Since Chester F. Carlson demonstrated the principle of the xerographic copier on October 22, 1938, electrophotography has made steep progress, even though the beginnings were rather modest. The first machines worked by the two-component process using a magnetic ferrite carrier for the transportation of the toner powder. Up until the 1970s, xerography was used exclusively in copying machines, and then, in 1973, the first printing system for computers was introduced. In 1983, a completely new market segment was opened up with the launch of the “Personal Copier” and the first laser printers. These machines work by the one-
component process, which allows for the design of particularly compact printers. One-component toners contain 30-60 percent magnetic iron oxide, making the use of a carrier obsolete.
Find out more under www.bayferrox.com
CORROPIPE® CEM 40 A is a 2-component, solvent-free mineral coating developed to protect steel surfaces from corrosion in wastewater systems. It forms a protective layer through a hydraulic hardening process and has high resistance to acids and bases with a temperature stability up to 95°C. CORROPIPE® fills pits and coats fittings, flanges, and weld seams to extend the lifespan of wastewater pipelines and installations.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Both 2016 shanghai development of innovative ultra high temperature coatings ...Yuguo Cui
This document discusses the development of innovative ultra-high temperature coatings for corrosion protection of industrial process vessels and piping. It describes how conventional epoxy coatings have limitations above 100°C and introduces next-generation hybrid coatings that can withstand temperatures over 180°C. Test results are presented showing these hybrid coatings passed autoclave testing at 180°C for 7 days with no blistering or softening, demonstrating their ability to provide long-term corrosion protection at high temperatures.
The document describes the coil coating process, which involves cleaning and pretreating steel coils before applying primer and topcoat paint in a continuous line. Key steps include receiving raw coils, pretreating with chemicals to prepare the surface, applying primer and topcoat via coater ovens, and testing finished coils through procedures like measuring gloss, flexibility, and solvent resistance.
This document discusses different methods of phosphating ferrous and aluminum alloys as a pre-treatment for paint bonding, including immersion zinc phosphate processes, spray zinc phosphate processes, and electropaint processes. It provides details on the chemistry, operating conditions, and advantages/disadvantages of orthodox immersion processing, calcium-modified immersion processing, and various spray phosphate processes. It also compares anodic and cathodic electropaint systems and their performance. Phosphate coatings formed by immersion are generally superior to sprays as a pre-treatment for electropaint.
Advancements in Ceramic Coating Technology for the Power Generation Industry ...Aldrin Arquillano
The document discusses advancements in ceramic coating technology for use in high-temperature industrial processes. Next-generation hybrid coatings are able to withstand temperatures above 200°C while providing excellent erosion and chemical resistance. These solvent-free coatings use inorganic chemistry based on silicon, which offers extreme thermal stability compared to traditional organic coatings that exhibit limited success above 100°C. The coating can withstand temperatures up to 265°C dry and 200°C wet, is highly wear resistant, and provides corrosion protection in acidic environments like those containing sulfuric acid.
CORROPIPE® CEM 50 black is a 2-component, solvent-free mineral coating developed in 2001 to protect steel surfaces like oil storage tanks and pipelines from corrosion. It forms a hydraulically-setting mixture upon application that provides effective, long-lasting mineral corrosion protection confirmed by independent reports. CORROPIPE® solves corrosion problems in crude oil production through its high pH and ability to coat workable rust, integrate it within the coating, and provide active protection at the steel-coating interface.
This document discusses various substrates and paint systems used in the building products industry. It provides details on hot dipped galvanized steel, Galvalume, and aluminum substrates. It also explains the importance of pre-treatments and primers. Finally, it describes several paint systems including polyesters, siliconized polyesters, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), noting that PVDF coatings provide the best weathering resistance and durability.
CORROPIPE® CEM 40 A is a 2-component, solvent-free mineral coating developed to protect steel surfaces from corrosion in wastewater systems. It forms a protective layer through a hydraulic hardening process and has high resistance to acids and bases with a temperature stability up to 95°C. CORROPIPE® fills pits and coats fittings, flanges, and weld seams to extend the lifespan of wastewater pipelines and installations.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Both 2016 shanghai development of innovative ultra high temperature coatings ...Yuguo Cui
This document discusses the development of innovative ultra-high temperature coatings for corrosion protection of industrial process vessels and piping. It describes how conventional epoxy coatings have limitations above 100°C and introduces next-generation hybrid coatings that can withstand temperatures over 180°C. Test results are presented showing these hybrid coatings passed autoclave testing at 180°C for 7 days with no blistering or softening, demonstrating their ability to provide long-term corrosion protection at high temperatures.
The document describes the coil coating process, which involves cleaning and pretreating steel coils before applying primer and topcoat paint in a continuous line. Key steps include receiving raw coils, pretreating with chemicals to prepare the surface, applying primer and topcoat via coater ovens, and testing finished coils through procedures like measuring gloss, flexibility, and solvent resistance.
This document discusses different methods of phosphating ferrous and aluminum alloys as a pre-treatment for paint bonding, including immersion zinc phosphate processes, spray zinc phosphate processes, and electropaint processes. It provides details on the chemistry, operating conditions, and advantages/disadvantages of orthodox immersion processing, calcium-modified immersion processing, and various spray phosphate processes. It also compares anodic and cathodic electropaint systems and their performance. Phosphate coatings formed by immersion are generally superior to sprays as a pre-treatment for electropaint.
Advancements in Ceramic Coating Technology for the Power Generation Industry ...Aldrin Arquillano
The document discusses advancements in ceramic coating technology for use in high-temperature industrial processes. Next-generation hybrid coatings are able to withstand temperatures above 200°C while providing excellent erosion and chemical resistance. These solvent-free coatings use inorganic chemistry based on silicon, which offers extreme thermal stability compared to traditional organic coatings that exhibit limited success above 100°C. The coating can withstand temperatures up to 265°C dry and 200°C wet, is highly wear resistant, and provides corrosion protection in acidic environments like those containing sulfuric acid.
CORROPIPE® CEM 50 black is a 2-component, solvent-free mineral coating developed in 2001 to protect steel surfaces like oil storage tanks and pipelines from corrosion. It forms a hydraulically-setting mixture upon application that provides effective, long-lasting mineral corrosion protection confirmed by independent reports. CORROPIPE® solves corrosion problems in crude oil production through its high pH and ability to coat workable rust, integrate it within the coating, and provide active protection at the steel-coating interface.
This document discusses various substrates and paint systems used in the building products industry. It provides details on hot dipped galvanized steel, Galvalume, and aluminum substrates. It also explains the importance of pre-treatments and primers. Finally, it describes several paint systems including polyesters, siliconized polyesters, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), noting that PVDF coatings provide the best weathering resistance and durability.
This document is a handbook from Hempel, a paint and coating company, that provides guidance on substrates, standards, equipment, checkpoints, processes, tables, and communications relevant to coatings work. It aims to help paint users get the best performance from Hempel paints. The handbook covers topics like common substrate types, surface preparation requirements, appropriate primer selections, and total recommended dry film thicknesses. It is intended as a reference for Hempel's coating advisors and other coating professionals.
