1. Alan Brinkley,Alan Brinkley,
AMERICAN HISTORYAMERICAN HISTORY
13/e13/e
Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives

2. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse
– Varieties of ProgressivismVarieties of Progressivism
 ““Antimonopoly”Antimonopoly”
 Faith in KnowledgeFaith in Knowledge
 American Society can ImproveAmerican Society can Improve
– The MuckrakersThe Muckrakers
 Ida Tarbell and Lincoln SteffensIda Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens
 Investigative JournalistsInvestigative Journalists
 McClure’sMcClure’s MagazineMagazine
 Standard Oil TrustStandard Oil Trust
2

3. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse
– The Social GospelThe Social Gospel
 Father John RyanFather John Ryan
– The Settlement House MovementThe Settlement House Movement
 Jane Addams and Hull HouseJane Addams and Hull House
 Social WorkSocial Work
““One could hear human virtue crackingOne could hear human virtue cracking
and crashing all around.”and crashing all around.”
Walter RauschenbuschWalter Rauschenbusch
3

4. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse
– The Allure of ExpertiseThe Allure of Expertise
– The ProfessionsThe Professions
 American MedicalAmerican Medical
AssociationAssociation
 National AssociationNational Association
of Manufacturersof Manufacturers
4
Lawyers’ Club in New York
(Library of Congress)

5. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse
– Women and the ProfessionsWomen and the Professions
 Female-Dominated ProfessionsFemale-Dominated Professions
 Social WorkSocial Work
Women Stenographers
(Library of Congress)
5

6. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Women and ReformWomen and Reform
 Key Role of Women in Reform CausesKey Role of Women in Reform Causes
– The “New Woman”The “New Woman”
 Socioeconomic Origins of the New WomanSocioeconomic Origins of the New Woman
 ““Boston Marriages”Boston Marriages”
 10% Divorce Rate-191610% Divorce Rate-1916
– The ClubwomenThe Clubwomen
 GFWCGFWC
 A Public Space for WomenA Public Space for Women
 Women’s Trade Union LeagueWomen’s Trade Union League
6

7. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
The Colored Women’s
League of Washington
(Library of Congress)
7

8. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Women and ReformWomen and Reform
– Woman SuffrageWoman Suffrage
 Radical Challenge of Women’s SuffrageRadical Challenge of Women’s Suffrage
 NAWSANAWSA
 Conservative Arguments for SuffrageConservative Arguments for Suffrage
 Suffrage in the Far westSuffrage in the Far west
 Nineteenth AmendmentNineteenth Amendment
 Equal Rights AmendmentEqual Rights Amendment
8
Suffragette Banner
(Library of Congress)

9. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties
 Reforming GovernmentReforming Government
– Early AttacksEarly Attacks
– Municipal ReformMunicipal Reform
 Middle-Class ProgressivesMiddle-Class Progressives
– New Forms of GovernanceNew Forms of Governance
 Commission PlanCommission Plan
 City-Manager PlanCity-Manager Plan
 Tom JohnsonTom Johnson
9

10. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties
– Statehouse ProgressivismStatehouse Progressivism
 Initiative and ReferendumInitiative and Referendum
 Weakened Power of the State LegislaturesWeakened Power of the State Legislatures
 Direct Primary and RecallDirect Primary and Recall
 Weakened Power of the Political PartiesWeakened Power of the Political Parties
 Robert La FolletteRobert La Follette
 Governor of WisconsinGovernor of Wisconsin
 Helped Approve the Direct Primary, Initiative, and ReferendumHelped Approve the Direct Primary, Initiative, and Referendum

11. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties
– Parties and Interest GroupsParties and Interest Groups
 Decline ofDecline of
Party InfluenceParty Influence
Voter Participation in Presidential
Elections, 1876-1920
11

12. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform
– Labor, the Machine,Labor, the Machine,
and Reformand Reform
 Triangle Shirtwaist FireTriangle Shirtwaist Fire
– Western ProgressivesWestern Progressives
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
(Library of Congress)
12

13. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform
– African Americans and ReformAfrican Americans and Reform
 W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois
 NAACP FoundedNAACP Founded
13

14. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
““Is it possible and probable that nine millions of men canIs it possible and probable that nine millions of men can
make effective progress in economic lines if they aremake effective progress in economic lines if they are
deprived of political rights, made a servile caste, anddeprived of political rights, made a servile caste, and
allowed only the most meager chance for developingallowed only the most meager chance for developing
their exceptional men?”their exceptional men?”
W. E. B. Du BoisW. E. B. Du Bois
14

15. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Crusade for Social Order and ReformCrusade for Social Order and Reform
– The Temperance CrusadeThe Temperance Crusade
 WCTUWCTU
 Largest Women’s OrganizationLargest Women’s Organization
 Temperance Movement Gained Momentum After W.W.ITemperance Movement Gained Momentum After W.W.I
 Eighteenth AmendmentEighteenth Amendment
– Immigration RestrictionImmigration Restriction
 Eugenics and NativismEugenics and Nativism
 Supported Restricted Immigration of “Undesirables”Supported Restricted Immigration of “Undesirables”
15

17. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
Total Immigration, 1900-1920 Sources of Immigration, 1900-1920
17

18. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Challenging the Capitalist OrderChallenging the Capitalist Order
– The Dream of SocialismThe Dream of Socialism
 Eugene Debs-Leader of Socialist PartyEugene Debs-Leader of Socialist Party
 Increased Membership during the Progressive EraIncreased Membership during the Progressive Era
 ““Wobblies”Wobblies”
 Socialism’s DemiseSocialism’s Demise
 World War I Generated National Anti-Radical ViewsWorld War I Generated National Anti-Radical Views
– Decentralization and RegulationDecentralization and Regulation
 The Problem of Corporate CentralizationThe Problem of Corporate Centralization
 ““Good Trusts” and “Bad Trusts”Good Trusts” and “Bad Trusts”
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19. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
Assassination of McKinley
(Library of Congress)
 Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency
– The Accidental PresidentThe Accidental President
 Roosevelt’s BackgroundRoosevelt’s Background
 Youngest President in U.S. HistoryYoungest President in U.S. History
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20. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency
– Government, Capital,Government, Capital,
and Laborand Labor
 Roosevelt’s Vision ofRoosevelt’s Vision of
Federal PowerFederal Power
 Northern SecuritiesNorthern Securities
CompanyCompany
20
Theodore Roosevelt in
Hunting Attire
(Library of Congress)

21. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency
– ““The Square Deal”The Square Deal”
– Election of 1904Election of 1904
 Hepburn Act-1906Hepburn Act-1906
 Pure Food and Drug ActPure Food and Drug Act
 Upton Sinclair-1906Upton Sinclair-1906
 Exposed the Meatpacking IndustryExposed the Meatpacking Industry
Advertising The Jungle
(Library of Congress)
21

22. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Theodore Roosevelt and the ModernTheodore Roosevelt and the Modern
PresidencyPresidency
– Roosevelt and ConservationRoosevelt and Conservation
– Roosevelt and PreservationRoosevelt and Preservation
Establishment of National
Parks and Forests
22

23. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
Establishment of National Parks and Forests
23

24. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Theodore Roosevelt and the ModernTheodore Roosevelt and the Modern
PresidencyPresidency
– The Hetch HetchyThe Hetch Hetchy
ControversyControversy
 CompetingCompeting
Conservationist VisionsConservationist Visions
Theodore Roosevelt and
John Muir in Yosemite
(Library of Congress)
24

25. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Theodore Roosevelt and the ModernTheodore Roosevelt and the Modern
PresidencyPresidency
– The Panic of 1907The Panic of 1907
 Tennessee Coal and Iron CompanyTennessee Coal and Iron Company
 Roosevelt Promised Not to Seek Another TermRoosevelt Promised Not to Seek Another Term
25

26. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Troubled SuccessionTroubled Succession
 William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft
 Hand-picked by RooseveltHand-picked by Roosevelt
– Taft and theTaft and the
ProgressivesProgressives
 Payne-Aldrich TariffPayne-Aldrich Tariff
 Ballinger-Pinchot DisputeBallinger-Pinchot Dispute
William Howard Taft
(Library of Congress)
26

27. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Troubled SuccessionTroubled Succession
– The Return of RooseveltThe Return of Roosevelt
 ““New Nationalism”New Nationalism”
– Spreading InsurgencySpreading Insurgency
– Roosevelt versus Taft-1912Roosevelt versus Taft-1912
 The Progressive Party-”Bull Moose Party”The Progressive Party-”Bull Moose Party”
 Roosevelt Unhappy with the Taft AdministrationRoosevelt Unhappy with the Taft Administration
27
(Taft has) “…completely twisted around the(Taft has) “…completely twisted around the
policies I advocated and acted upon.”policies I advocated and acted upon.”
Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

29. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Woodrow Wilson and the New FreedomWoodrow Wilson and the New Freedom
– Woodrow Wilson-1912Woodrow Wilson-1912
 Wilson’sWilson’s
“New Freedom”“New Freedom”
 Wilson Wins a PluralityWilson Wins a Plurality
 Trusts Should be DestroyedTrusts Should be Destroyed
Election of 1912
29

30. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
 Woodrow Wilson and the New FreedomWoodrow Wilson and the New Freedom
– The Scholar as PresidentThe Scholar as President
 Lowering the TariffLowering the Tariff
 1616thth
Amendment-1916Amendment-1916
 Graduated Income TaxGraduated Income Tax
 Federal Reserve Act-1913Federal Reserve Act-1913
 Major Banking ReformMajor Banking Reform
– Retreat and AdvanceRetreat and Advance
– Election of 1916Election of 1916
 Child Labor LawsChild Labor Laws
 New Round of Progressive LawsNew Round of Progressive Laws
Woodrow Wilson
(Library of Congress)
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31. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
Where Historians Disagree:Where Historians Disagree:
Progressive ReformProgressive Reform
31

32. Chapter Twenty:Chapter Twenty:
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
America in the World:America in the World:
Social DemocracySocial Democracy
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