Budget deficits occur when government spending exceeds revenue and add to the public debt. Causes of deficits include economic recessions, tax cuts without spending cuts, and increased spending on wars or disasters. Deficits can lead to higher debt levels, crowding out of private investment, and undermining essential services. Governments issue bonds to finance debt, and interest payments are a large expense. High debt risks default and can slow economic growth by diverting funds away from productive investments. Fiscal discipline, spending cuts or tax increases, and economic reforms can help reduce deficits.
This presentation shows a basic background on the monetary policy in Bangladesh showing the key features of the monetary policy introduced by Bangladesh Bank.
This presentation shows a basic background on the monetary policy in Bangladesh showing the key features of the monetary policy introduced by Bangladesh Bank.
Public debt is intended to bridge the gap between domestic savings and investment. This paper examines the effect of public debt on economic growth in Bangladesh using autoregressive distributed lag bound testing approach to cointegration. It finds a negative relationship between public debt and economic growth both in the short-run and the long-run. That is, a significant rise in the public debt in Bangladesh appears to be a burden for the economic growth controlling for other determinants of growth. The findings suggest that funds obtained through public debt are not utilized in the productive economic avenues which may improve the growth scenario in Bangladesh. Also, the adverse effect exerted by public debt may further be responsible for a reduction in investment and slower growth of capital stock, which eventually can hamper the labour productivity growth in the country in long run.
Growth-Debt Nexus: An Examination of Public Debt Levelsand Debt Crisis in Zim...iosrjce
Government debt is an indirect debt of the taxpayers, and can be classified as internal or external.
Debt crisis is the general term for a proliferation of massive public debt relative to tax revenues.Public debt
enables governments to invest in critical areas of the economy where the capacity of tax revenue to undertake
these projects may be limited or in situations where printing additional money will disrupt the stability of the
economy. Government borrows in order defer difficult but necessary reforms such as the imposition of taxes
which might be necessary to generate revenue for development. Countries with high public debt tend to grow
slowly. The study examines the origin of debt crisis in Zimbabwe, debt nature, causes, consequences and
possible ways of reducing the debt. The study uses 1980-2013 data to run an OLS model on economic growth
using STATA Econometric Software, in an effort to explore the effect of external debt. The regression results
shows that public debt has a negative effect on economic growth in Zimbabwe, which has varying theories
prevailing. The study concludes by encouraging the government not to borrow unnecessarily, and to use
borrowed funds for investment projects, rather than on consumption expenditure
Foreign economics Policies-Euro Dollar Market, International liquidity, Devaluation, World debt crisis ,Development of under developed Countries, United nations Financial programs, Economic Union & communities
But resolving this legacy issue with continued application of past interventionist instruments does not incentivize the much needed structural reforms and private capital market activities. Financial repression has induced a re-allocation of capital across markets and greatly enhanced the role of public markets at the detriment of private market activities. Artificially low – or in some cases even negative – interest rates break the credit intermediation channel which can crowd out viable private investors.
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. 1
Introduction
Budget deficits and the public debt are
crucial components of fiscal policy.
A budget deficit occurs when a
government's spending exceeds its
revenue in a given period.
The public debt represents the cumulative
amount borrowed by the government to
cover budget deficits.
3. 2
Causes of Budget Deficits
Economic recession can lead to reduced
tax revenue and increased government
spending on welfare programs, causing
budget deficits.
Tax cuts without corresponding spending
cuts can result in a decrease in revenue,
leading to budget deficits.
Wars or natural disasters often require
increased government spending, which can
contribute to budget deficits.
4. 3
Consequences of Budget Deficits
Budget deficits can lead to an increase in
the public debt, as the government borrows
to finance the deficit.
High levels of public debt can crowd out
private investment by increasing interest
rates.
Persistent budget deficits can undermine a
government's ability to provide essential
services and lead to inflation.
5. 4
Financing Public Debt
Governments finance public debt by issuing
bonds, which are purchased by individuals,
institutions, or foreign governments.
Treasury bills, notes, and bonds are
common types of government bonds used
to finance public debt.
Interest payments on the public debt
represent a significant portion of
government expenditure.
6. 5
Impact of Public Debt on the Economy
High levels of public debt can increase the
risk of default, leading to higher borrowing
costs for the government.
Public debt can reduce economic growth by
diverting resources away from productive
investments.
In extreme cases, excessive public debt
can trigger a financial crisis and undermine
the stability of the economy.
7. 6
Strategies to Reduce Budget Deficits
Governments can reduce budget deficits by
increasing taxes to boost revenue.
Cutting government spending can also help
reduce budget deficits.
A combination of fiscal discipline, economic
growth, and structural reforms can help
address budget deficits effectively.
8. 7
Austerity Measures
Austerity measures involve significant cuts
in government spending and reforms to
reduce budget deficits.
Austerity measures can have short-term
negative impacts on economic growth and
social welfare.
Long-term benefits of austerity measures
may include increased investor confidence
and reduced public debt.
9. 8
Importance of Fiscal Responsibility
Maintaining fiscal responsibility is crucial for
sustainable economic growth and stability.
Governments should aim for balanced
budgets to avoid excessive public debt.
Fiscal responsibility requires careful
planning, monitoring, and prioritization of
public spending.
10. 9
Role of Central Banks
Central banks play a vital role in managing
public debt by implementing monetary
policies.
They can influence interest rates to control
borrowing costs for the government.
Central banks also ensure price stability
and manage inflation, which can impact
public debt management.
11. 10
International Perspective
Budget deficits and public debt are not
limited to individual countries but can also
affect the global economy.
International organizations like the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) monitor
and provide guidance on fiscal policies.
Cooperation among countries is essential
to address global challenges related to
budget deficits and public debt.
12. 11
Case Studies
Greece faced a severe debt crisis in 2010
due to high budget deficits and public debt
levels.
Japan has a high level of public debt, but
its unique economic circumstances have
not led to a crisis.
The United States has experienced
persistent budget deficits and significant
public debt, but its status as a reserve
currency has provided some advantages.
13. 12
Conclusion
Budget deficits and the public debt are
complex economic phenomena with
significant implications for governments
and economies.
Fiscal responsibility, careful debt
management, and economic growth are
key factors in addressing budget deficits
and reducing public debt.
Continuous monitoring and adaptation of
fiscal policies are necessary to ensure
long-term economic stability and well-
being.