Louisiana Advanced Coating Solutions provides proprietary ceramic coatings for industrial, automotive, aerospace, military, and other applications. Their coatings offer benefits such as corrosion and heat resistance from 500°F to over 2000°F, various thickness and color options, and increased performance and lifespan of coated parts and equipment. Key products include heat cured, high temperature, dry film lubricant, clear, heat dissipating, and NIR coatings. The company conducts thorough testing of coatings' durability, corrosion protection, hardness, flexibility, chemical resistance, adhesion, abrasion resistance, and thermal barrier properties per ASTM standards. Ceramic coatings can significantly increase equipment lifespan through reduced wear and maintenance needs.
Surface preparation is critical for coating performance and longevity. It involves cleaning the surface of contaminants like mill scale, rust, grease and dirt. The level of cleaning depends on factors like the substrate material and coating system. Common preparation methods include solvent cleaning, abrasive blasting and chemical treatments. Proper surface preparation can increase coating adhesion and the protective life of a paint system by over 80%.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the incorporation of expandable graphite as a flame retardant in various polymers. It demonstrates that by selecting expandable graphite grades with different expansion activation temperatures, it is possible to incorporate expandable graphite into polymers with higher processing temperatures. Test results show that certain expandable graphite grades can provide flame retardancy in polymers processed at temperatures up to 270°C without impacting mechanical properties when used at the right loading levels. The paper also identifies opportunities to develop expandable graphite with smaller particle sizes and higher expansion for even higher temperature polymers as well as lower loadings to further improve polymer properties.
This document provides information on various sintered wire cloth products from BOPP including Poremet, Absolta, Topmesh, and Poreflo. It describes the materials, layers, and manufacturing process for each product. It also details their applications in filtration and specifications including thickness, pore size, flow rate, and pressure resistance. Custom solutions can be developed to meet specific customer needs.
The document discusses Thermico's nanoHVOF coating system for demanding internal and external applications. Key points:
1. nanoHVOF uses a controlled plasma spherodization process to produce fine WC-CoCr powders (-5+2 μm or -10+5 μm) that form very dense, hard coatings when sprayed.
2. The system includes specialized powder feeders, torches optimized for fine powders, and process monitoring software to ensure coating quality.
3. nanoHVOF can coat internal diameters as small as 4" and produce near-net shaped coatings only ±15 μm thick for applications like turbine blades, pumps, and landing gear.
This standard provides guidelines for preparing new zinc-coated steel surfaces for painting. It describes eight surface preparation methods: zinc phosphate treatment, chromate treatment, aqueous chromic-organic treatment, acid-curing resinous treatment, annealing heat treatments, amorphous complex-oxide treatment, abrasive blast cleaning, and fluro-titanic/zirconic polymer treatment. These methods provide galvanized surfaces suitable for painting by developing adhesion between the coating and surface. The standard also discusses factors like location of treatment application and identifies variables that can affect results.
Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) is a dental cement that has been used for over 150 years. It is used for multiple applications including impressions, temporary fillings, root canal fillings, cementing, and surgical dressings. ZOE cement sets via a chemical reaction between zinc oxide and eugenol. It has low strength but is biocompatible. Modified versions with additions like EBA or polymers have improved properties but ZOE remains useful due to its favorable pulpal response and low cost.
Dental acrylic resins / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document defines dentures and their components. It discusses the different types of dentures - total versus partial. The main parts of a denture are the denture base and artificial teeth. Heat-cured polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is described as the most common denture base material. The setting process and requirements of denture base materials are outlined. Compression molding and injection molding techniques for constructing denture bases are also summarized.
PIPESEAL is an epoxy paste designed to quickly seal cracks, holes, and leaks in pipes made of materials like copper, steel, lead, and cast iron. It hardens within 5 minutes when applied and heated with a heat gun. PIPESEAL is 100% solids with no VOCs, making it environmentally friendly. It can seal leaks up to 1/2 inch in diameter and withstand pressures over 1200 psi. To use, the resin and hardener must be thoroughly mixed together and applied to the leak, then heated to cure fully within minutes.
Pidilite Industries is an Indian company that has been a pioneer in consumer and specialty chemicals since 1959. It is the market leader in India for adhesives, sealants, construction chemicals, and polymers. The company's Fevicol brand of adhesives is one of the most trusted brands in India and the largest selling adhesives brand in Asia. Pidilite offers a wide range of products developed through in-house R&D including adhesives, construction chemicals, industrial adhesives, and more.
Endodontic sealers a summary and a quick review Rami Al-Saedi
a slideshow presentation lectured and presented in Al-Sadr Specialized dental center in the continuing dental learning weekly lectures.
Rusafa medical institute- Baghdad- Iraq
lecturer: Dr. Rami Ahmed Jumaah (BDS)
Supervisor: Dr. Iman J. Ahmed (BDS: MSc)
Dental cements are substances used to adhere objects together in dentistry. There are three main categories of dental cement: zinc oxide, alumino silicate glass, and phosphoric acid polyacrylic acid. Cements set via acid-base reactions. Zinc oxide eugenol cement is the oldest dental cement and sets when eugenol reacts with zinc oxide and water via chelation. Modified zinc oxide eugenol cements contain calcium hydroxide or are eugenol-free. Zinc phosphate cement sets rapidly via a reaction between zinc oxide and phosphoric acid to form zinc phosphate crystals. Polyacrylic acid is a higher molecular weight alternative to phosphoric acid that bonds chemically to tooth structure.
This document provides product data for SilverShield 5000X, a two-part epoxy coating with zinc flakes. It can be used indoors or outdoors to protect surfaces like pipes, tanks, and structural steel from corrosion. The coating has excellent adhesion and flexibility, provides a metallic silver finish, and protects in temperatures from -18 to 121 degrees Celsius. It is a 100% solids coating that is easy to apply by spray, brush, or roller in thicknesses between 4-12 mils.
Parenco operates a paper mill in Renkum, Netherlands that produces recycled paper. The mill has two de-inking lines and a paper machine. Recent investments have improved the mill's brightness capabilities up to ISO 72, strength, surface properties, and print quality. Parenco's product portfolio includes various grades of heat-set and cold-set papers under the NorCal, NorX, and NorBright brands. Future investments are planned to increase winding capacity and further improve calendering.
This document discusses conductive inks for functional printing. It describes Agfa, a company that produces two core technologies for thin printable conductors: PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer and nano-silver ink. PEDOT:PSS is transparent, flexible and formable, while nano-silver ink offers high conductivity and allows printing thinner layers and smaller features. The document provides examples of applications for each technology and discusses parameters like curing time and temperature to optimize conductivity. It emphasizes that nano-silver ink can achieve high conductivity through multiple printing steps and higher curing temperatures.
The document describes the various steel treatment and painting processes used on Atlas Copco generators and light towers to protect them from corrosion when exposed to outdoor environments. Different components receive different treatments based on their exposure and importance. All steel components receive a galvanization treatment before further treatments and painting. The canopy receives powder coating, while critical components and the base frame undergo nitrogen laser cutting and cataphoresis before final painting. These treatments help provide long-term corrosion protection and extend the life of components.
