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg ug{sf nflu ;~rf/sf] cfjZos kb{5 . lsgls clVtof/L k|bfg ul/;s]kl5
tNnf] txn] ;f] clwsf/nfO{ l:jsf/ uof]{ jf u/]g ;f]af/] dflyNnf] tx k|i6 x'g] cfwf/ ;~rf/ xf] .
k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ Joj:yfn] pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;d]t d'NofÍg ug{ ;lhnf] agfpFb5 .
To;}n] ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug{sf nflu clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgdf ;~rf/sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
7. Principle of Flexibility nrstfsf] l;4fGt
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg dflyNnf] txn] dftxtsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ub{5 . o;af6 dflyNnf] txdf sfo{af]em
sdL eO{ ;Ë7gfTds sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 . o; l;4fGt cg';f/ clVtof/
k|Tofof]hgdf k|Tofof]lht clwsf/nfO{ yKg, 36fpg jf lkmtf{ lng ;lsG5 . of] clwsf/ dflyNnf]
txsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ x'G5 . To;}n] clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg :yfoL ?kdf clwsf/ lbg] geP/ s]jn sfo{
;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu c:yfO{ ?kdf tNnf] txnfO{ lbOPsf] clwsf/ xf] . o;df kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 .

Assignment
16. What is delegation of authority? Explain the principles of delegation of
authority.
clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg eg]sf] s] xf] < clVtof/ k|Tofof]hgsf] l;4fGtx? j0f{g ug{'xf]; .

4.8.3: Barriers of effective delegation of authority k|efjsf/L clVtof/ k|Tofof]hgsf cj/f]wx?
clVtof/ k|Tofof]hgdf b]vfkg]{ ;d:ofx¿ o;sf cj/f]wx¿ x'g . h'g lgDg 5gM
1. Barriers on the side of top management pRr Joj:yfkssf tkm{af6 cj/f]w
pRr Joj:yfkssf tkm{af6 clVtof/ k|Tofof]hgdf b]vfkg]{ cj/f]w tyf ;d:ofx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5gM
-Lack of ability to direct lgb]{zg ug]{ Ifdtfdf sdL
s'g} Joj:yfksx¿df lgb]{zg ug]{ Ifdtf x'Fb}g . o:tf Joj:yfksx¿n] clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ rfxFb}gg .
-can do better than subordinates cwLg:y sd{rf/Ln] eGbf d}n] /fd|f] ug{ ;S5'
of] sfd cwLg:y sd{rf/Ln] eGbf d}n] g} /fd|f];Fu ;Dkfbg ug{ ;S5' eGg] ;f]r pRr Joj:yfksdf x'g
;S5 . cwLg:y sd{rf/Lx¿n] sfd laufg{ ;S5g . To;}n] clVtof/ lsg k|Tofof]hg ug]{ eGg] pRr
Joj:yfksx¿sf] dgdf cfpFb5 . o;sf/0fn] klg clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg gx'g ;S5 .
-Lack of faith ljZjf;sf] sdL
clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg u/] klg To;k|lt hafkmb]lxtf pRr Joj:yfksdf g} /xG5 . To;}n] pgLx¿n] cwLg:y
sd{rf/Lx¿k|lt sd ljZjf; ub{5g . ctM ljZjf;sf] sdL ePdf klg clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg x'g ;Sb}g .

