Office procedures provide the rules and policies for conducting operations in an office or business. They establish a formal process for collecting necessary information to make efficient and effective decisions. Key benefits of office procedures include performing jobs in an organized and uniform way, complying with relevant laws, and properly addressing organizational problems by considering input from all staff levels. Tippani/memos are written statements used in organizations to submit facts, information, rules, opinions and suggestions to higher levels for decision making regarding various issues. They must include all relevant information and documents to support important decisions.
Office procedures are the set of rules and policies that guide operations in an office or business. They establish a formal process for collecting necessary information to make efficient and effective decisions. Office procedures are important for performing jobs in an organized way, complying with relevant laws, and properly addressing organizational problems by considering input from all staff levels. A memo or tippani is a written statement of facts, information, related rules and regulations, opinions and suggestions prepared by lower-level staff and submitted to higher-level staff or officers for decision making. It allows important decisions to be made after verifying all relevant information and documents are included.
The document is a resume for Hakim Roy that outlines his career objective, profile, achievements, and experience. It summarizes that he has over 16 years of experience in financial management, including 7 years as Group CFO of Dynamic Group of Companies where he helped the business grow significantly. It also lists his roles and responsibilities in previous positions such as managing finance, internal auditing, and professional training.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Office procedures refer to the set of rules, processes, and guidelines that define how work gets done in an office. They establish standards for tasks like communication, document filing, meetings, and general work flow. Office procedures help ensure consistency, efficiency and compliance.
2. Office procedures are needed for the following reasons:
- To establish consistency in office operations and ensure tasks are performed uniformly. This helps improve efficiency.
- To comply with legal and regulatory requirements that govern business operations. Procedures help maintain compliance.
- To define roles and responsibilities of staff so there is clarity in expectations. This helps improve accountability.
- To provide guidance to new employees
This document discusses filing systems for Grade 10 students. It introduces traditional filing systems like misil filing and box filing that are still used in some Nepali government offices. It explains that filing is the systematic storage of important documents so they can be easily retrieved when needed. The key objectives of filing are safety, easy retrieval of documents, and to provide guidelines to staff. Students are assigned homework to define filing and explain the importance and objectives of filing in an office.
Pralhad Sapkota presented the course contents and evaluation scheme for Class 12 Business Studies. The course covers 14 units on topics related to the principles and functions of management. Students will be evaluated based on their performance on 10 short answer questions and 3 long answer questions, with the short answer questions each worth 8 marks and the long answer questions each worth 18 marks, for a total of 100 marks. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and topics that will be covered in each of the 14 units of the Business Studies course.
It is in Nepali Medium. It is prepared by using difference basic and reference books & google. I hope it is very very useful for Nepali readers (Teachers and Students). Please follow, like, comment and share it for motivating me to prepare other slides like this.
It is very very useful PPT slide for online class in Nepali medium. It is prepare by using different books and websites. So, Please follow, like, comment and suggest me for other slide like this.
Pralhad Sapkota of Pragati Secondary School presented on Principles of Accounting - II. The presentation covered the unit-wise weightage and syllabus breakdown, including chapters on accounting for companies, final accounts of a company, financial statement analysis, and cost accounting. It provided the theoretical and numerical weightings and number of questions for each chapter. The presentation concluded with thanks for active participation in learning.
Office procedures are the set of rules and policies that guide operations in an office or business. They establish a formal process for collecting necessary information to make efficient and effective decisions. Office procedures are important for performing jobs in an organized way, complying with relevant laws, and properly addressing organizational problems by considering input from all staff levels. A memo or tippani is a written statement of facts, information, related rules and regulations, opinions and suggestions prepared by lower-level staff and submitted to higher-level staff or officers for decision making. It allows important decisions to be made after verifying all relevant information and documents are included.
The document is a resume for Hakim Roy that outlines his career objective, profile, achievements, and experience. It summarizes that he has over 16 years of experience in financial management, including 7 years as Group CFO of Dynamic Group of Companies where he helped the business grow significantly. It also lists his roles and responsibilities in previous positions such as managing finance, internal auditing, and professional training.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Office procedures refer to the set of rules, processes, and guidelines that define how work gets done in an office. They establish standards for tasks like communication, document filing, meetings, and general work flow. Office procedures help ensure consistency, efficiency and compliance.
2. Office procedures are needed for the following reasons:
- To establish consistency in office operations and ensure tasks are performed uniformly. This helps improve efficiency.
- To comply with legal and regulatory requirements that govern business operations. Procedures help maintain compliance.
- To define roles and responsibilities of staff so there is clarity in expectations. This helps improve accountability.
- To provide guidance to new employees
This document discusses filing systems for Grade 10 students. It introduces traditional filing systems like misil filing and box filing that are still used in some Nepali government offices. It explains that filing is the systematic storage of important documents so they can be easily retrieved when needed. The key objectives of filing are safety, easy retrieval of documents, and to provide guidelines to staff. Students are assigned homework to define filing and explain the importance and objectives of filing in an office.
Pralhad Sapkota presented the course contents and evaluation scheme for Class 12 Business Studies. The course covers 14 units on topics related to the principles and functions of management. Students will be evaluated based on their performance on 10 short answer questions and 3 long answer questions, with the short answer questions each worth 8 marks and the long answer questions each worth 18 marks, for a total of 100 marks. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and topics that will be covered in each of the 14 units of the Business Studies course.
It is in Nepali Medium. It is prepared by using difference basic and reference books & google. I hope it is very very useful for Nepali readers (Teachers and Students). Please follow, like, comment and share it for motivating me to prepare other slides like this.
It is very very useful PPT slide for online class in Nepali medium. It is prepare by using different books and websites. So, Please follow, like, comment and suggest me for other slide like this.
Pralhad Sapkota of Pragati Secondary School presented on Principles of Accounting - II. The presentation covered the unit-wise weightage and syllabus breakdown, including chapters on accounting for companies, final accounts of a company, financial statement analysis, and cost accounting. It provided the theoretical and numerical weightings and number of questions for each chapter. The presentation concluded with thanks for active participation in learning.
This ppt slide is preparing by collecting from difference books and educational websites. It is in Nepali and English both medium , Please follow me with positive comments and suggestion for other slide like this.
This document contains a resume for Fauzeyawate Saad. It includes personal details such as name, age, contact information, and availability. It outlines career objectives of seeking stable income and professional growth. It details educational background including a bachelor's degree in human resource management. It provides extensive work experience in human resources roles, including responsibilities like recruitment, training, and payroll. It lists computer skills and languages spoken. The expected salary is negotiable depending on benefits. References are available upon request.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Public Sector Accounting course offered at Universitas Indonesia. The course aims to provide an understanding of accounting concepts and techniques used in public sector institutions. Over 14 weeks, topics will include regulations and standards, budgeting concepts, financial reporting, and performance evaluation for both government and non-government public institutions. Students will complete group assignments, a midterm exam, and a final exam to assess their understanding of accounting in the public sector.
Flor Theresa Martinez is a senior lead workforce manager with 12 years of experience in call center operations. She oversees a team that manages around 1,000 agents across 6 accounts. Her responsibilities include capacity planning, seat planning, shrinkage projections, and creating daily, weekly, and monthly revenue projections. She has successfully launched 4 new accounts and mentored direct reports who were later promoted. Martinez holds a Bachelor's degree in Computer Science and is proficient in Filipino, English, and basic Chinese. She is seeking a senior management position with a salary of PHP 65,000 located in the Philippines or Singapore.
This document provides a course description for a Mathematics for Business course. The course is a compulsory 3 credit unit taught face-to-face in English. It aims to introduce students to concepts like functions, graphs, matrices, probability, and statistics and how they apply to business. Over 14 weeks students will learn topics through lectures, homework, and a midterm exam worth 75% and final exam worth 40% of their overall grade. The workload is estimated at 129 hours earning students 5 ECTS credits.
This document provides information on an Operations Management course, including its objectives, content, learning outcomes, teaching methods, and assessment. The 3-credit course is compulsory for bachelor's degree students and covers fundamental concepts in operations management, modeling business processes, productivity analysis, and quantitative tools. Students will learn to improve operations through techniques like forecasting, quality management, and project management. The course will be taught through lectures, assignments, and a midterm exam, with the final grade based 60% on in-term work and 40% on a final exam.
This document provides a course description for a Business Law course offered as part of an English-language Business Management programme. The course is compulsory, worth 3 credit hours and 5 ECTS credits. It aims to teach students the legal framework governing commercial operations. Key topics covered include concepts related to commercial activities, commercial disputes, foreign trade qualifications, commercial books, and unfair competition. Assessment consists of a mid-term exam worth 60% and a final exam worth 40% of the overall grade.
This document describes a 6-month course to train professionals in stock market operations and management. The course has two levels: a 3-month basic level followed by a 3-month elective specialization. The basic level provides fundamental knowledge on stock market trading and operations. The specialization level allows students to choose from four areas of focus, and includes a 3-month internship. Upon completing the course, students will be equipped to pursue various careers in the stock market industry.
The document is a curriculum vitae for Ade Machmud that details his personal information, education history, training, work experience, skills, and languages. It summarizes his current role as Assistant Finance & Accounting Manager for PT Fashion e-Services Indonesia, where he is responsible for financial reporting, expense and income control, tax filings, and ensuring compliance with accounting and tax regulations.
Rwopchand Seejeram is a Skills Practitioner based in Gauteng, South Africa. He has over 15 years of experience in training and development across various industries. He is qualified as a Skills Development Facilitator, Assessor, and Moderator by ETDP SETA.
As a Skills Practitioner, his key responsibilities include developing and implementing training strategies, facilitating training sessions, assessing learner competencies, advising on training policies, and ensuring the transfer of skills across organizations. He is accredited by multiple SETAs including AGRISETA, SASSETA, FASSET, and SERVICESETA in various qualifications and unit standards.
His background includes roles
This course plan provides an overview of a 3-credit Business and Financial Management certification program. The course aims to teach students business and financial concepts that can be applied to decision making in healthcare facility management. It will cover understanding the business environment, planning strategies, interpreting and analyzing financial statements, and developing control techniques. The course involves lectures, case studies, assignments, presentations and exams to assess students' understanding of key topics over 6 days of teaching activities.
This document provides an overview of planning as part of a Business Studies class in Nepal. It was prepared by Pralhad Sapkota of Pragati Secondary School in Hetauda, Nepal. The document defines planning as deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and by whom. It then outlines the learning objectives of understanding the concept of planning, types of planning, the planning process, need for planning, benefits of planning, and limitations of planning. The document proceeds to explain the concept of planning and provide examples of definitions from various management theorists. It also describes the different types of planning based on managerial hierarchy, uses, flexibility, and time period.
Job analysis is a systematic process to investigate jobs and collect information about job duties, responsibilities, skills, and working conditions. This information is used for various human resource functions like recruitment, performance evaluation, training, and compensation. The job analysis process involves familiarizing with the organization, identifying jobs to analyze, developing data collection methods, gathering data through techniques like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and expert panels. The results are used to create job descriptions detailing tasks and requirements, and job specifications outlining needed qualifications. The process is evaluated for effectiveness and opportunities for improvement.
Meaning
•Management accounting, also called managerial accounting or cost accounting, is the process of analyzing business costs and operations to prepare internal financial report, records, and account to aid managers’ decision making process in achieving business goals.
•In other words, it is the act of making sense of financial and costing data and translating that data into useful information for management and officers within an organization.
Meaning
•Management accounting, also called managerial accounting or cost accounting, is the process of analyzing business costs and operations to prepare internal financial report, records, and account to aid managers’ decision making process
in achieving business goals.
The document is a cover letter submitted by Sara Masood for an internship at PTCL. It includes a letter of undertaking where Sara affirms the work is her own and acknowledges the rules and guidelines of the internship. It also provides an executive summary of her report which will be divided into 6 parts covering PTCL's history, organizational structure, departments, products, her internship plan, a SWOT analysis, and conclusions.
Sweta Desai is seeking a position that allows her to utilize her 4 years of experience in financial areas and accounting operations. She currently works as a Senior Associate at Pricewaterhousecoopers Service Delivery Centre Kolkata Pvt. Ltd, where her responsibilities include matching financial tags, communicating with engagement teams, and ensuring deliverables meet quality and time standards. She also has experience preparing financial statements and conducting audits to ensure compliance. Previously, she interned at United Spirits Limited, where she learned SAP FICO and helped with financial processes.
Karan Lakhmani is seeking a challenging position in finance, business development, purchase and logistics, or team management. He has over 6 years of experience in finance, business management, and allied fields. Currently, he is an Assistant Manager at MTG INFRA POWER (P) LTD, where he is responsible for managing finances, business strategy, budgets, and staff. Karan holds a PGDBA in International Finance and has received several certifications in finance-related topics. He is proficient in Microsoft Office, Tally ERP, and has strong communication and problem-solving skills.
This document provides information on a Business Finance course. The course is compulsory, taught face-to-face in English. It aims to teach financial analysis and decision making methods. Topics covered include financial institutions, time value of money, capital budgeting, and dividend policy. Assessment includes a mid-term exam and homework assignments. The course contributes to learning outcomes such as understanding financial concepts and analyzing financial decisions.
mm bagali..... research questionnaire ....... questions .......Questionnaire ...dr m m bagali, phd in hr
This document contains a questionnaire about organizational practices at New Horizon College of Engineering sent by Dr. M M Bagali to the Dean of HR and CR. The questionnaire contains questions in 7 categories: leadership, strategic planning, customer and market focus, measurement/analysis/knowledge management, workforce focus, process management, and results. It asks about topics like vision/mission development, strategic planning, customer feedback, performance measurement, training programs, competency development, and financial and workforce outcomes. The Dean is requested to provide their views and opinions to help understand practices at the macro level as part of Dr. Bagali's project with the Asian HR Board Fellowship.
Dear students and teachers, It is more useful slide for you. It is related to Rectification of accounting errors Account Class 11 account Account rectification of accounting errors Rectification of one sided errors Rectification of two sided errors लेखा सम्बन्धी गल्तिको सुधार . Please like, comment, share and subscribe this slide. #Rectification of accounting errors #Account #Class 11 account #Account rectification of accounting errors # Rectification of one sided errors #Rectification of two sided errors #लेखा सम्बन्धी गल्तिको सुधार
More Related Content
Similar to Class 10 accountancy office procedure ppt
This ppt slide is preparing by collecting from difference books and educational websites. It is in Nepali and English both medium , Please follow me with positive comments and suggestion for other slide like this.