1) Advances in metallographic techniques such as minimum area of contact cutting (MACC) and orbital cutting produce less damage to specimens during sectioning compared to traditional chop cutters.
2) Orbital cutting maintains a more constant pressure on the specimen compared to chop cutting, which varies pressure and increases heat generation.
3) Precision saws such as the IsoMet series provide versatility and optional features, allowing precise sectioning with minimal damage. Proper mounting and grinding/polishing techniques further minimize artifacts.
This document is a handbook from Hempel, a paint and coating company, that provides guidance on substrates, standards, equipment, checkpoints, processes, tables, and communications relevant to coatings work. It aims to help paint users get the best performance from Hempel paints. The handbook covers topics like common substrate types, surface preparation requirements, appropriate primer selections, and total recommended dry film thicknesses. It is intended as a reference for Hempel's coating advisors and other coating professionals.
Louisiana Advanced Coating Solutions provides proprietary ceramic coatings for industrial, automotive, aerospace, military, and other applications. Their coatings offer benefits such as corrosion and heat resistance from 500°F to over 2000°F, various thickness and color options, and increased performance and lifespan of coated parts and equipment. Key products include heat cured, high temperature, dry film lubricant, clear, heat dissipating, and NIR coatings. The company conducts thorough testing of coatings' durability, corrosion protection, hardness, flexibility, chemical resistance, adhesion, abrasion resistance, and thermal barrier properties per ASTM standards. Ceramic coatings can significantly increase equipment lifespan through reduced wear and maintenance needs.
Surface preparation is critical for coating performance and longevity. It involves cleaning the surface of contaminants like mill scale, rust, grease and dirt. The level of cleaning depends on factors like the substrate material and coating system. Common preparation methods include solvent cleaning, abrasive blasting and chemical treatments. Proper surface preparation can increase coating adhesion and the protective life of a paint system by over 80%.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the incorporation of expandable graphite as a flame retardant in various polymers. It demonstrates that by selecting expandable graphite grades with different expansion activation temperatures, it is possible to incorporate expandable graphite into polymers with higher processing temperatures. Test results show that certain expandable graphite grades can provide flame retardancy in polymers processed at temperatures up to 270°C without impacting mechanical properties when used at the right loading levels. The paper also identifies opportunities to develop expandable graphite with smaller particle sizes and higher expansion for even higher temperature polymers as well as lower loadings to further improve polymer properties.
This document provides information on various sintered wire cloth products from BOPP including Poremet, Absolta, Topmesh, and Poreflo. It describes the materials, layers, and manufacturing process for each product. It also details their applications in filtration and specifications including thickness, pore size, flow rate, and pressure resistance. Custom solutions can be developed to meet specific customer needs.
The document discusses Thermico's nanoHVOF coating system for demanding internal and external applications. Key points:
1. nanoHVOF uses a controlled plasma spherodization process to produce fine WC-CoCr powders (-5+2 μm or -10+5 μm) that form very dense, hard coatings when sprayed.
2. The system includes specialized powder feeders, torches optimized for fine powders, and process monitoring software to ensure coating quality.
3. nanoHVOF can coat internal diameters as small as 4" and produce near-net shaped coatings only ±15 μm thick for applications like turbine blades, pumps, and landing gear.
This standard provides guidelines for preparing new zinc-coated steel surfaces for painting. It describes eight surface preparation methods: zinc phosphate treatment, chromate treatment, aqueous chromic-organic treatment, acid-curing resinous treatment, annealing heat treatments, amorphous complex-oxide treatment, abrasive blast cleaning, and fluro-titanic/zirconic polymer treatment. These methods provide galvanized surfaces suitable for painting by developing adhesion between the coating and surface. The standard also discusses factors like location of treatment application and identifies variables that can affect results.
Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) is a dental cement that has been used for over 150 years. It is used for multiple applications including impressions, temporary fillings, root canal fillings, cementing, and surgical dressings. ZOE cement sets via a chemical reaction between zinc oxide and eugenol. It has low strength but is biocompatible. Modified versions with additions like EBA or polymers have improved properties but ZOE remains useful due to its favorable pulpal response and low cost.
Dental acrylic resins / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document defines dentures and their components. It discusses the different types of dentures - total versus partial. The main parts of a denture are the denture base and artificial teeth. Heat-cured polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is described as the most common denture base material. The setting process and requirements of denture base materials are outlined. Compression molding and injection molding techniques for constructing denture bases are also summarized.
PIPESEAL is an epoxy paste designed to quickly seal cracks, holes, and leaks in pipes made of materials like copper, steel, lead, and cast iron. It hardens within 5 minutes when applied and heated with a heat gun. PIPESEAL is 100% solids with no VOCs, making it environmentally friendly. It can seal leaks up to 1/2 inch in diameter and withstand pressures over 1200 psi. To use, the resin and hardener must be thoroughly mixed together and applied to the leak, then heated to cure fully within minutes.
Pidilite Industries is an Indian company that has been a pioneer in consumer and specialty chemicals since 1959. It is the market leader in India for adhesives, sealants, construction chemicals, and polymers. The company's Fevicol brand of adhesives is one of the most trusted brands in India and the largest selling adhesives brand in Asia. Pidilite offers a wide range of products developed through in-house R&D including adhesives, construction chemicals, industrial adhesives, and more.
Endodontic sealers a summary and a quick review Rami Al-Saedi
a slideshow presentation lectured and presented in Al-Sadr Specialized dental center in the continuing dental learning weekly lectures.
Rusafa medical institute- Baghdad- Iraq
lecturer: Dr. Rami Ahmed Jumaah (BDS)
Supervisor: Dr. Iman J. Ahmed (BDS: MSc)
Dental cements are substances used to adhere objects together in dentistry. There are three main categories of dental cement: zinc oxide, alumino silicate glass, and phosphoric acid polyacrylic acid. Cements set via acid-base reactions. Zinc oxide eugenol cement is the oldest dental cement and sets when eugenol reacts with zinc oxide and water via chelation. Modified zinc oxide eugenol cements contain calcium hydroxide or are eugenol-free. Zinc phosphate cement sets rapidly via a reaction between zinc oxide and phosphoric acid to form zinc phosphate crystals. Polyacrylic acid is a higher molecular weight alternative to phosphoric acid that bonds chemically to tooth structure.
This document provides product data for SilverShield 5000X, a two-part epoxy coating with zinc flakes. It can be used indoors or outdoors to protect surfaces like pipes, tanks, and structural steel from corrosion. The coating has excellent adhesion and flexibility, provides a metallic silver finish, and protects in temperatures from -18 to 121 degrees Celsius. It is a 100% solids coating that is easy to apply by spray, brush, or roller in thicknesses between 4-12 mils.
Parenco operates a paper mill in Renkum, Netherlands that produces recycled paper. The mill has two de-inking lines and a paper machine. Recent investments have improved the mill's brightness capabilities up to ISO 72, strength, surface properties, and print quality. Parenco's product portfolio includes various grades of heat-set and cold-set papers under the NorCal, NorX, and NorBright brands. Future investments are planned to increase winding capacity and further improve calendering.
