2. Weak Acid H2A + Strong Base
(Mathematical Background)
Part 1
3. Buffer = weak acid + strong base:
diprotic acid (e.g. H2CO3)
strong base
(B+ = Na+, K+, NH4
+, ...)
H2A + n BOH = BnH2-nA + nH2O
n = stoichiometric coefficient as
continuous variable
4. Example (n as integer variable)
H2CO3 + nNaOH = NanH2-nCO3 + nH2O
Equivalence Points
n = 0: pure H2CO3 solution
n = 1: pure NaHCO3 solution
n = 2: pure Na2CO3 solution
www.slideshare.net/aqion/diprotic_acids_and_equivalence_points
5. speciation
(in water)
6 aqueous species
in chem. equilibrium
H2A + n BOH = BnH2-nA + nH2O
acid base
n = =
CB amount of base
CT amount of acid
B+
H+
OH-
A-2
HA-
H2A
7. Replace: Activities {..} Concentrations [..]
Kw = [H+] [OH-]
K1 = [H+] [HA-] / [H2A]
K2 = [H+] [A-2] / [HA-]
CT = [H2A] + [HA-] + [A-2]
0 = [H+] – [OH-] + n[H2A] + (n-1)[HA-] + (n-2)[A-2]
This is valid for small ionic strengths (I0)
or conditional equilibrium constants.
Basic Set of Equations
6 variables (species) – 5 equations = 1 degree of freedom
8. x = [H+] = 10-pH
dissolved species (H2A, HA-, A-2)
[i] = [H2-i A-i] for i = 0,1,2
“pure-water alkalinity”
w = [OH-] – [H+] = Kw/x – x
ionization fractions
ai = [i]/CT for i = 0,1,2
pH = – log x
Abbreviations
9. insert
abbreviations
Kw = x (w+x)
K1 = x (a1/a0) a0 = [1 + K1/x + K1K2/x2]-1
K2 = x (a2/a1) a1 = [x/K1 + 1 + K2/x]-1
1 = a0 + a1 + a2 a2 = [x2/(K1K2) + x/K2 + 1]-1
0 = n – a1 – 2a2 – w/CT Ionization Fractions
Basic Set of Equations
18. Buffer Intensity
T
2
0202
C
x2w
)aa()aa(10ln
pHd
dn
Derivative of Buffer Intensity
T
3
21
2
2
2
C
w
)x/K1K/x(
)x(f
)10(ln
)pH(d
nd
pHd
d
with f(x) = (x/K1-K2/x) (x/K1 + K2/x – 1 + 8K2/K1)
n = a1 + 2a2 + w/CT Titration Curve
19. buffered ( large)
pH
non-buffered
( small)
n=CB/CT
The steeper the slope the higher is the
buffer intensity = dn/dpH,
i.e. the higher is the resistance to pH changes.
23. at pH = pK1 6.35 maximum optimal buffer range
at pH = ½(pK1+pK2) 8.34 minimum
at pH = pK2 10.33 maximum optimal buffer range
Local Extrema of Buffer Intensity
(= zeros of d/dpH)
Example: Carbonate System
Note: This is an approximation
(which ignores the self-ionization of water).