This document contains a resume for Fauzeyawate Saad. It includes personal details such as name, age, contact information, and availability. It outlines career objectives of seeking stable income and professional growth. It details educational background including a bachelor's degree in human resource management. It provides extensive work experience in human resources roles, including responsibilities like recruitment, training, and payroll. It lists computer skills and languages spoken. The expected salary is negotiable depending on benefits. References are available upon request.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Public Sector Accounting course offered at Universitas Indonesia. The course aims to provide an understanding of accounting concepts and techniques used in public sector institutions. Over 14 weeks, topics will include regulations and standards, budgeting concepts, financial reporting, and performance evaluation for both government and non-government public institutions. Students will complete group assignments, a midterm exam, and a final exam to assess their understanding of accounting in the public sector.
Flor Theresa Martinez is a senior lead workforce manager with 12 years of experience in call center operations. She oversees a team that manages around 1,000 agents across 6 accounts. Her responsibilities include capacity planning, seat planning, shrinkage projections, and creating daily, weekly, and monthly revenue projections. She has successfully launched 4 new accounts and mentored direct reports who were later promoted. Martinez holds a Bachelor's degree in Computer Science and is proficient in Filipino, English, and basic Chinese. She is seeking a senior management position with a salary of PHP 65,000 located in the Philippines or Singapore.
This document provides a course description for a Mathematics for Business course. The course is a compulsory 3 credit unit taught face-to-face in English. It aims to introduce students to concepts like functions, graphs, matrices, probability, and statistics and how they apply to business. Over 14 weeks students will learn topics through lectures, homework, and a midterm exam worth 75% and final exam worth 40% of their overall grade. The workload is estimated at 129 hours earning students 5 ECTS credits.
This document provides information on an Operations Management course, including its objectives, content, learning outcomes, teaching methods, and assessment. The 3-credit course is compulsory for bachelor's degree students and covers fundamental concepts in operations management, modeling business processes, productivity analysis, and quantitative tools. Students will learn to improve operations through techniques like forecasting, quality management, and project management. The course will be taught through lectures, assignments, and a midterm exam, with the final grade based 60% on in-term work and 40% on a final exam.
This document provides a course description for a Business Law course offered as part of an English-language Business Management programme. The course is compulsory, worth 3 credit hours and 5 ECTS credits. It aims to teach students the legal framework governing commercial operations. Key topics covered include concepts related to commercial activities, commercial disputes, foreign trade qualifications, commercial books, and unfair competition. Assessment consists of a mid-term exam worth 60% and a final exam worth 40% of the overall grade.
This document describes a 6-month course to train professionals in stock market operations and management. The course has two levels: a 3-month basic level followed by a 3-month elective specialization. The basic level provides fundamental knowledge on stock market trading and operations. The specialization level allows students to choose from four areas of focus, and includes a 3-month internship. Upon completing the course, students will be equipped to pursue various careers in the stock market industry.
The document is a curriculum vitae for Ade Machmud that details his personal information, education history, training, work experience, skills, and languages. It summarizes his current role as Assistant Finance & Accounting Manager for PT Fashion e-Services Indonesia, where he is responsible for financial reporting, expense and income control, tax filings, and ensuring compliance with accounting and tax regulations.
Rwopchand Seejeram is a Skills Practitioner based in Gauteng, South Africa. He has over 15 years of experience in training and development across various industries. He is qualified as a Skills Development Facilitator, Assessor, and Moderator by ETDP SETA.
As a Skills Practitioner, his key responsibilities include developing and implementing training strategies, facilitating training sessions, assessing learner competencies, advising on training policies, and ensuring the transfer of skills across organizations. He is accredited by multiple SETAs including AGRISETA, SASSETA, FASSET, and SERVICESETA in various qualifications and unit standards.
His background includes roles
This course plan provides an overview of a 3-credit Business and Financial Management certification program. The course aims to teach students business and financial concepts that can be applied to decision making in healthcare facility management. It will cover understanding the business environment, planning strategies, interpreting and analyzing financial statements, and developing control techniques. The course involves lectures, case studies, assignments, presentations and exams to assess students' understanding of key topics over 6 days of teaching activities.
This document provides an overview of planning as part of a Business Studies class in Nepal. It was prepared by Pralhad Sapkota of Pragati Secondary School in Hetauda, Nepal. The document defines planning as deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and by whom. It then outlines the learning objectives of understanding the concept of planning, types of planning, the planning process, need for planning, benefits of planning, and limitations of planning. The document proceeds to explain the concept of planning and provide examples of definitions from various management theorists. It also describes the different types of planning based on managerial hierarchy, uses, flexibility, and time period.
Job analysis is a systematic process to investigate jobs and collect information about job duties, responsibilities, skills, and working conditions. This information is used for various human resource functions like recruitment, performance evaluation, training, and compensation. The job analysis process involves familiarizing with the organization, identifying jobs to analyze, developing data collection methods, gathering data through techniques like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and expert panels. The results are used to create job descriptions detailing tasks and requirements, and job specifications outlining needed qualifications. The process is evaluated for effectiveness and opportunities for improvement.
Meaning
•Management accounting, also called managerial accounting or cost accounting, is the process of analyzing business costs and operations to prepare internal financial report, records, and account to aid managers’ decision making process in achieving business goals.
•In other words, it is the act of making sense of financial and costing data and translating that data into useful information for management and officers within an organization.
Meaning
•Management accounting, also called managerial accounting or cost accounting, is the process of analyzing business costs and operations to prepare internal financial report, records, and account to aid managers’ decision making process
in achieving business goals.
The document is a cover letter submitted by Sara Masood for an internship at PTCL. It includes a letter of undertaking where Sara affirms the work is her own and acknowledges the rules and guidelines of the internship. It also provides an executive summary of her report which will be divided into 6 parts covering PTCL's history, organizational structure, departments, products, her internship plan, a SWOT analysis, and conclusions.
Sweta Desai is seeking a position that allows her to utilize her 4 years of experience in financial areas and accounting operations. She currently works as a Senior Associate at Pricewaterhousecoopers Service Delivery Centre Kolkata Pvt. Ltd, where her responsibilities include matching financial tags, communicating with engagement teams, and ensuring deliverables meet quality and time standards. She also has experience preparing financial statements and conducting audits to ensure compliance. Previously, she interned at United Spirits Limited, where she learned SAP FICO and helped with financial processes.
Karan Lakhmani is seeking a challenging position in finance, business development, purchase and logistics, or team management. He has over 6 years of experience in finance, business management, and allied fields. Currently, he is an Assistant Manager at MTG INFRA POWER (P) LTD, where he is responsible for managing finances, business strategy, budgets, and staff. Karan holds a PGDBA in International Finance and has received several certifications in finance-related topics. He is proficient in Microsoft Office, Tally ERP, and has strong communication and problem-solving skills.
This document provides information on a Business Finance course. The course is compulsory, taught face-to-face in English. It aims to teach financial analysis and decision making methods. Topics covered include financial institutions, time value of money, capital budgeting, and dividend policy. Assessment includes a mid-term exam and homework assignments. The course contributes to learning outcomes such as understanding financial concepts and analyzing financial decisions.
mm bagali..... research questionnaire ....... questions .......Questionnaire ...dr m m bagali, phd in hr
This document contains a questionnaire about organizational practices at New Horizon College of Engineering sent by Dr. M M Bagali to the Dean of HR and CR. The questionnaire contains questions in 7 categories: leadership, strategic planning, customer and market focus, measurement/analysis/knowledge management, workforce focus, process management, and results. It asks about topics like vision/mission development, strategic planning, customer feedback, performance measurement, training programs, competency development, and financial and workforce outcomes. The Dean is requested to provide their views and opinions to help understand practices at the macro level as part of Dr. Bagali's project with the Asian HR Board Fellowship.