This document discusses conductive inks for functional printing. It describes Agfa, a company that produces two core technologies for thin printable conductors: PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer and nano-silver ink. PEDOT:PSS is transparent, flexible and formable, while nano-silver ink offers high conductivity and allows printing thinner layers and smaller features. The document provides examples of applications for each technology and discusses parameters like curing time and temperature to optimize conductivity. It emphasizes that nano-silver ink can achieve high conductivity through multiple printing steps and higher curing temperatures.
The document describes the various steel treatment and painting processes used on Atlas Copco generators and light towers to protect them from corrosion when exposed to outdoor environments. Different components receive different treatments based on their exposure and importance. All steel components receive a galvanization treatment before further treatments and painting. The canopy receives powder coating, while critical components and the base frame undergo nitrogen laser cutting and cataphoresis before final painting. These treatments help provide long-term corrosion protection and extend the life of components.
1) Advances in metallographic techniques such as minimum area of contact cutting (MACC) and orbital cutting produce less damage to specimens during sectioning compared to traditional chop cutters.
2) Orbital cutting maintains a more constant pressure on the specimen compared to chop cutting, which varies pressure and increases heat generation.
3) Precision saws such as the IsoMet series provide versatility and optional features, allowing precise sectioning with minimal damage. Proper mounting and grinding/polishing techniques further minimize artifacts.
Atomization of reduced graphene oxide ultra thin film for transparent electro...Conference Papers
This document summarizes research on using an atomization process to deposit reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin films for use as transparent conductive electrodes. Key points:
- Graphene oxide was spray coated onto silicon wafers and glass slides using an ultrasonic atomizer. Thermal reduction processes were then used to make the films electrically conductive while maintaining optical transparency.
- Thinner films with 1-2 spray coats had higher transparency (>90%) but higher resistivity, while thicker 3-4 coat films had lower transparency (77.1%) but lower resistivity (5.3 kΩ/sq).
- Rapid thermal processing was more effective than plasma processing at reducing resistivity. Sheet resistance decreased
Atomization of reduced graphene oxide ultra thin film for transparent electro...Conference Papers
This document summarizes research on using an atomization process to deposit reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin films for use as transparent conductive electrodes. Key points:
- Graphene oxide was spray coated onto silicon wafers and glass slides using an ultrasonic atomizer. Thermal reduction processes were then used to make the films electrically conductive while maintaining optical transparency.
- Thinner films with 1-2 spray coats had higher transparency (>90%) but higher resistivity, while thicker 3-4 coat films had lower transparency (77.1%) but lower resistivity (5.3 kΩ/sq).
- Rapid thermal processing was more effective than plasma processing at reducing resistivity. Sheet resistance decreased
Achievements In Industrial Ozone Bleaching Germer, Metais & HostachyJCHostachy
Industrial ozone bleaching has proven to be a reliable and economical option for pulp bleaching over the last 30 years. 22 mills worldwide now use ozone bleaching, which provides similar or better pulp quality compared to conventional bleaching while reducing chemical costs. Ozone bleaching also lowers effluent volumes and improves quality. Several case studies show that ozone bleaching improves strength properties and lowers bleaching costs by at least 20% compared to conventional bleaching. Ozone bleaching is now considered a well-proven, flexible, and sustainable bleaching technology.
The document provides an overview of the induction training process at Universal M/C's Limited. It describes the anodizing and powder coating processes, including bath chemistry, temperatures, immersion times and functions. It also discusses jigging, inspection of anodized materials, defects, standards, dye and spot testing. Other sections cover fabrication processes like cutting, milling, drilling and piercing. The importance of dies for piercing solar frames is explained. Finally, it describes how aluminum extrusion can be used to create frameworks to support solar panels.
Advanced UV Protection for Resin Based Floor SystemsSika Canada
Sika presented new resin technologies that provide advanced UV protection for seamless floor systems. Four technologies were introduced: 1) Sikafloor 33NA PurCem, an aliphatic polyurethane/cement top coat that allows light colored screeds while maintaining thermal shock resistance. 2) Sikafloor 217 and 510N LPL, epoxy and polyaspartic resins with improved UV resistance for use in decorative flooring. 3) Sikafloor 315N, an aliphatic polyurethane top coat with UV blocker technology. 4) Sikafloor 510N LPL, a polyaspartic resin for use in decorative flooring with improved UV resistance.
1) Roctool technology improves the surface quality of plastic parts by removing defects like weld lines and sink marks. It produces a smoother surface with up to 800% higher gloss.
2) Measurements show Roctool technology improves replication of textures on molds by up to 85% compared to conventional molding. Surface roughness is also reduced.
3) Tests found Roctool technology increases flow length in molds and reduces pressure drop during injection by up to 75% compared to conventional molding temperatures, especially at higher temperatures like 180C. This leads to better part quality.
Modeling of weight and vibration reduction using high performance LASDAltair
This presentation demonstrates how to use Optistruct to predict the vibration levels of a floor pan and how to model Liquid Applied Sound Deadeners to reduce the vibrations with a minimum weight addition.
Speakers
Jean-Paul Allal, R&D Project Leader, PPG Automotive Adhesives and Sealants
This document summarizes test results comparing conventional injection molding at 80°C to Roctool technology at 140°C. Key findings include:
1) Roctool technology provides a visible improvement by covering glass fibers on the surface and removing weld lines and sink marks.
2) Gloss is improved by 81% with Roctool, yielding a perfect piano black surface.
3) Roughness measurements show up to 98% replication of the mold texture with Roctool versus conventional molding.
TALAT Lecture 5301: The Surface Treatment and Coil Coating of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the continuous coil coating processes for aluminium in sufficient detail in order to understand the industrial coating technology and its application potential. General background in materials engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5100 and 5200 is assumed.
1) A report summarizes test results for injection molding plastic samples using conventional and Roctool technologies.
2) Using Roctool technology improved gloss by up to 800% and removed defects from the surface. Texture replication was 85% compared to conventional.
3) Testing showed Roctool improved flow length by up to 75% and reduced pressure drop by up to 70% compared to conventional injection molding. The optimum mold temperature was 180°C.
This document summarizes test results for injection molding plastic samples using conventional and Roctool technologies:
1. Roctool technology produced samples with improved surface quality - glass fibers were covered, weld lines and sink marks were removed. Gloss was improved by 81%.
2. Roughness measurements found replication rates up to 98% for features molded with Roctool.
3. Testing found that Roctool technology provided a 35.5% longer flow length and 33.3% lower injection pressure compared to conventional molding.
1) A report summarizes test results for injection molding plastic samples using conventional and Roctool technologies.
2) Using Roctool technology improved gloss by up to 800% and removed defects from surfaces. It replicated textures from molds at up to 85% but did not significantly impact color.
3) Testing showed Roctool improved flow length by up to 74% and reduced pressure drop by up to 68% compared to conventional molding. The optimum mold temperature was 180°C.
1) A report summarizes the results of tests comparing conventional injection molding to Roctool technology for a plastic material.