-Wants to look busy Jo:t b]lvg rfxg'
pRr Joj:yfks c¿sf gh/df ;lqmo tyf Jo:t b]lvg rfxG5g . o;sf nflu klg pRr
Joj:yfksx¿n] clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ rfxFb}gg .
-Feeling of insecurity c;'/Iffsf] cg'ej
s]xL Joj:yfksx¿n] clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg ubf{ cfkm"nfO{ c;'/Iffsf] dx;'; ub{5g . cwLg:y
sd{rf/LnfO{ clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg ubf{ p;n] cfkm"n] eGbf /fd|f] tl/sfn] sfo{;Dkfbg u/]df cfˆgf]
/jfkm, zlQm tyf OHht u'Dg] 8/ x'G5 . o:tf ;f]Rg] Joj:yfksx¿n] clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg ub}{gg .
2. Barriers on the subordinates cwLg:y sd{rf/Lsf tkm{af6 cj/f]w
cwLg:y sd{rf/Lx¿sf tkm{af6 clVtof/ k|Tofof]hgdf b]lvg] ;d:ofx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
-Dependence on the boss xflsddf e/
cwLg:y sd{rf/Lx¿ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfkm}+ ;+nUg x'g rfxFb}gg . of] sfd xflsdsf] xf], p;n] g}
u/f]; eGg] dfGotf pgLx¿df /xG5 . To;}n] pgLx¿n] clVtof/ :jLsf/ ug{ rfxFb}gg / clVtof/
k|Tofof]hg x'g ;Sb}g .

-Fear of criticism cfnf]rgfaf6 8/
clVtof/ :jLsf/ u/]kl5 sfd ug{'kb{5 . sfd ubf{ uNtL x'g] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 . uNtL eof] eg] cfnf]rgf
x'G5 ls eGg] 8/n] s]xL cwLg:y sd{rf/Lx¿n] clVtof/ :jLsf/ ub}{gg / clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg x'g ;Sb}g .
-Lack of information and resources ;"rgf tyf ;+;fwgsf] sdL
cwLg:y sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgf / ;+;fwgsf] cefj x'G5 . pgLx¿n] o:tf]
cj:yfdf clVtof/ :jLsf/ ug{'eGbf c:jLsf/ ug{' pQd 7fGb5g . To;}n] klg clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg x'g ;Sb}g .
-Lack of self-confidence cfTdlj;df sdL
w]/} cwLg:y sd{rf/Lx¿df lhDd]jf/L lnP/ sfd ug]{ cfTdljZjf; x'Fb}g . kmn:j¿k pgLx¿n] clVtof/ lng
rfxFb}gg .
-Inadequate incentive ckof{Kt k|f]T;fxg
kof{Kt dfqfdf k|f]T;fxgsf] sdLn] klg cwLg:y sd{rf/Lx¿n] clVtof/ :jLsf/ ug{ rfxFb}gg . sfo{;Dkfbgaf6
pgLx¿n] h;, ;Ddfg, k'/:sf/ tyf cGo ;x'lnotsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf x'G5g t/ clVtof/ :jLsf/ ub}{df o:tf
;sf/fTds k|f]T;fxg pgLx¿nfO{ k|fKt x'Fb}g . To;}n] pgLx¿n] clVtof/ :jLsf/ ub}{gg .

Assignment
17. Explain the Barriers of effective delegation of authority.
k|efjsf/L clVtof/ k|Tofof]hgsf cj/f]wx?Aff/] j0f{g ug{'xf]; .

4.9.1: Meaning of Decentralization of authority clVtof/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cy{
 lg0f{o ug]{ clVtof/ tNnf] :t/;Dd ;'Dkg'nfO{ clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0f elgG5 . clVtof/
ljs]G›Ls/0fdf s]G›n] gu/L gx'g] sfo{x¿afx]s sfof{Gjog;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf ;a} lg0f{o ug]{
s'/fx¿ ;'lgof]lht tyf Jojl:yt 9Ën] tL JolQmdf k'/ÞofOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu sfdbf/n] 7Ls
9Ën] sfd u/]sf] 5 of 5}g, plrt ultdf sfd ePsf] 5 of 5}g, j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] 5 of 5}g
cflb /]vb]v ug{ kmf]/Dofgsf] sfd xf] To;}n] To;;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ljifodf plrt lg0f{o lng
p;nfO{ g} lbOG5 .

 clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0f s]G›Ls/0fsf] 7Ls pN6f] cj:yf xf] . clVtof/ s]G›Ls/0fdf ;Ë7gsf]
;Dk"0f{ clVtof/ pRr txsf Joj:yfksx¿n] lnPsf x'G5g eg] dftxtsf lgsfon] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ /
To;k|lt pQ/bfloTj jxg ug]{ dfq ub{5g . t/ clVtof/ ljsG›Ls/0fdf ;Ë7gsf] ;Dk"0f{ clVtof/ dflyNnf
txsf Joj:yfksn] dfq glnO{ cfjZostfg';f/ tnsf lgsfo;Dd ;'lDkPsf xG5g .
 lg0f{o sfof{Gjog;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] txaf6 g} lg0f{o x'g'kb{5 eGg] k|hftflGqs ;f]rfO g} clVtof/
ljs]G›Ls/0f xf] . clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0fn] dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;Ë7gdf cfkm" klg dxTjk"0f{ JolQm
x'F eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpFb5 . p;sf] dxTjfsfÍIff ;Gt'i6 x'g hfG5 . kmn:j¿k p;n] ;Ë7gsf]
ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf nflu clwstd k|of; ub{5 .
 ;Toz/0f r6hL{sf cg';f/, ;Ë7gsf] tNnf] tx;Dd clVtof/ emfg'{ tyf lg0f{o ug]{ clVtof/ lbg' g}
ljs]G›Ls/0f xf] .
 To;}u/L 8]N; P;= aLrsf cg';f/, ljs]G›Ls/0f eg]sf] clVtof/ tyf lg0f{o lng] clwsf/ oyf;Dej sfd
ug]{ tx;Dd k'ofpg' xf] .
 lgisif{df lg0f{o ug]{ clVtof/ ;Dej eP;Dd dftxtsf ;DalGwt JolQm;Dd k'/ofpg] sfo{ tyf
k|lqmofnfO{ clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0f elgG5 .

4.9.2: Needs/ Importance/Benefits of Decentralization ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cfjZoQmf tyf dxTj jf nfex?
1. Reduction in the burden of top management pRr Joj:yfkgsf] ef/df sdL
cfVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0fsf] ;xfotfn] pRr Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ef/ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . lgoldt k|s[ltsf
sfo{ tyf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ dftxtsf Joj:yfksx¿nfO{ ;'Dk]/ cgfjZos sfd tyf lhDd]jf/Laf6 d'Qm
x'g ;lsG5 . o;af6 pRr txsf Joj:yfksx¿nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfdnfx¿df Wofg lbg kof{Kt ;do
x'G5 . of]hgf agfpg], ;Ë7g ug]{, ;dGjo ug]{, dxTjk"0f{ ;afnx¿df lg0f{o ug]{, lgoGq0f ug]{
cflbafx]s cGo sfo{x¿ lgDg txdf ;'Dk]/ pRr Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ef/df sdL ug{ ;lsG5 .
2. Facility in diversification ljljwLs/0fdf ;'ljwf
clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0fn] ljljwLs/0fdf ;'ljwf k|bfg ub{5 . j:t' tyf ahf/ ljljwLs/0f ugf{n]
pTkfbsTj tyf gfkmfbfostfdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} :t/Ls/0f tyf ljlzi6Ls/0f klg
xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf sfo{x¿df pRr Joj:yfkg ;+nUg /xg'kb}{g .

3. Development of capable managers ;Ifd Joj:yfkssf] ljsf;
eljiodf ;Ifd Joj:yfks pTkfbg ug{sf nflu hu a;fNg] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ g} clVtof/
ljs]G›Ls/0f xf] . dftxtsf Joj:yfksnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/L lbFb} hfg] xf] eg] pgLx¿ cg'ejL, bIf
tyf lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] x'Fb} hfG5g . pgLx¿ ;Ë7gfTds ;d:ofx¿ tyf o;sf ljleGg kIfx¿;Fu
kl/lrt x'G5g . cfjZos k/]sf v08df pgLx¿nfO{ pRr txdf a9'jf ug]{ xf] eg] ;lhn}
sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sb5g .
4. Improvement in morale and motivation dgf]an tyf pTk|]/0ffdf ;'wf/
lgDg txsf Joj:yfks tyf sd{rf/Lx¿df dgf]an tyf pTk|]/0ff Nofpg clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0fn]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0faf6 pgLx¿ sfd ug{ tyf lg0f{o ug{ :jtGq x'G5g
. o;af6 pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;Ë7gsf] dxTjk"0f{ JolQm ;DemG5g . cfˆgf] :t/ tyf ;Ddfg a9]sf]
cg'ej ub{5g . ;Ë7gnfO{ cfˆg} xf] / o;nfO{ d]/f] cfjZostf kb{5 eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
To;}n] pgLx¿ ;Ë7gk|lt k"0f{ lgi7fjfg tyf ;dlk{t eP/ sfd ub{5g .