Similar to Class 10 accountancy office procedure ppt (20)
Dear students and teachers, It is more useful slide for you. It is related to Rectification of accounting errors Account Class 11 account Account rectification of accounting errors Rectification of one sided errors Rectification of two sided errors लेखा सम्बन्धी गल्तिको सुधार . Please like, comment, share and subscribe this slide. #Rectification of accounting errors #Account #Class 11 account #Account rectification of accounting errors # Rectification of one sided errors #Rectification of two sided errors #लेखा सम्बन्धी गल्तिको सुधार
This document provides information about accounting for provisions and reserves. It discusses the journal entries needed for provisions for bad and doubtful debts. Specifically, it outlines 4 steps for the provision for bad debts account, including debiting the bad debt account and crediting the provision for bad debts. It also provides an example, showing journal entries to write off a bad debt, create a provision for estimated bad debts, and close the estimated bad debts account to the profit and loss account. The document was prepared by Pralhad Sapkota for a class at Pragati Secondary School in Nepal.
The document summarizes Chapter 6 of an accounting textbook on the final accounts of a company. It discusses the key components of final accounts, which include the trading account, profit and loss account, profit and loss appropriation account, and balance sheet. It explains the purpose and importance of each component. The trading account is used to determine gross profit or loss. The profit and loss account shows net profit or loss. The profit and loss appropriation account details the distribution of net profit. And the balance sheet presents the company's overall financial position by reporting its assets, liabilities, and equity.
The document provides information about Chapter 6 of a class 12 accounting textbook. It discusses the key components of a company's final accounts, which include the trading account, profit and loss account, profit and loss appropriation account, and balance sheet. It explains that the final accounts ascertain the operating results and financial position of a company. Each component serves a specific purpose, such as the trading account determining gross profit/loss, and the balance sheet reflecting the company's assets, liabilities, and equity.
This document provides an overview of debentures, which are a type of loan taken by companies from the public. It discusses the key characteristics of debentures, including that they are a written promise to repay the principal plus interest at a fixed rate by the company. The document also outlines the importance of debentures for companies and debenture holders. Finally, it describes the various types of debentures, such as secured vs unsecured debentures and redeemable vs irredeemable debentures.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
5. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
Optional - Il: Office Practice & Accountancy
Office sfof{no: It is a room, set of room, building or place which is use to do various types of
commercial or business (trading) , professional , governmental work. Ps sf]7f, sf]7fsf] ;]6, ejg jf sfd
ug]{ :yfg hxf“ lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ Jofj;flos jf Jofkf/Ls, Joj:yfkg, ;/sf/L tyf ljleGg k|sf/sf k|zf;lgs sfdx¿
ul/G5 . of] ;+u7gsf] dlit:s tyf ;"rgf s]Gb| xf] .
Practice cEof;/;+rfng: It is the actual application or uses of ideas, methods or related theory. of]
jf:tljs cg'ej, ljrf/, ljlw jf ;DalGwt l;4fGtsf] k|of]u xf] . kqJojxf/, ;"rgf ;+sng, hg;Dks{, clen]v /fVg] cflb
k|zf;lgs sfo{x? sfof{no ;+rfng cGtu{t kb{5g .
Accountancy n]vf: It is the profession or duties of accountant. It is the measurement, processing and
communication of financial information about economic activities of business and government
organization. of] n]vfkfnsf] k]zf jf st{Jo xf] . of] Joj;foLs jf ;/sf/L ;+u7g sf] sfg'gadf]ld cfly{s ultljlwx? sf]
dfkg ul/ ltlgx?sf] clen]v, vftf, lstfa tof/ ug]{ / To;sf] k|dfl0ft ug]{ k|lqmof klg xf] . n]vfn] ljQLo hfgsf/L sf]
;+rf/sf] sfd ub{5 .
Office Practice and Accountancy sfof{no ;~rfng tyf n]vf : It is the individual or separate subject for all
the business and government organization in their regular performance about economic & non
economic activities . of] ;a} Joj;foLs tyf ;/sf/L ;+u7gsf] lglZrt p2]Zo k'/f ug{ lgoldt ?kdf x'g] cfly{s tyf u}/
cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?;+u ;DalGwt Pp6f 5'§} lawf jf laifo xf] .
6.
7. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
Q.N. Chapters for Group A: Very short answer questions: 5 questions @ 1 mark = 5 marks Th/Num
1 3rd
Trade -Jofkf/_ Theory
2 4th
Financial institution -a}ªs tyf ljlto ;+:yf_ Theory
3 6th
Final Account -clGtd vftf_: Trading a/c, P/L a/c & Balance Sheeet Theory
4 7th
Government Accounting -;/sf/L n]vf k|0ffnL_ Theory
5 9th,10th,11th
Bank cash book/Budget sheet/Monthly statement -a}ªs gubL lstfa/ah]6 lx;fa/df:s]jf/L_ Theory
Q.N Chapters for Group B: Short answer questions: 8 questions @ 5 marks = 40 marks Th/Num
6 1st
Office procedure -sfof{no sfo{ljlw_ Theory
7 2nd
Filing -kmfOlnª_ Theory
8 3rd
Trade -Jofkf/_ Theory
9 7th
Government Accounting -;/sf/L n]vf k|0ffnL_ Theory
10 9th,10th,11th
Bank cash book/Budget sheet/Monthly statement -a}ªs gubL lstfa/ah]6 lx;fa/df:s]jf/L_ Theory
11 5th
Trial balance -;Gt'ng k/LIf0f_ Numerical
12 6th
Trading or Profit and Loss account -Jofkf/ lx;fa vftf / gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fa vftf_ Numerical
13 6th
Balance sheet -jf;nft_ Numerical
8. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
Q.N. Chapters for Group c : Short answer questions: 3 questions @ 10 marks = 30 marks Th/Num
14 Financial institution -a}ªs tyf ljlto ;+:yf_ Theory
15 Journal (Goshwara) voucher -uf]Zjf/f ef}r/_ M Preparing one specimen of
Goshwara / Journal Voucher is sufficient.
Numerical
16 Monthly statement -df:s]jf/L_: Statement of Expenditure -vr{sf] kmf“6jf/L_: Numerical
Note: From Theoretical portion: 40 marks and from
numerical / problem solving portion: 35 marks
9. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
The Practical Exam is of 25 marks for regular and private examinee.
Practical Exam:
Categories Marks
Attendance: 4 marks
Participation in Learning 4 marks
Presentation (Project Work): 6 marks
Class work : 5 marks
Educational Report of related topic/subject 6 marks
25 Marks
10. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
Chapter 1: Office Procedure -sfof{no sfo{ljlw_M
Learning Objectives:
Understand the meaning of office procedure -sfof{no sfo{ljlw_
Know the meaning, objective and importance ofTippani -l6Kk0fL_,
consideration for drafting it.
Explain the meaning, objective and types of Report -k|ltj]bg_, consideration
for it.
Know the meaning, objective and types of Resolution -k|:tfj_
(According to grid, Short Answer question: 1 for 5 Marks)
11. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
KeyTerms:
Amendment: change or improvement in rules or Act
Audit: act of examining the books of account
Auditor: a person who examines the accounting record of a company or other organizations
Bonus: additional incentives to the employees
Dividend: a part of profit distributed to shareholders Drafting: writing or preparing the document.