2) Roctool technology showed significant improvements, including a 60% increase in gloss, elimination of defects like weld lines and sink marks, and a replication rate of 98% for textures compared to 45% for conventional.
3) Pressure and flow length measurements found lower pressure drops and longer flow at a mold temperature of 140°C using Roctool technology versus conventional molding at 50°C.
EPOFIX is a two-pack epoxy primer intended for use on iron, aluminum, galvanized iron and light alloys, as well as concrete surfaces. It requires thorough surface preparation through sanding or mechanical cleaning followed by degreasing. The primer consists of Components A and B, which are mixed together prior to application by spray gun, airless sprayer, or by brush/roller for small areas. EPOFIX dries to touch in 4-5 hours at 20°C and achieves full hardness within 24-36 hours. It offers resistance to acids, alkalis and solvents and can be overcoated within 8 hours for optimal adhesion when mixed with Component B.
Avonite is a solid surface material composed of alumina trihydrate, acrylic, and pigments. It is produced through a double belt continuous casting process that allows for precise thickness control and color consistency. Avonite sheets are available in 18 standard sizes with no surcharges to reduce waste. The production process and material properties allow Avonite to be used for a variety of interior and exterior applications.
Similar to Bayoxide® E for the Production of Magnetic Electrophotographic Toners (20)
Nature and man have filled the world with color. Trails, roads and plazas open up to us a wide variety of urban and natural landscapes. Gone are the days when the ground beneath our feet and wheels was restricted to gray-in-gray; modern urban and landscape design has long used color as a design element. Colored asphaltic concrete and mastic asphalt guide traffic, show the way, designate zones and decorate plazas. In soft or strong tones, matched to the ambience of the surroundings – with colors that fit our lives. More under www.bayferrox.com
Wood plastic composites - Coloring with performance pigmentsLANXESS
Green coloring energized by LANXESS - In successful use since the 1990s: Wood-plastic
composites (WPc) are composite materials made of
wood fibers and thermoplastics, and they are used in any
number of home-and-garden applications. They look like
wood, can be processed like wood but offer significant
advantages over the natural material. They are highly
weather resistant, can be manufactured in virtually any
shape and generate very low maintenance costs.
The 12 PRINCIPLES of sustainable Chemistry - LANXESS is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of synthetic iron oxide and chromium oxide pigments with production plants on five continents. The largest iron oxide production plant in the world is located at the LANXESS site in Krefeld-Uerdingen, Germany. Over 350,000 metric tons of iron oxide and chromium oxide pigments are manufactured at sites in Germany, Brazil and China. This capacity is constantly being expanded. The global network is complemented by additional mixing and milling plants in Australia, China, United Kingdom, Spain and the United States. This ensures global availability of our products. More under www.bayferrox.com
Water treatment energized by LANXESS - Fact Book Megatrend WaterLANXESS
The shortage of clean drinking water has become a global problem. Population growth, air pollution, and climate change will all exacerbate the situation and especially megacities will have to manage their available water carefully.
Products and processes from LANXESS are already used for water treatment worldwide, helping companies and communities alike utilize water as efficiently as possible. These products play an important role in the purification and treatment of drinking water, wastewater, and industrial process water. Crystal clear water for today’s and tomorrow’s megacities.
Find out more under www.lpt.lanxess.com
An initiative for more color in architecture LANXESS
Colored Concrete Works TM is an initiative by LANXESS to showcase the versatile, aesthetic and technical characteristics of concrete colored with Bayferrox® pigments. Colored Concrete Works TM has been conceived as a set of case studies, which document the use of colored concrete in international construction projects, for example.
Find out more under www.colored-concrete-works.com
Electric Mobility - Innovative iron oxides for the production of lithium-iron...LANXESS
Electric drives are playing an increasingly important role
as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional engines in
vehicles. Lithium-ion-batteries are usually used as a power
source due to their high energy density. For mobile
applications, the preferred cathode material is lithium-
iron-phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) owing to its good technical properties, long service life, good reliability, environmental compatibility and comparatively low cost. Find out more under www.bayferrox.com
Inorganic pigments for decorative cosmeticsLANXESS
For the special field of cosmetic applications, LANXESS
Inorganic Pigments has developed a separate product line
called Z-grades. The Z-grades of the brands Bayferrox® and Colortherm® are based on synthetic iron oxide and
chromium oxide and are recommended for applications
where colored products are in direct contact with human
skin. Containing very low levels of heavy metals and other
impurities they fulfill the highest dermatological standards and all necessary regulatory requirements of the FDA and EC. More under www.bayferrox.com
Adsorption of arsenic from water - Bayoxide® E 33LANXESS
It is more imperative than ever to have a treatment process capable of effectively removing arsenic from drinking water.
LANXESS has developed an iron oxide with the brand name Bayoxide® E 33 specifically for the removal of arsenic from drinking water and non-drinking water sources. More under www.bayferrox.com
Innovative iron oxide for desulfurizing biogas – Bayoxide® E 16LANXESS
Biogas is a trend today because it is an ecological,
resource-conserving and climate-neutral energy
source. Germany alone currently has around ten
times as many biogas plants as it did 13 years ago.
More than 8,000 plants with an installed capacity
of nearly 3,000 megawatts now contribute to the
energy supply. More under www.bayferrox.com
LANXESS is a leading specialty chemicals company that develops lightweight design solutions to help automakers build lighter vehicles. These solutions include advanced high-performance plastics and plastic-metal hybrid components that can reduce vehicle weight by up to 50% compared to all-metal designs. Lighter vehicles consume less fuel and emit fewer emissions, helping automakers, drivers, and the environment.
“Light is better.” Not only long-distance runners swear by this formula for success. This brief formula for success has been defining activities in the mobility sector for some time as well. After all, “light is better” also applies to cars and airplanes.
Lightweight construction is an important trend for the future – and especially in the automobile industry, a crucial aspect of sweeping change which is currently faced by this sector. Not to mention that the weight of new vehicles has increased ever more quickly over the past decades due to greater vehicle comfort and higher safety standards as well as better and better equipment. New drive system concepts such as electromobility are going to further aggravate this trend – for example due to heavy on-board batteries.
INNOVATIVE TREATMENT SOLUTIONS BY LANXESS SAFEGUARD WATER
SUPPLIES FOR PEOPLE, AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY
Of the great amounts of water that cover our planet, not
even three percent are fresh water and thus directly use
ful for humans. The progressive increase of the global
consumption of water also means that clean water and
drinking water are becoming increasingly scarce. In order
to ensure that, in the future, these valuable resources are
available worldwide, LANXESS offers a strong portfolio
of technologies for professional water treatment.