5. Effective control k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f
clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0fn] lgoGq0f sfo{nfO{ klg k|efjsf/L agfpFb5 . ljlzi6 lsl;dn] lgoldt k|j[lQsf
sfo{ tyf lhDd]jf/L ljs]G›Ls/0f ul/g] ePsfn] uNtLx¿ ;lhn} kQf nfUb5g . o;sf ;fy} ;f]kflgs -
>[v+nf_ l;4fGtdf ljs]G›Ls/0f x'g] ePsfn] lgoGq0f ug{ Hofb} ;lhnf] x'G5 . :ki6 kl/eflift ljs]G›Ls/0fn]
hafkmb]lxtfnfO{ klg k|:6 kfb{5 . dftxtsf Joj:yfksx¿ pgLx¿n] ;Dkfbg ug{'kg]{ sfo{ / k|fKt ug{'kg]{
glthf;Fu kl/lrt x'G5g . ck]lIft glthf / sfo{;Dkfbgdf leGgtf cfPdf t'?Gt ;'wf/fTds sbd rfNg
pgLx¿ ;Ifd x'G5g . ctM clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0fn] lgoGq0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpF5 .
6. Rational and quick decision ljj]sk"0f{ tyf zL3| lg0f{o
clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0fn] ljj]sk"0f{ tyf zL3| lg0f{o ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0fn] dftxtsf
Joj:yfksx¿nfO{ :jtGq¿kdf sfo{ ug{ / lg0f{o ug{ clwsf/ k|bfg ub{5 . pgLx¿n] :jLs[ltsf nflu
sfuhftx¿ pRr Joj:yfkgdf k7fpg' kb}{g / pgLx¿sf] lgb]{zg tyf dfu{bz{gnfO{ klv{/xg' kb}{g .
To;}n] zL3| lg0f{o ;Dej x'G5 . lg0f{o sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmn] g} lg0f{o ug]{ x'gfn] o:tf] lg0f{o
ljj]sk"0f{ x'G5 .

Assignment
18. What decentralization of authority? Explain about the need of
decentralization of authority.
clwsf/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f eg]sf] s] xf] < clwsf/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cfjZoQmfaf/]] j0f{g ug{'xf]; .

4.10: Difference between Delegation and Decentralization of authority

Assignment
19. Differentiate between Delegation and Decentralization of authority.
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg / clwsf/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0faLr leGgtf 5'§ofpg'xf]; .

4.11: Factors affecting Decentralization of authority clVtof/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?
1. Growth and expansion of organization ;+:yfsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/
;+:yfsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 eg] o;sf zfvf tyf k|zfvf ljleGg If]qdf
km}lnPsf x'G5g ;+:yfsf] sfo{ef/ cToGt a9L x'G5 . To;}n] clVtof/ ;+:yfsf] ljsf; tyf
lj:tf/ ePsf] 5}g eg] / sfo{ef/ klg ;Lldt x'G5 . To;}n] clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0f clgjfo{
x'G5 . t/ ;+:yfsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5}g eg] o;sf] sfo{If]q klg ;Lldt x'G5 /
clVtof/ s]G›Ls/0fg} plrt x'G5 .
2. Philosophy of top management pRr Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6sf]0f
clVtof/ ljsG›Ls/0f pRr Joj:yfkgsf] Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6sf]0fdf klg e/ kb{5 . olb
pRr Joj:yfkgn] cfVtof/ ljsG›Ls/0fdf ljZjf; /fVb5 eg] clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0f
;Dej x'G5 cGoyf clVtof/ s]G›Ls/0fg} plrt x'G5 .

3. Dispersion of operation sfo{ ;~rfngsf] km}nfj6
;+:yfsf] sfo{;~rfng km}nfj6n] klg clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0fnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 . olb ;+:yfsf] sfo{;~rfng
ljleGg 7fpF tyf If]qdf km}lnPsf] 5 eg] ljs]G›Ls/0f ;Dej x'G5 t/ sfo{;~rfng Ps} 7fpFdf s]lG›t
5 eg] ljs]G›Ls/0f sd x'g uO{ clVtof/ s]G›Ls/0f x'g hfG5 .
4. Competency of subordinate managers cwLg:y Joj:yfksx¿sf] ;Ifdtf
cwLg:y Joj:yfks lg0f{o ug{ tyf lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ slt;Dd ;Ifd 5g eGg] s'/fn] klg clVtof/
ljs]G›Ls/0fdf k|efj kfb{5 . olb cwLg:y Joj:yfks bIf, s'zn tyf lg0fo{ lng ;Ifd 5g eg] clVtof/
;'Dkg ;lsG5 . kmn:j¿k clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0f x'g hfG5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt cwLg:y sd{rf/L ;Ifd 5}gg /
lhDd]af/L jxg ug]{ x}l;ot /fVb}gg eg] clVtof/ lbg ;ls+b}g . kmn:j¿k clVtof/ s]G›Ls/0f x'g hfG5 .
5. Size of organization ;+:yfsf] cfsf/
clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0fdf k|efj kfg]{ csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ tTj ;+:yfsf] cfsf/ xf] . ;+:yfsf] cfsf/ 7"nf] 5 /
sfo{If]qx¿ Jofks¿kdf km}lnPsf] 5 eg] clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0f clgjfo{ x'G5 . cGoyf clVtof/
s]G›Ls/0f x'G5 .

6. Nature of decision lg0f{osf] k|s[lt
lg0f{osf] k|s[ltn] klg clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0fdf c;/ kfb{5 . olb lg0f{osf] k|s[lt hl6n, vlr{nf] tyf
b"/ufdL c;/ kfg]{ tyf ljlzi6 vfnsf] 5 eg] clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0f ;Dej x'Fb}g . h:t}M of]hgf,
;Ë7g, lgb]{zg tyf lgoGq0fh:tf ljifox¿ cwLg:y sd{rf/Lx¿df ljs]G›Ls/0f ug{' x'Fb}g . ;fdfGo
k|s[ltsf lg0f{ox¿dfq ljs]G›Ls/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
7. Competency of top level management pRr Joj:yfkgsf] ;Ifdtf
olb pRr txsf Joj:yfksx¿ of]Uo tyf ;Ifd 5g eg] ;Ë7gsf ;a} sfo{x¿ k|efjsf/L¿kn]
;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sb5g . To;}n] clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0f ug{' kb}{g t/ pRr txsf Joj:yfks ;Ifd
5}gg eg] lgDg txsf ;Ifd Joj:yfksnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kn] clVtof/ ;'Dkg'kb{5 .
8. Objective of the organization ;Ë7gsf] p2]Zo
;Ë7gsf p2]Zo ;]jfd"ns ePdf clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0f x'G5 t/ gfkmfd"ns ePdf clVtof/
s]G›Ls/0f x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu Sna, ljZjljBfno, c:ktfn cflbh:tf ;Ë7gx¿df clVtof/
ljs]G›Ls/0f x'G5 t/ Jofj;flos ;+:yfdf ;fdfGotM clVtof/ ljs]G›Ls/0f x'Fb}g .

Assignment
20. Explain the factors affecting decentralization of authority.
clwsf/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ tTjx?sf] j0f{g ug'{xf]; .

Thank You

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