Irregularities: activities which are done against the act and rules
Majority: required number of members in favour or against of any decision
Memorandum: main law of a company Procedure: way or method of doing job or decision
Investigation: an official examination of the facts about a situation and crime
Research: a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or
information about it
Inspection: the act of looking closely at somebody/something, especially to check that everything is as it should be.
Precise: clear & accurate Winding up: bringing something to an end.
Communication: the activity or process of expressing ideas & feeling or giving people
information
Remuneration: an amount of money that is paid to somebody for the work done.
12. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
1.1: Office Procedure / Technique -sfof{no sfo{ljlw jf tl/sf_M
1.1.1: Meaning:
Office : A place where the organizational activities are carried out.
Office procedures :The sequential and logical steps developed to perform organizational
activities properly and smoothly.
A Procedure is a planned sequence of operations for handling recurring business transaction uniformly and
consistently“ - Neuner and Keeling
कु नै पनन संस्थाकf] उद्देश्य अनुसारका काययहरू Jojl:yt tl/sfn] सम्पन्न गनयका लागग तयार पाररएको खाका, काययप्रणाली वा रूपरेखालाई कायायलय काययववगि
elgG5 . कायायलयका कामहरू ललखखत तथा अललखखत ननयम, ररनतस्स्थनत, व्यावहाररकता, प्रचलन आदिका आिारमा सम्पािन गनुयपियछ । कायायलय सञ्चालनको
लसललसलामा cfpg ;Sg] अनेकन वािा, नीनतगत कदिनाइ, ननयम कान'नमा जदिलता hस्ता समस्याहरू ररतपूवयक समािान गरी कायायलयलाई गनत प्रिान गनय
व्यावसानयक सङ्गिन र सङ्घ संस्था tyf ;/sf/L sfof{nodf छु ट्टै ककलसमका प्रकियाहरू रहेका छन्। सािारणतया ववषयवस्तुको गहनता र महत्व हेरी दिप्पणी,
प्रस्ताव तथा प्रनतवेिन जस्ता कायायवगि अपनाई ननणययमा पुग्ने गररन्छ ।
ननयलमत रूपमा x'g] व्यावसानयक कारोवारलाई एकरूपता र सामञ्जस्यपूणय बनाएर सञ्चालन गने योजनावद्ध लसललसलेवार गनतववगि नै कायायलय काययववगि हो .
13. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
Question: Explain the meaning and need of office procedures.
Ans: Office procedures are the set of rules or policies guiding the operations of an office or business.
They are the formal process followed by an organization to collect the necessary information for making
efficient and effective decisions. Hence, following are the main importance of office procedures:
For performance of office related jobs in organized and uniform way.
For abiding by the law of appropriate region where the business is functioning.
For proper solution to organizational problems by listening and implementing the opinions, ideas and
information from even lower level staffs.
k|ZgM कार्ाालर् प्रक्रिर्ाहरू tyf sfo{ljlw को अर्ा र आवश्र्कताको व्र्ाख्र्ा गर्नाहोस्।
pTf/M कार्ाालर् / अकिस प्रकियाहरू भनेको ननयम वा नीनतहरूको सेि हो अकिस प्रकियाहरू कायायलयको ;+rfng tyf ultljlwx?
मागयननिेशन ug]{ ती औपचाररक प्रकिया हुन् जुन प्रक्रिर्ा द्वारा संस्थाn] िक्ष र प्रभावकारी ननणययहरू ललन आवश्यक जानकारी
;+कलन गियछ। तसथय, कायायलय प्रकियाहरूको मुख्य dxTj ननम्न 5g M
व्यवस्स्थत र एकरूप तरीकामा कायायलय सम्बस्न्ित काययहरूको प्रिशयनका लागग।
उपयुक्त क्षेत्रको कानूनको पालना गनयको लागग जहााँ व्यवसाय काययरत छ।
संगिनात्मक समस्याहरूको उगचत समािानका लागग ननम्न स्तरका कमयचारीहरूबाि पनन रायहरू, ववचारहरू र सूचनाहरू सुनेर
कायायन्वयन ug{।
14. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
1.2:Tippani / Memo -l6Kk0fL_M
Simple format ofTippani ( in english medium):
15. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
16. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
17. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
1.2.1: Meaning of Tippani / Memo-l6Kk0fL jf l6kf]6sf] cy{_M
Tippani or Memo is a written statement of facts, information, related rules and regulations,
opinions and suggestions. It is prepared by lower level staffs in organizations and submitted to
higher level staffs/ officer for decision making about yes or no. Since it is used to make
important decisions, it should be checked by each authority to ensure the inclusion of all the
information and documents. It is upward process and reaches up to the decision making level
even the council of minister. It is prepared when the lower level staff have no authority to make
decision or lack of information and existing rules & regulations are not clear on a given problem
or issue.
दिप्प0fL वा मेमो eg]sf] तथ्य, सूचना, सम्बस्न्ित ननयम, राय र सुझावहरूको ललखखत बयान हो cyf{t s'नै महTjk"णय कु रामा
ननणयय वा नीनतननिायरण गनय चादहने आवश्यक तथ्यहरू सङ्कलन गरी दिपोि गरेर अगिकार प्राप्त अगिकारीबाि ननणयय गराउg'nfई
दिप्पणी भननन्छ । यो तल्लो तहको कमयचारी / अकिसरx?ले हो वा होईन भन्ने ननणययको लागग तयार पारL उच्च स्तरीय कमयचारी
/ अकिसरलाई बुझाउछ। यो महTjk"णय ननणयय गनय प्रयोग x'g] भएकोले सबै सूचनाहरू र कागजातहरूको समावेश सुननस्श्चत गनय
यसलाई प्रत्येक cगिकारीले जााँच गनुयपनेछ। यो tNnf] txaf6 मागथ मागथx'b} प्रकियाut ?kn] ननणयय ललने तहसम्म पुग्छ। जब
तल्लो तहका कमयचारीसाँग ननणयय गने अगिकार हुाँिैन वा तल्लो तहका कमयचारीसाँग ननणयय गने जानकारीको अभाव हुने र ऐन
ननयम tyf sfg'gdf समस्या वा laifoa:t'df स्पष्ि हुाँिैन tj l6kf]6 tof/ kf/L lg0f{o tx;Dd k]z ul/G5 . ऐन ननयममा स्पष्ि
नभएको र खास ननणयय गराउनुपने ववषयमा मात्र दिप्पणी लेखी कमयचारीले दिप्पणीमा िस्तखत गनुयपछय । कायायलयको दिप्पणी
अवस्थाअनुसार तहतह हुाँिै प्रस्तावको रूपमा मस्न्त्रपररषद्सम्म पुग्छ ।
A written statement of facts and information
that moves in upward direction.
18. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
1.2.2: Objective of Tippani
To facilitate participative decision
To take effective decision
To communicate information
To amend rules and regulations
To provide guidelines
To provide evidence
1.2.3: Process of Tippani:
1. Subject
2. Body of Tippani
3. Opinions and Suggestions
4. Decision
19. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
1.2.2: Conderation for Drafting a Tippani
-l6Kk0fL tof/ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?_
The act of preparing a Tippani in a systematic manner is called drafting a Tippani. Since it should include
the related facts, information, rules and regulations in an orderly manner, drafting a Tippani is a vital issue.
Points to be considered for drafting a Tippani:
Pp6f व्यवस्स्थत तररकामा l6Kk0fL तयारी ug]{ काययnfO{ को एक l6Kk0fLsf] मस्यौिा भननन्छ। यसमा सम्बस्न्ित तथ्यहरू, सूचना र
ननयमहरू िमबद्ध रूपमा समावेश x'g] हुनाले l6Kk0fLsf] ड्राफ्ि गनुय महत्त्वपूणय कायय हो। एक l6Kk0fLsf] मस्यौिाका लागग ववचार
गनुयपने बुाँिाहरू lgDg 5g M
1. Specify subject or the topic / ववषय वा शीषयक : The subject or topic of a tippani should be clearly
mentioned. l6Kk0fLको ववषय वा शीषयक स्पष्ि रूपमा उल्लेख गररनु पियछ।
2.Simple and clear / सरल र स्पष्ि : Since it is a means of communication, it must be clean & clear form
and simple to understand : यो संचारको माध्यम भएकोले यसलाई सिा, सरल, स्पष्ि र ;lhNo} बुझ्g] x'g'k5{ .
3. Present orderly / िमबद्ध िम: It should clearly state the related facts, information, rules, regulations,
regarding the subject in any orderly manner. :
l6Kk0fL कु नै पनन ववषयको सम्बन्िमा सम्बस्न्ित तथ्य, सूचना, ननयम, ववननयम स्पष्ि िमबद्ध रुपमा हुनुपियछ .
20. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
4. Involve suggestion and recommendation / सुझाव र लसिाररस समावेश : It should include all the
suggestion, opinions and recommendation of the concerned authorities.
l6Kk0fLdf सबै सुझाव, राय र सम्बस्न्ित अगिकारीहरुको लसिाररस समावेश गनुयपछय।
5. Supported by documents/ कागजातहरूद्वारा समगथयत : It should be supported by necessary documents for
evidences. l6Kk0fLdf ;fIfLsf] लागग आवश्यक कागजातn] समगथयत गनुयपछय।
6. State past decision and action / ववगतको ननणयय र कायय : It should clearly state the past decisions and
actions on the causes having similar nature and subject
l6Kk0fLdf समान प्रकृ नत र ववषय भएको कारणहरूमा ववगतका ननणयय र काययहरूलाई स्पष्िसाँग बताउनुपियछ ।
7. Verify by authority / अगिकारLबाि प्रमाखणत : It should be checked by each authority to ensure all the
information and documents are enclosed.
सबै सूचना र कागजातहरू संलग्न छन् भनेर ननस्श्चत गनय यो प्रत्येक अगिकारLबाि जााँच गररनु पछय।
8. Sign by authority / अगिकारL¢f/f x:tfIf/ M Each page of a tippani should be duly signed by the concerned
authority before submitting to the upper level.
l6Kk0fLको प्रत्येक पृष्ि मागथल्लो स्तरमा पेश गनुय अनघ सम्बस्न्ित अगिकारL¢f/f हस्ताक्षर गनुयपछय।
9.Written to third party / तेस्रो kIfnfO{{ n]lvg] : A tippani is written to the third person or party without
salutation or complementary closing. l6Kk0fL अलभवािन वा बन्ि gu/Lsg तेस्रो व्यस्क्त kIfnfO{ n]lvg'k5{ ।
21. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
1.3: Report -k|ltj]bg_M
1.3.1: Meaning of Report:
Report is a descriptive & analytical historical written statement of jobs done by an
organization, committee, commission, researcher or investigator etc. for a particular
period of time. It present the details explanation about performance, problems,
progress, achievements, facts, information etc. regarding the problems under study.
l/kf]6{ jf k|ltj]bg eg]sf] Ps lglZrt cjlwsf] lglZrt cWoog jf cg';Gwfgsf] kl/0ffd xf] .
of] Ps ljlzi6 tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;+u7g, ;ldlt, cfof]u, cflb åf/f u/]sf] sfdsf] P]ltxfl;s
lnlvt aofg xf] . o;df ;d:ofx¿, k|ult, pknlAwx¿, tYox¿, hfgsf/L cflbsf] af/]df
cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ul/ cfkmgf] ef/0ff ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L ;d:ofx¿sf af/] laZn]if0ffTds
ljj/0f ;dfj]z ul/G5 .
Report is the output of certain
study or research or survey.
22. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
1.3.2: Objectives/ importance of Report: -k|ltj]bgsf] p2]Zo tyf dxTj_M
A report is prepared for the achievement of the following objectives.
1. To bring into the light - k|sfz kfg'{ _ : An objective of report is to bring in light about the
performance, activities, progress and problems of an organization.
l/kf]6{sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] ;+:yfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg, ultljlw, k|ult / ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df k|sfz kfg'{ xf] .
2. To disclose the condition -zt{ v'nf;f ug{_ : It should disclose the condition of public programs
run by the government and their impact on the people.
o;n] ;/sf/n] rnfpg] ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdx¿sf] cj:yf / hgtfdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] v'nf;f ug]{5 .
3. To show the findings - lgisif{x¿ b]vfpg _ : Its objective is to show the findings of study,
research, investigation and inspection carried out during a particular period of time.
o;sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] ljlzi6 cjlwdf ul/Psf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg / lg/LIf0fsf] lgisif{x¿ b]vfpg' xf] .
23. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
4. To know the official inefficiencies -cflwsfl/s c;Ifdtfx¿af/] hfGg_: It should support the
officials to know the official inefficiency and their reasons along with the ways of overcoming
them.
o;n] clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cflwsfl/s cof]Uotf / pgLx¿sf] sf/sx¿ / tLdfly ;kmntf xfl;n ug]{ pkfox¿sf]
af/]df hfGg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .
5. To prepare plans -of]hgfx¿ tof/ ug{_: An objective of report is to help prepare official plans
and policies by supplying necessary information.
l/kf]6{sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] cfjZos hfgsf/Lsf] k|jfx u/L cflwsfl/s of]hgf / gLltx¿ tof/ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' xf] .
6. To evaluate performance -sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ug{_: It should support to evaluate the
effectiveness of official activities and their impact on the concerned people.
o;n] cflwsfl/s ultljlwx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf / ;DalGwt JolQmdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .
7. To make decision - lg0f{o lng_ : It should serve as the basis for making organizational
decisions by providing necessary information.
of] cfjZos hfgsf/L k|bfg u/]/ ;+u7gfTds lg0f{o ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{' .
24. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
1.3.3: Types of report -k|ltj]bgsf k|sf/x?_M
Reports are written with varying objectives. The following are some of the important types of report written with
different objectives:
k|ltj]bgx? p2]Zocg';f/ km/s km/s x'G5g . ljleGg p2]Zosf];fy n]lvPsf s]lx dxTjk"0f{ k|sf/sf l/kf]6{x¿ tn lbOPsf 5g M
1. Audit report -n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg_M
A report prepared by an auditor to provide the information and facts revealed after the
examination of books of accounts of an organization is known as audit report. In government
offices, Auditor General prepares audit report, and in private organizations, it is prepared by the
private auditors having audit license.
;+:yfsf] cfl{ys sf/f]jf/ tyf lx;fa lstfasf] kl/If0fkl5 kQf nfu]sf] ;"rgf / tYox¿ pknAw u/fpg n]vfk/LIfsn]
tof/ kf/]sf] l/kf]6{nfO{ cl86 l/kf]6{ elgG5 . ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df n]vf k/LIfsn] cl86 l/kf]6{ tof/ ub{5 / lghL ;+:yfx¿df
n]vfk/LIf0f nfO;]G; ePsf] lghL n]vf k/LIfsx¿n] o;nfO{ tof/ ub{5.
