Concrete is the most widely used building material and is versatile, used for structural and aesthetic purposes. It is a composite material made of cement, water and aggregates that sets and hardens through a chemical reaction. Concrete can be cast into complex shapes and textures and colored for architectural applications. Admixtures and additions are used to improve properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture. Concrete is used extensively for interior and exterior architectural applications due to its versatility.

1. CONCRETE Assoc. Prof./Doç. Dr.
Mustafa KUCUKTUVEK

2. CONCRETE
Concrete is the most widely used
building material. One of the
advantages of concrete is that it is not
only a versatile material, but also an
architectural material. In addition to
being used as a concrete carrier
building material, it has been used for
thematic and aesthetic purposes for
many years.
Ref: Culture Trip
The Scandalous History Of Architect
Santiago Calatrava

3. CONCRETE
Concrete is a plastic material. It can be
cast in complex shapes, with special
surface finishes and texture. It can be
colored using white cement and pigment
in concrete production. It can be used in
sculpting, surface reliefs, interior design
products and urban furniture design.
Ref: Dezeen
Valencia to sue Santiago Calatrava
over at City of Arts and Sciences

4. CONCRETE
The production of textured and
patterned, colored and smooth surfaces
of architectural concrete is possible by
using special formwork techniques.
Surface treatment techniques and
special formwork systems offer architects
more design possibilities. With these
aspects, it gives architectural structures a
sculptural character. Architecture
changes the meaning of the concrete
structure and adds new values to it.
Ref: Edinburgh Art and Sketching Club
VALENCIA: arch. Santiago Calatrava - Opera House and
Arts Centre | "The Architectur

5. CONCRETE
SANTIAGO CALATRAVA OPERA HOUSE
Santiago Calatrava
Valls (born July 28,
1951, Valencia,
Spain) is an
internationally
acclaimed Valencia-born Spanish
architect, civil engineer, sculptor and
painter. He is one of the world's leading
architects and has offices in Zurich, Paris
and Valencia. ArchDaily
Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía / Santiago
Calatrava | ArchDaily

6. CONCRETE
Concrete is a ubiquitous material and its
versatility and ready availability have
ensured that it has been and will
continue to be of great and increasing
importance for all types of construction
throughout the world. In volume terms it
is the most widely used manufactured
material, with nearly 2 tonnes produced
annually for each living person.
Ref: italianbark
Concrete Walls Interior Trend in a Scandinavian Home
Tour

7. CONCRETE
It can be found above ground, in
housing, industrial and commercial
buildings, bridges etc., on the ground in
roads, airport runways etc., under the
ground in foundations, tunnels, drainage
systems, sewers etc., and in water in river
and harbour works and offshore
structures.
Ref: CCAA
New concrete runway in New York

8. CONCRETE
Many structures have concrete as their
principal structural material, either in a
plain, mass form, as for example in
gravity dams, but more often as a
composite with steel, which is used to
compensate for concrete’s low tensile
strength thus giving either reinforced or
pre-stressed concrete.
Ref: Undark Magazine
For Cement's Massive Carbon Footprint, Some Concrete
Steps

9. CONCRETE
However, even in those structures where
other materials such as steel or timber
form the principal structural elements,
concrete will normally still have an
important role, for example in the
foundations. Not surprisingly, concrete
has been described as the essential
construction material.
Ref: Engineersforum
Actions In The Construction Of Concrete Foundation -

10. CONCRETE
THE ULTIMATE PERMEABLE CONCRETE SYSTEM

11. CONCRETE
Concrete is a mixture of cement, water,
aggregate (fine aggregate (sand) and
coarse aggregate (gravel or crushed
rocks)) in which the cement and water
have hardened by a chemical reaction
hydration to bind the nearly (non-
reacting) aggregate.
Ref: YouTube
Admixture which we use in concrete in Urdu/Hindi

12. CONCRETE
CONCRETE MIX RATIO

13. CONCRETE
Portland cements
Cement is the essential component of
concrete which, when hydrated, binds the
aggregates together to form the hard,
strong and monolithic whole that is so
useful. Well over 95% of the cement
used in concrete throughout the world is
Portland cement in its various forms.
Ref: İnşaatım.com
Portland Cement (İngilizce) | İnşaatım.com

14. PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFATURING PROCESS

15. CONCRETE
Portland cements
It is by no means a simple material, and
its complexities have an impact on the
properties and behaviour of concrete
from mixing right through to the end of
its life. It is therefore important to have
some understanding of its manufacture,
its composition, the processes involved in
its hydration and of its final hardened
structure if it is to be used effectively.
Ref: Quora
What is portland cement? - Quora

16. CONCRETE
Admixtures
Admixtures are chemicals that are added to
concrete during mixing and significantly
change its fresh, early age or hardened
state to economic or physical advantage.
They are usually defined as being added at
rates of less than 5% by weight of the
cement, but the typical range for most types
is only 0.3– 1.5%. They are normally
supplied as aqueous solutions of the chemical
for convenience of dispensing and dispersion
through the concrete during mixing.
Ref: Civil Engineering Forum
Types of Chemical Admixtures | Civil Engineering Forum

