This document outlines cell and tissue culture techniques, including humoral and cell-mediated immunity pathways, theoretical concepts of cell and tissue culture, and monoclonal antibody production methods. It discusses how monoclonal antibodies can be used in cancer therapy by binding directly to cancer cells and using various mechanisms to kill tumor cells. Potential side effects of monoclonal antibody drugs are also summarized, ranging from mild allergic reactions and flu-like symptoms to rare but serious infusion reactions, bleeding, or organ problems.

1. BTEC849: CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE
By
Dr. Aliyu Muhammad
N.C.E., BSc. (Sokoto), MSc., PhD (Ibadan), MNYA
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2. OUTLINES
• Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity pathways
• Theoretical concepts on cell and tissue culture
• In-vivo techniques:
– production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
• Applications of monoclonal antibodies in cancer
therapy
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3. Humoral Immunity
• Humoral immunity describes the pathway by which
antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes to target
exogenous antigens……….
• When macrophages engulf exogenous pathogens, they digest
them within lysosomes to release antigenic fragments
• These fragments are presented on special surface receptors
(MHC class II) that denote the material as being foreign
• The antigens are presented to helper T cells, which in turn
secrete cytokines to activate the appropriate B lymphocytes
• The specific B lymphocytes divide and differentiate (clonal
selection) to form antibody producing plasma cells
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4. Figure 1: Humoral immunity pathway
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5. Cell-mediated Immunity
• Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not
involve antibodies.
• Rather, cell mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes,
antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various
cytokines in response to antigen
• Cancerous and virus-infected cells involve the body’s own cells and thus are
not recognised as foreign, evading normal detection
• These cells may instead present antigenic fragments as a complex with their
own self markers (MHC class I)
• When helper T cells identify these cells, they stimulate a second type of T
lymphocyte – cytotoxic T cells (TC cells)
• Cytotoxic T cells show specificity to particular antigens and will bind to the
presented antigen and release perforating enzymes
• These enzymes cause the infected / cancerous cell to by lysed, preventing
the further spread of infection
• Virus infected cells can also be destroyed non-specifically by NK cells, which
respond to interferon released by the infected cell
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6. Figure 2: Cell mediated immunity pathway
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7. Theoretical concepts on cell and
tissue culture
• Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells
in an artificial medium separate from the
organism.
• This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-
solid, or solid growth medium, such as broth or agar.
...
• The term "tissue culture" was coined by American
pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows.
• The main difference between cell culture and tissue
culture is that the
– cell culture is the laboratory process in which cells are grown
under controlled conditions in vitro whereas
– tissue culture is the growth of cells taken from a multicellular
organism.
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9. Monoclonal antibodies
• Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by
identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.
• Monoclonal Antibodies are a type of protein, which made in the
laboratory that can bind to substances in the body, including cancer cells.
– A monoclonal antibody is made so that it binds to only one substance.
– They can be used alone or to carry drugs, toxins, or radioactive substances
directly to cancer cells.
– Monoclonal antibodies kill tumor cells by several mechanisms, including
apoptosis and lysis mediated by complement and cytotoxic cells.
– They can also act as conduits for radioisotopes or toxic agents linked to
them.
– The generic name assigned to a monoclonal antibody or fragment ends in -
mab.
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10. Figure 3: Monoclonal antibodies production scheme
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11. Polyclonal antibodies
• Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are antibodies
that are secreted by different B cell lineages
within the body…………
– (whereas monoclonal antibodies come from a
single cell lineage).
– They are a collection of immunoglobulin
molecules that react against a
• specific antigen,
• each identifying a different epitope.
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12. Figure 4: Polyclonal antibodies production scheme
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14. Side effects
• Common Side Effects – In general, the more common side
effects caused by monoclonal antibody drugs include:
– Allergic reactions, such as hives or itching
– Flu-like signs and symptoms, including chills, fatigue, fever, and muscle
aches and pains
– Nausea, vomiting
– Diarrhea
– Skin rashes
– Low blood pressure
• Serious Side Effects: Serious, but rare, side effects of
monoclonal antibody therapy may include:
– Infusion reactions
– Low blood cell counts
– Heart problems
– Lung problems
– Skin problems
– Bleeding
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15. Figure 5: Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy
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16. Source: Tarah et al., 2016
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17. THANK YOU
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