2. Annual report -jflif{s k|ltj]bg_ M
A report prepared by an organization or association to provide the information of activities
performed during the particular year is known as annual report. It is called annual report because
it is prepared to state the performances of the office of a particular year at the end of the fiscal
year. ljz]if aif{sf] cjlwdf ul/g] ultljlwx¿sf] hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ ;+u7g jf P;f]l;P;gn] tof/ kf/]sf] l/kf]6{nfO{ jflif{s
l/kf]6{ eg]/ lrlgG5 . of] cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf jf ljz]if aif{sf] sfof{nosf] sfo{;Dkfbg atfpg tof/ ul/G5 .
25. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
3. Committee report -;ldlt jf cfof]u k|ltj]bg_ M
A report prepared by a specific committee or commission to provide information about their finding,
facts and suggestions after the completion of investigation and research is known as committee report.
Different committees are formed for the specific purposes. They prepare a report after the specific task
completes which is called committee report or commission report.
cWoog cg';Gwfg k"/f ePkl5 pgLx¿sf] vf]h, tYo / ;'emfjx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg s'g} ljz]if ;ldlt jf cfof]un]
tof/ kf/]sf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;ldlt l/kf]6{ elgG5 . ljz]if p2]Zosf nflu laleGg ;ldltx¿ u7g x'G5g . ljz]if sfo{ k"/f ePkl5
pgLx¿n] l/kf]6{ tof/ u5{g h;nfO{ ;ldlt l/kf]6{ jf cfof]u l/kf]6{ elgG5 .
4. Government report -;/sf/L k|ltj]bg_ M
A report prepared by the government authority to prove the information of its plans and achievement
for its own purpose or public knowledge is known as government report. It is prepared by forming
committee or commission from time to time.
;/sf/L k|ltj]bgnfO{ cfˆgf] p2]Zo jf ;fj{hlgs 1fgsf nflu cfˆgf] of]hgf / pknlAwx¿sf] hfgsf/L k|dfl0ft ug{ ;/sf/L
clVtof/n] tof/ u/]sf] k|ltj]bg eg]/ lrlgG5 . of] ;do ;dodf ;ldlt jf cfof]u u7g u/]/ tof/ ul/G5 .
5. Academic report -z}lIfs k|ltj]bg_ M
A report prepared by the students during or after the completion of study on the basis of the
investigation over a specific subject is known as academic report. It is also called educational report.
Generally, the students of the post-graduate level write this type of report as thesis. Ps ljz]if ljifodf
cg';Gwfgsf] cfwf/df cWoog k"/f ePkl5 jf kl5 ljBfyL{x¿n] tof/ u/]sf] l/kf]6{nfO{ z}lIfs l/kf]6{ eg]/ lrlgG5 . ;fdfGotof,
kf]:6 u|]h'P6 :t/sf ljBfyL{x¿n] o; k|sf/sf] l/kf]6{nfO{ y]l;;sf] ¿kdf n]V5g .
26. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
1.3.4: Conderation for Drafting a Report
-k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?_
Report is a formal and reliable source of information. It is a strong basis for formulating plans and policies
and taking administrative decisions. Since, report writing is a specialized job. The report writer requires expertise,
skill and experience for drafting a report. It should be drafted by the report writer quite seriously. Hence, the
following factors should be considered while drafting a report. l/kf]6{ hfgsf/Lsf] Ps cf}krfl/s / e/kbf]{ ;|f]t xf] . of]
of]hgf / gLlt agfpg / k|zf;lgs lg0f{o lngsf] nflu Ps dha"t cfwf/ xf] . To;}n] l/kf]6{ n]vg Ps ljz]if sfd xf] . l/kf]6{
n]vsnfO{ l/kf]6{sf] d:of}bf tof/ kfg{sf nflu ljz]if1tf, ;Lk / cg'ej rflxG5 . of] l/kf]6{ n]vs åf/f uDeL/tfsf ;fy 8«fˆ6
ul/g' k5{ . t;y{, k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{ lgDg s'/fsx¿df ljrf/ ug{k5{ M
1. Heading -zLif{s_: The report writer should state the heading of the report on its top. The
heading includes the date on which the report is written, the name(s) of the people to whom the
report is written and subject of the report. k|ltb]bg n]vsn] o;sf] zLif{df k|ltb]bgsf] zLif{s, laifo,
;d:of / kl/ro, ldlt, l/kf]6{df ePsf] JolQmsf] gfd x¿ ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ .
2. Objective & time period -p2]Zo / ;do cjlw_ : The report writer should state the objectives of
writing report and the period of time the report covers.
k|ltj]bg n]vsn] k|ltj]bgsf] p2]Zo / k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{sf] ;dofjlw pNn]v ug'{k5{ .
27. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
3. Orderly Presentation -qmd};+Ë k|:t'tLs/0f_ M The report writer should state the activities,
performance, progress, achievement, challenges, problems, strengths and weaknesses of the organization in
an orderly manner.
l/kf]6{ n]vsn] ;+:yfsf] ultljlw, sfo{;Dkfbg, k|ult, pknlAw, r'gf}lt, ;d:of, ;jn kIf / sdhf]/Lx¿ Jojl:yt 9+un] atfpg'
k5{.
4. Findings -lgisif{_ : The report writer should state the findings of the survey or inspection or investigation
or research, process and executing the findings for the benefit of organization in an orderly manner.
k|ltj]bg n]vsn] ;j]{If0f jf lg/LIf0f jf cg';Gwfg, k|lqmof / qmda4 9+un] ;+u7gsf] kmfObfsf] nflu lgisif{ atfpg' k5{ .
5. Suggestions -;'emfjx¿_ : The report writer should state his opinions, suggestions and recommendations
which allow the organization to make plan and execute its activities. l/kf]6{ n]vsn] cfˆgf] /fo, ;'emfj /
l;kmfl/;x¿ atfpg' kb{5 h;n] ;+u7gnfO{ of]hgf agfpg / o;sf] ultljlwx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ cg'dlt lbG5 .
6. Essential qualities -cfjZos u'0f_ : The report writer should write the report clearly, concisely,
completely, correctly and politely using simple words.
l/kf]6{ n]vsn] ;/n zAb k|of]u u/L :ki6, ;+lIfKt, k"0f{, ;lx / lzi6tfsf ;fy l/kf]6{ n]Vg'kb{5 .
7. Presentation -k|:t'tLs/0f_: The report writer should present the data and information in appropriate table,
chart and diagram. l/kf]6{ n]vsn] 8f6f / hfgsf/L pko'Qm tflnsf, rf6{ / /]vflrqdf k|:t't ug'{k5{ .
28. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
8. Clarity of symbols and codes - k|tLs / sf]8x¿sf] :ki6tf_: The report writer, as far as possible, should
not use code and symbol in the report. If the code and symbol is used, the meaning of such code and
symbol must be given clearly.
l/kf]6{ n]vsn] ;s];Dd l/kf]6{df sf]8 / k|tLssf] k|of]u ug{' x'Fb}g . olb sf]8 / k|tLs k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eg], t]:tf] sf]8 /
k|tLssf] cy{ :ki6 ¿kdf lbg'kb{5 .
9. Signature -x:tfIf/_M The report writer finally should make signature and mention the date on the report.
=l/kf]6{ n]vsn] cGtdf x:tfIf/ ug{' k5{ / l/kf]6{df ldlt pNn]v ug{' k5{ .
29. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
1.4: Resolution/ Meeting's Agenda -k|:tfj jf ;+sNk_M
1.4.1: Meaning of Resolution:
The subject mater or topic which is presented in the meeting for discussion is called resolution.
Resolution is the written proposal forwarded to the meeting for discussion and final decision through the
agreement of all participating members. It is subject or problem or agenda presented in the meeting for
making discussion and decision. It is one of the important procedures in an office. It can be passed for
formulating plans and policies, raising fund, an election of the director, an appointment of the auditor,
declaration of dividend, increment of remuneration of employee and so on.
s'g}klg sDkgL jf ;+:yfsf] a}7s, ;ef jf uf]i7Lx?df ;a} ;xefuL ;b:ox¿sf] ;xdltaf6 laleGg laifox?sf] af/]df 5nkmn
u/L clGtd lg0f{o ug{sf] nflu k7fO{g] -k|:t't u/Lg]_ 5f]6s/L laa/0f jf lnlvt a'“bfut laifonfO{ k|:tfj elgG5 . of] sfof{nosf]
Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|lqmof xf] h'g ljifo -;d:of_ jf Ph]G8fsf] ?kdf 5nkmn / lg0f{osf] nflu a}7sdf k|:t't ul/G5 . k|:tfjdfyL
a'“bfut ?kdf Jofks 5nkmn eO{ kf/Lt ePkl5 dfO{Go'6df -lg0f{o k'l:tsf_ n]lv To;nfO{ k|dfl0ft u/L ;'/lIft /flvG5 . of]
of]hgf, gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ agfpg, sf]if h'6fpg, lgb]{zssf] lgjf{rg, n]vf k/LIfssf] lgo'lQm, sd{rf/Lsf] tna a[¢L,
nfef+zsf] 3f]if0ff lgofdfjnL kl/jt{g OToflbsf nflu k|:tfj agfO{ ;efdf k|:t't ul/G5 .
Resolution:
Increase the salary of
staff by 10%.
Decision:
Increase the salary by
8% .
Meeting:
Discussion on the issue
of salary increment
30. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
1.4.2: Objectives / importance of Resolution: -k|:tfjsf] p2]Zo tyf dxTj_M
A resolution is basically concerned with important subject matters regarding the preparation of
plans, policies, rules and regulations. Its main importance can be listed as follows.
➢It helps in the management for making an effective decision.
o;n] Ps k|efjsf/L lg0f{o ug{ sf] nfuL Joj:yfkgdf d2t ub{5 .
➢It helps an organization to make a formal decision in a democratic way.
o;n] ;+u7gnfO{ k|hftflGqs tl/sfdf cf}krfl/s lg0f{o lng d2t ub{5 .
➢It helps to amend the present procedures, rules and regulations.
o;n] jt{dfg k|lqmofx¿, lgodx¿ ;+zf]wg ug{ d2t ub{5 .
➢It helps an organization to formulate necessary rules and regulations for the efficient operation of
the official activities.
o;n] ;+u7gnfO{ cflwsfl/s ultljlwx¿sf] s'zn ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos lgodx¿ agfpg d2t ub{5 .
31. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
➢It provides legal formalities to the decision of a problem.
o;n] ;d:ofsf] lg0f{onfO{ sfg'gL cf}krfl/stf k|bfg ub{5 .
➢It guides and directs the staff for solving the official problems.
o;n] cflwsfl/s ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu :6fkmnfO{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 .
➢It helps for the settlement of misunderstanding and disputes as it provides documentary
evidence.
o;n] unta'emfO{ tyf ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ d2t ub{5 lsgls o;n] sfuhft k|df0f lbG5 .
➢It clarifies the confusing and unclear rules, regulations and laws.
o;n] e|fds / c:ki6 lgod / sfg"gnfO{ :ki6 ub{5 .
32. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
1.4.3: Types of Resolution: -k|:tfjsf] k|sf/_M
According to company act 2063, resolution can be divided into two types:
1. Ordinary Resolution -;fwf/0f k|:tfj_ 2. Special Resolution -ljz]if k|:tfj_
1. Ordinary Resolution: The resolution which is presented in regular meeting and can be decided by more
than 50% of the total members or shareholders is called ordinary resolution. Decisions on such resolution
are passed by a simple majority of shareholders holding more than 50 % of the total shares presented in the
meeting. The following subject matters fall under ordinary resolution : -
>Audited final accounts of the previous year
>Appointment of directors and auditors and their remuneration
>Declaration of dividend
>Amendment or formulation of rules and regulations etc.
lgoldt a}7sdf k|:t't ul/g] k|:tfjnfO{ ;fwf/0f k|:tfj elgG5 . o:tf] k|:tfjdf
s'n ;b:o jf ;]o/xf]N8/x?sf] %) % eGbf a9L ;b:osf] ;fwf/0f ax'dtn]g} lg0f{o
ul/ kfl/t ug{ ;Sb5g . ;fwf/0f k|:tfjdf lgDg ljifoj:tx? kb{5g .
> ut cfly{s jif{sf] cl86]8 clGtd lx;fa vftf kfl/t ;DaGwL
> lgb]zsx? / n]vf k/LIfsx?sf] lgo'lQm ;fy} pgLx?sf] kfl/>lds ;DaGwL
> nfef+zsf] 3f]if0ff ;DaGwL
> lglt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+zf]wg tyf th'{df ;DaGwL cflb .
An ordinary resolution
is one which can be
passed by a simple
majority.
voting may be by the
way of a show of hands
or by a poll provided 21
days notice has been
given for the meeting.
33. Office practice & Accountancy, Presented by Pralhad Sapkota, Pragati Secondary School, Hetauda – 9, Makawanpur
2. Special resolution: The resolution which is presented in urgent meeting and can be decided by at
least 75% of the total members or shareholders is called special resolution. Decisions on such resolution
are passed by the shareholders holding at least 75 % or 3/4th of the total shares presented in the meeting.
The following subject matters fall under special resolution: -
>Alteration in Memorandum of Association and Article of Association
>Conversion ( change) of company from private to public limited
>Winding up of the company
>Issuing bonus shares
>Changing name, objective and capital of the company etc.
laz]if p2]Zon] cfsl:ds jf ckem{6 af]nfO{g] c;fwf/0f -laz]if_
;ef jf a}7sdf k|:t't ul/g] k|:tfjnfO{ laz]if k|:tfj elgG5 .
o:tf] k|:tfj tTsfn a}7sdf k|:t't x'G5 / s"n ;b:o jf ;]o/
xf]N8/x¿sf] slDtdf &% % jf #/$ -ltg rf}yfO{_ sf] ax'dtåf/f
lg0f{o ul/ kfl/t ug{ ;lsG5 . lgDg lnlvt ljifox¿ ljz]if k|:tfjdf kb{5gM
> sDkgLsf] k|aGwkq / lgodfjnL kl/jt{g ;DaGwL
> lghL sDkgLaf6 ;fj{hlgs sDkgLdf ¿kfGt/0f ;DaGwL
> sDkgLsf] af]g; ;]o/sf] lg:sf;g tyf hf/L ;DaGwL
> sDkgLsf gfd, p2]Zo / k"+hL kl/jt{g ;DaGwL
> sDkgLsf] vf/]hL ;DaGwL cflb .
Special is presented in
emergency meeting.
The resolution that makes
long term impact to an
organization.
It has to be approved by
getting permission from two
third of shareholders i.e.
75% of the shareholders.
Any special resolutions of
the nation should be
presented into council of
minister.