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
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This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
To download this presentation, visit:
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The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
Profiles of Iconic Fashion Personalities.pdfTTop Threads
The fashion industry is dynamic and ever-changing, continuously sculpted by trailblazing visionaries who challenge norms and redefine beauty. This document delves into the profiles of some of the most iconic fashion personalities whose impact has left a lasting impression on the industry. From timeless designers to modern-day influencers, each individual has uniquely woven their thread into the rich fabric of fashion history, contributing to its ongoing evolution.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
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Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
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2. 2
From Xerography
Contents
From Xerography to
Laser Printers
An optimized product range
Quality Control
Bayoxide E for the
production of magnetic
electrophotographic toners
Standard grades
High performance grades
Particle size distribution
Color and tinting strength
Triboelectric properties
Heavy metal content
Packaging
Representatives
3
4
6
8
24
3. LANXESS iron oxides
involved from the start
Since Chester F. Carlson demonstrated the principle of the xero-
graphic copier on October 22, 1938, electrophotography has
made steep progress, even though the beginnings were rather
modest. The first machines worked by the two-component pro-
cess using a magnetic ferrite carrier for the transportation of the
toner powder.
Up until the 1970s, xerography was used exclusively in copying
machines, and then, in 1973, the first printing system for com-
puters was introduced. In 1983, a completely new market seg-
ment was opened up with the launch of the “Personal Copier”
and the first laser printers. These machines work by the one-
component process, which allows for the design of particularly
compact printers. One-component toners contain 30-60 percent
magnetic iron oxide, making the use of a carrier obsolete.
to laser printers
4. 4
LANXESS is the world's largest manufacturer of synthetic iron
oxides. Besides a great variety of color pigments and technical
grades, we offer a full range of products developed specifically
for the toner industry. Since their launch in 1981, the Bayoxide®
E
standard grades have established themselves on the Asian,
European and American markets.
In 1993 we supplemented our 8600 range with the high-per-
formance Bayoxide®
E 8700 grades, which we produce by the
precipitation process. Compared with the standard grades, the
8700 types have a particularly narrow particle size distribution,
defined particle shape and made-to-measure magnetic properties.
The coercivity and remanence of a toner is, to a certain extent,
dependent on the type of system used in the copier or printer.
To satisfy the requirements of virtually any type of machine,
LANXESS offers products in the ranges of 55 Oe, 100 Oe and
130 Oe.
An optimized product range
Tailor-made for
printing systems
The customer requires toners with a high image density (black-
ness) at a reasonable yield. While the balance between yield and
image density can be influenced by changing the magnetite con-
tent of the toner, both – yield and image density – can be opti-
mized if oxides with a high tinting strength are used. Recognizing
this, our 8700 grades have an outstanding tinting strength and
a bluish black color which is preferred by most consumers.
Some products are also available with a special coating to give
them water-repellent properties. This significantly reduces mois-
ture adsorption and improves the dispersibility in certain formu-
lations, e.g. polyester based systems.
5. Additives
Iron-Salt-Solution
Alkaline Component
Oxidizing Agent
Precipitation
+
Reaction
Filtration
+
Washing
Water
Drying
Milling
Packaging
5
LANXESS uses two different processes for manufacturing
Bayoxide®
E toner oxides: the cost-effective Laux process and
the precipitation process.
The precipitation process allows the coercivity to be adjusted as
a distinctive magnetic feature. Magnetites with extremely homo-
geneous primary particles, improved dispersibility and good
free-flowing properties are available. To ensure that we can con-
tinue to offer tailor-made pigments for a wide variety of printing
systems in the future, we have a research laboratory dedicated
to the development and optimization of every stage of the manu-
facturing process.
Scientists from the analytical, application technology, research
and production departments collaborate with our customers to
constantly improve the Bayoxide®
product range.
6. 6
Quality affects all areas of the company. It means offering prod-
ucts and services that conform to customer requirements. This
naturally involves constant monitoring of the production processes.
Regular sampling between the individual product stages com-
bined with the final product ensure uniform product quality. Any
deviations from the specified values can be identified during pro-
duction and corrected. The quality of the product is documented
by a manufacturer's test certificate that accompanies each con-
signment.
Certification to DIN EN ISO 9001 was obtained in 1997 and later
also to DIN EN ISO 14001. These are monitored by regular
audits carried out by the DQS (German Association for the
Certification of Management Systems).
You have the right
to expect the best
Quality is our business
7. 7
Quality Control of Toner Pigments
raw materials
precipitation
storage tank
filtration/washing
surface treatment
drying
final product
Q 1
Q 2
Q 3
Q 6
Q 7
Q 4
Q 5
raw material
production
process
quality test
quality test
in process
final product
Q 8
9. 9
Closely following the special requirements of today‘s
market, Lanxess supplies a range of magnetites for use
in toners:
• Bayoxide®
E 8611
• Bayoxide®
E 8706, 8708, 8709, 8710
• Bayoxide®
E 8707 H and 8713 H
These grades are produced in a plant which is dedicated to the
manufacture of toner oxides. The special design of the reactors
and dryers as well as the use of our proprietary process allows
us to produce magnetites with:
¬ Different coercivities in the region of 60, 70 , 80, 90, 100 and
130 Oe
¬ A particle size between 0.15 and 0.5 µm
¬ Sharp particle size distribution
¬ Good dispersibility
¬ High tinting strength which allows for the development of toners
with high image density and/or yield
¬ Low heavy metal content meeting the requirements of the
Japanese Eco Mark and German Blue Angel
The “H”-grades are treated with a silicon organic compound to
minimize water adsorption which can occur if the unpacked
product comes into contact with humid air. Due to the hydro-
phobic and lipophilic nature of the surface, the dispersibility is
improved in many formulations, particularly in polyester based
systems.
The spherical oxide Bayoxide®
E 8706 is well established
worldwide and mostly used for the production of LBP and digital
copier toners due to it’s low remanence, coercivity and high tint-
ing strength.
Bayoxide®
E 8707 H is a finer version of Bayoxide®
E 8706
which is used in some of the newer LBP formulations.
Bayoxide®
E 8709 is a cubic oxide with a small particle size.
This grade is used in copier toners and more recently in toners
for certain types of laser printers, digital copiers and multifunc-
tional machines.
Bayoxide®
E 8713 H has an octahedral shape and a small par-
ticle size resulting in a high coercivity of 125 Oe as it is found in
some analog copiers and professional printers.
Bayoxide®
E 8710 and 8611 are octahedral magnetites with a
coercivity of 100 Oe. This type of oxide is part of older copier for-
mulations and is used also for other technical applications.
Because of the higher tinting strength, we recommend
Bayoxide®
E 8709 as an alternative.
Bayoxide®
E for the production of
magnetic electrophotographic toners
10. 10
Typical analytical data
The magnetic data were
measured with the LANXESS
designed magnetometer
MA 7 and MA 8 at a maxi-
mum field strength of 5 kOe
assuming a density of
4.6 g/cm3
.
Bayoxide®
E 8611
Main constituent Fe3O4
Total iron oxide content,
determined as Fe2O3 (DIN 55 913) [%] approx. 99
Specific surface area (BET) [m2
/g] approx. 5
Loss on drying over CaCl2 [%] approx. ≤ 1
pH approx. 7.5
Coercivity (iHc) [Oe] approx. 100
Remanence (Br) [G] approx. 890
[emu/g] approx. 15.4
Saturation magnetisation (Bs) [G] approx. 5,200
[emu/g] approx. 90
Bayoxide®
E 8611:
Electron mircograph,
magnification 30,000 : 1
Bayoxide®
E
Standard Grade
11. 11
Bayoxide®
E
8706 8708 8709 8710
Main constituent Fe3O4 Fe3O4 Fe3O4 Fe3O4
Total iron oxide content,
determined as Fe2O3 (DIN 55 913) [%] approx. 99 98 99 99
Specific surface area (BET) [m2
/g] approx. 8 8 7.5 4.5
Loss on drying over CaCl2 [%] approx. ≤ 1 ≤ 0.5 ≤ 1 ≤ 1
pH approx. 7 6.5 8.5 6
Coercivity (iHc) [Oe] approx. 55 76 90 100
Remanence (Br) [G] approx. 350 590 760 890
[emu/g] approx. 6.0 11.9 13.1 15.4
Saturation magnetisation (Bs) [G] approx. 5,260 5,085 5,085 5,085
[emu/g] approx. 91.0 88.0 88.0 88.0
Bayoxide®
E
High Performance Grades
Electron micrographs, (magnification 30,000 : 1) of untreated high-performance Bayoxide®
E grades
8706 8708 8709 8710
12. 12
Typical analytical data of surface treated Bayoxide®
E
high-performance grades
The magnetic data were measured with the LANXESS designed
magnetometer MA 7 and MA 8 at a maximum field strength of
5 kOe assuming a density of 4.6 g/cm3
.
Surface Treated Bayoxide®
E
High Performance Grades
13. 13
Bayoxide®
E
8707 H 8713 H
Main constituent Fe3O4 Fe3O4
Total iron oxide content,
determined as Fe2O3 (DIN 55 913) [%] approx. 96 98
Specific surface area (BET) [m2
/g] approx. 6 5
Loss on drying over CaCl2 [%] approx. ≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.5
pH approx. 6 5.5
Coercivity (iHc) [Oe] approx. 70 125
Remanence (Br) [G] approx. 525 1,170
[emu/g] approx. 9.1 20.3
Saturation magnetisation (Bs) [G] approx. 5,100 5,100
[emu/g] approx. 88.3 88.3
Coated toner pigments have improved dispersibility in polyester
based formulations:
• no adsorbed water molecules on the surface
• nearly no moisture uptake during handling, storage in silo and
blending
• improved wetting behavior because of lipophilic nature of
surface
Electron micrographs, magnification 30,000 : 1
of untreated high-performance Bayoxide®
E grades
8707 H 8713 H
Because of their low fusing temperature, the use of polyester-
based formulations allows for the construction of fast printers.
However, the dispersion of the pigment requires more energy
and time resulting in a lower capacity and higher production
cost. Untreated magnetites also adsorb a mono layer of water
molecules if the unpacked product is in contact with humid air,
as is often found in Asian countries. This can be a problem in
water sensitive polyester formulations. It can be solved if surface-
treated oxides such as the “H-grades” from Lanxess are used.
The hydrophobic and lipophilic nature of these products has a
positive impact on wetting and dispersibility and allows for the
production of toners with improved fogging characteristics and
low humidity sensitivity.
%moisture
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Days
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
uncoated
coated
Moisture Increase during Storage of unpacked oxide
14. 14
Particle size [µm]
0,0 0,1 1 10 100 1000
Volumeshare[%]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bayoxide® E 8706
Bayoxide® E 8707 H
Bayoxide® E 8708
Bayoxide® E 8709
Bayoxide® E 8710
Bayoxide® E 8713 H
= approx. 0.30 µm
= approx. 0.20 µm
= approx. 0.25 µm
= approx. 0.20 µm
= approx. 0.50 µm
= approx. 0.20 µm
Primary Particle Size
Distribution of Bayoxide®
E
High Performance Grades
(Test method: Electron microscopy)
15. 15
-1 -0,75 -0,5 -0,25 0,25 0,5 0,75 1
BO 8707 H
BO 8713 H
BO 8706
BO 8611
BO 8709
BO 8708
BO 8710
[a*] <== green – red ==> <Axis
[b*]<==blue–yellow==>Axis
0,5
0,0
-0,5
-1,0
-1,5
-2,0
-2,5
-3,0
-3,5
-4,0
-4,5
-5,0
-5,5
0
Color of Bayoxide®
E Toner Oxides
(Reduction 1: 5 TiO2)
The consumer requires toners with a high image density at a rea-
sonable yield. While the balance between yield and image density
can be influenced by changing the magnetite content of the toner,
both yield and image density can be optimized at the same time
if oxides with high tinting strength are used. In recognition thereof,
most of the 8700 grades have an outstanding tinting strength
and a bluish black color which is preferred by most people.
%(BayoxideE8611=100%)
250
200
150
100
50
0
Tinting Strength
BayoxideE8611BayoxideE8706BayoxideE8707HBayoxideE8708BayoxideE8709BayoxideE8710BayoxideE8713H
16. 16
The triboelectric properties of toners depend on the properties of resins, CCA’s, other additives and, to a certain extent, the toner
oxide. The following figure will summarize the influence of our Bayoxide®
E grades:
Bayoxide® E 86xx grades
Bayoxide® E 87xx non-hydrophobic grades
Bayoxide® E 87xx hydrophobic grades
Triboelectric Charge [µC/g]
4 2 0 2 4 +
Triboelectric Properties of
Bayoxide®
E Grades
The blow-off triboelectric charge was measured with the Powder Charge Measuring Apparatus Toshiba TB-200 using the following
test formulation:
48 % pigment
47 % styrene acrylic resin
5 % wax
particle size: 15-20 µm
Nitrogen with a pressure of 1 bar was used for blowing-off over a measurement time of 30 seconds.
17. 17
* Resistance is measured on dried pressed powder at the given powder density
E8611 E8706 E8707H E8708 E8709 E8710 E8713H
Specific Resistance [Ω x cm] 107
107
109
107
107
107
108
Density* [g/cm3
] 2,2 2,4 2,4 2,6 1,5 2,9 1,7
Specific Resistance of
Bayoxide®
E Grades
19. 19
The heavy metal content of toners has become a concern1)
. There-
fore, LANXESS uses selected raw materials for the manufactur-
ing of the Bayoxide®
E series that allows for the production of
magnetites that meet the requirements of the Blue Angel
Label and the Japanese ECO Mark.
The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety can award the environmental
Blue Angel Label to toner cartridges that are fulfilling certain
regulations2)
. In addition to other requirements the toner must
not contain mercury, lead, cadmium or chromium VI containing
compounds.
The pigments fulfill also the requirements of the Carbon Black
Directive 2002/95/EG
1)
Literature: Computer Bild 8/2000 “Krebsgefahr?”
Redakteurin: Doreen Brumme
2)
Literature: Grundlage für Umweltzeichenvergabe; RAL-UZ
55a Mehrfachverwendbare Farbbandkassetten und Toner-
Kartuschen; Punkt 3.9.1 Anforderungen / Schwermetalle
Product Lead Mercury Cadmium Chromium VI
[ppm] [ppm] [ppm] [ppm]
Bayoxide®
E 8611 < 1 < 0.2 < 1 < 1
Bayoxide®
E 8706 < 1 < 0.2 < 1 < 1
Bayoxide®
E 8707 H < 1 < 0.2 < 1 < 1
Bayoxide®
E 8708 < 1 < 0.2 < 1 < 1
Bayoxide®
E 8709 < 1 < 0.2 < 1 < 1
Bayoxide®
E 8710 < 1 < 0.2 < 1 < 1
Bayoxide®
E 8713 H < 1 < 0.2 < 1 < 1
Heavy Metal Content
of Bayoxide®
E Grades
20. 20
LANXESS supply iron oxide grades in bulk bags as well as in PE
(polyethylene) or PE protected multilayer sacks to the toner
industry.
Bulk bags offer the following advantages:
– Low handling costs
– Improved workplace conditions due to reduced dust formation
when emptying bulk bags
– Decreased pigment losses because less residue is left in the
packaging
– Differentiated pigment metering possible if the appropriate
equipment is available.
Converting a plant to handle bulk bags requires a certain
amount of investment. However, it is normally offset within a
short period of time due to efficiencies gained.
Packaging
The bulk bags are made of strong, UV stable polypropylene tape
fabric, coated with polypropylene. They are provided with an
inliner to protect the magnetite against humidity and oxidation.
Because Bayoxide®
E grades have different bulk densities, con-
tainer sizes will vary.
Bulk density [g/cm3
]
________________________________________
Bayoxide®
E 8611 approx. 0.60
Bayoxide®
E 8706 approx. 1.10
Bayoxide®
E 8707 H approx. 1.10
Bayoxide®
E 8708 approx. 0.70
Bayoxide®
E 8709 approx. 1.10
Bayoxide®
E 8710 approx. 0.70
Bayoxide®
E 8713 H approx. 0.65
21. All sacks and bulk bags are shipped on non-returnable wooden
pallets (120 x 100 x 15 cm) and are covered with shrink wrap.
The labels show the following information:
Labels on sacks (example)
Labels on bulk bags (example)
Bayoxide®
E
8713 H
CH XXXXXXX
NET: 20 kg
Bayoxide®
E
8706
CH XXXXXXX
Pal. xxx
NET: 700 kg
Transport and storage
Protect from atmospheric conditions: store in a dry place and
avoid extreme temperature fluctuations. During the storage of a
large quantity of Bayoxide®
E a temperature of above 80 °C must
be avoided as the product may oxidise.
Although bulk bags are made of UV-stabilised polypropylene
tape fabric, it is important to protect them against sunlight during
prolonged storage. Prolonged exposure to UV radiation will
reduce the tear resistance of the fabric. If prolonged outdoor sto-
rage is unavoidable, the bags should be protected by a light
absorbing cover.
Emptying bulk bags
Bulk bags are emptied through a cylindrical discharge nozzle at
the bottom. The dimensions of this nozzle are shown in Figure 1.
The emptying process for Bayoxide®
E takes about 2 – 3 minutes.
To ensure the bag is emptied entirely, it should be shaken slightly
when almost empty.
22. 22
Toner oxides in bulk bags
Ø
standing
filled
Bayoxide®
E in bulk bag
hanging
filled
hanging
emptied
E 8611 E 8706 E 8709 E 8710
E 8713 H E 8707 H
Maximum measures E 8708
(AL-liner) (PE-liner) (AL-liner)
Filling weight [kg] 500 700 1000 500
Bag volume [m3
] 1.0 1.3 0.8
Bag, standing, filled height [mm] = H1 800 1300 850
Bag, hanging, filled height [mm] = H2 1350 1700 1400
Bag, standing, emptied height [mm] = H3 1600 2500 1900
Discharge nozzle length [mm] = H4 530 850 800
Discharge nozzle Ø [mm] 380 480 480
Figure 1
H1
250
250
1200 1150H2 H3
H4
23. 23
Toner oxides in 20 or 25 kg bags
Bayoxide®
E in sacks
E 8707 H E 8706 E 8710 E 8713 H
Maximum measures E 8708 E 8611 E 8709
Filling weight [kg], sacks 20 25 20 20
Pallet weight [kg], filled 1000 1000 900 1000
Pallet, standing, filled height [mm] = H1 800 700 1050 1200
Number of sacks on pallet 50 40 45 50
H1
1200
24. Country Representatives
Inorganic Pigments
This information and our technical advice –
whether verbal, in writing or by way of trials –
are given in good faith but without warranty, and
this also applies where proprietary rights of third
parties are involved. Our advice does not
release you from the obligation to check its
validity and to test our products as to their suita-
bility for the intended processes and uses. The
Bayoxide®
E is a registered trademark of Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.
application, use and processing of our products
and the products manufactured by you on the
basis of our technical advice are beyond our
control and, therefore, entirely your own respon-
sibility. Our products are sold in accordance
with the current version of our General
Conditions of Sale and Delivery.
For further
information contact
LANXESS Deutschland GmbH
Inorganic Pigments
Rheinuferstrasse 7-9
47812 Krefeld / Germany
Tel.: +49 2151 88-3883
Fax: +49 2151 88-7738
E-mail: bayoxide@lanxess.com
www.lanxess.com
Germany India
LANXESS Deutschland GmbH LANXESS India Private Ltd
Business Unit Inorganic Pigments Division
Inorganic Pigments Kolshet Road
Rheinuferstrasse 7-9 THANE – 400 607
47812 Krefeld Maharastra
Germany India
Tel.: +49 (0)2151 88 3883 Tel.: +91 (0)22 2531 1251
Fax: +49 (0)2151 88 7738 Fax: +91 (0)22 2545 5152
United Kingdom Japan
LANXESS Ltd. LANXESS K.K.
Branston Industrial Estate Business Unit
Branston Inorganic Pigments
Burton-on-Trent 1-6-5, Marunouchi Chiyoda-ku
Staffordshire, DE14 3WH Tokyo 100-8215
England Japan
Tel.: +44 (0)1283 714200 Tel.: +81(0)3-5293-8017
Fax: +44 (0)1283 714201 Fax: +81(0)3-5219-9776
USA South Korea
LANXESS Corporation LANXESS Korea Ltd
Business Unit Business Unit
Inorganic Pigments Inorganic Pigments
111 RIDC Park West Drive 395-62, Shindaebang-Dong
Pittsburgh, PA 15275-1112 Dong-Jak-Ku
USA Seoul, 165-712
Tel.: +1 412 809-2218 Republic of Korea (South)
Fax: +1 412 809-3599 Tel.: +82 2 829 6681
Fax: +82 2 847 3062
China Singapore
LANXESS Shanghai Pigments Co., Ltd. LANXESS Pte. Ltd.
Business Unit Business Unit
Inorganic Pigments Inorganic Pigments
No.845, Qi Lian Shan Road No. 9 Benoi Sector
200331 Shanghai Singapore 629844
China Singapore
Tel.: + 8621 62500930*11 Tel.: +65-6725 5857
Fax: + 8621 62501193 Fax: +65-6266 6959
LANXESS on the Internet: http://www.lanxess.com