17. CONCRETE
Admixtures
Their popularity and use have increased
considerably in recent years; estimates
for the UK are that about 12% of all
concrete produced in 1975 contained an
admixture, and that this increased to
50% by 1991 and is now well over
75%. In some places, notably parts of
Europe, North America, Australia and
Japan, the proportion is even higher.
Ref: Happho
Types of Chemical Admixtures and Thier Importance in
Concrete - Happho

18. CONCRETE
Additions
Additions are defined as ‘finely divided
materials used in concrete in order to
improve certain properties or to achieve
special properties’ (BS EN 206, 2000).
Somewhat confusingly, there are a number of
alternative names favoured in different
countries and at different times: cement
replacement materials, fillers, mineral
additives, mineral admixtures, supplementary
cementing materials, cement substitutes,
cement extenders, latent hydraulic materials
or, simply, cementitious materials.

19. CONCRETE
Aggregates for concrete
In the preceding three chapters we have
seen that hardened cement paste (HCP)
formed from the hydration of mixtures of
Portland cement, admixtures and
additions has strength and other
properties that could make it suitable for
use as a construction material in its own
right.
Ref: https://lafargeholcim.co.tz/aggregates-difference-
between-crushed-stone-gravel/

20. CONCRETE
Aggregates for concrete
This means that:
• the largest possible aggregate size
consistent with the mixing, handling and
placing requirements of fresh concrete should
be used
• a continuous range of particle sizes from
fine sand up to coarse stones is desirable;
this minimizes the void content of the
aggregate mixture and therefore the amount
of HCP required, and helps the fresh
concrete to flow more easily. Normally
aggregates occupy about 65–80% of the
total concrete volume.
The Constructor
Aggregates for Concrete as per American Standards -
ASTM [PDF]

21. CONCRETE
HOW TO MIX SAND AND CEMENT MORTAR

22. CONCRETE
INTERIOR USE OF CONCRETE
Plain concrete walls have become the
expression of a new style that
concentrates on both interior and
exterior key points. Especially in the
bathroom, the concrete looks more
impressive when combined with white
ceramic.
Ref:https://www.icmimarlikdergisi.com/2016/12/12
/%E2%80%8Bsaf-tasarim-banyoda-beton-kullanimi/

23. CONCRETE
INTERIOR USE OF CONCRETE
Concrete is a natural product used in
both architecture and interior design to
add Renaissance inspirations and
achieve cult status. It is now difficult to
imagine the design of interiors and even
furniture without materials: concrete
cabinets, countertops, consoles and
accessories that can be used in various
ways and classic materials that can be
used as an alternative to wood.
Ref:https://www.icmimarlikdergisi.com/2016/12/12
/%E2%80%8Bsaf-tasarim-banyoda-beton-kullanimi/

24. CONCRETE
INTERIOR USE OF CONCRETE
Concrete is actually a pure and natural
product just like ceramic. Cement made
from lime and clay is mixed with sand,
gravel and water, and other substances
such as steel are added. Material
properties such as being heavy or light,
thin or coarse can be controlled by
changing the mixture ratio.
Ref:https://www.icmimarlikdergisi.com/2016/12/12
/%E2%80%8Bsaf-tasarim-banyoda-beton-kullanimi/

25. CONCRETE
INTERIOR USE OF CONCRETE
The well-ground concrete wall gains an
intimate look with the fineness of
sandstone. In this quality, the material is
very understated, providing the perfect
platform for modern bathroom design
without the center of attention.
Ref:https://www.icmimarlikdergisi.com/2016/12/12
/%E2%80%8Bsaf-tasarim-banyoda-beton-kullanimi/

26. CONCRETE
TECHNICHAL TERMS
Gross/Exposed concrete (Brüt beton)
"Gross concrete is a concrete surface
that is left with its natural appearance in
the way it is manufactured, or where
various visual and decorative textural
effects are applied, high quality and
extreme care is taken in the formwork
system and workmanship."
Ref: https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/550002173216727327/

27. CONCRETE
TECHNICHAL TERMS
Lean concrete (Grobeton)
It is a concrete that is used as filling,
leveling and under-foundation concrete
where durability is not important. It is a
coarse, low-dose non-reinforced
concrete.
https://www.sanalsantiye.com/grobeton-lean-concrete-nedir/

28. CONCRETE
TECHNICHAL TERMS
Curtain concrete (Perde beton)
Curtain concrete is a reinforced
construction element in reinforced
concrete. Curtains are used to meet the
horizontal loads in high-rise buildings. As
the floor heights increase, the column
dimensions increase with the increase of
the section effects. Large column sizes
are not economical and architecturally
disadvantageous.
Ref: Bedir Çatı İzolasyon
Perde Beton İzolasyon Uygulaması – Bedir
Çatı İzolasyon

29. CONCRETE
TECHNICHAL TERMS
Screed concrete (Şap)
A screed concrete floor is simply a layer
of finer concrete laid on top of a pre-
existing and cured concrete base. The
screed is usually a simple, cement,
aggregate and sand mix but
proprietary screed mixes exist for
specialist use.
The screed may be applied directly to
the underlying concrete or may be
applied as a floating finish on a layer of
rigid insulation material.
Ref: The Constructor
Concrete Screed - Properties and Composition of Screeds

30. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION