This chapter discusses the territorial expansion of the United States in the first half of the 19th century and the increasing tensions around the issue of slavery. It covers key events like the annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, the California Gold Rush, and the series of compromises attempted in Congress to manage the sectional divide over whether new territories would be slave or free. However, none of the compromises fully resolved the conflict, culminating in the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, which prompted southern states to begin seceding from the Union and marked the onset of the Civil War.

1. Alan Brinkley,Alan Brinkley,
AMERICANAMERICAN
HISTORY 13/eHISTORY 13/e
Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis

2. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 IntroductionIntroduction
 Territorial GrowthTerritorial Growth
 White Man’s BurdenWhite Man’s Burden
Expanding Settlement, 1810-1850
2
Manifest Destiny

3. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 Looking WestwardLooking Westward
– Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny
 Racial JustificationRacial Justification
 5 D’s-Dollars,Defense,Deity,Destiny, and “Democracy”5 D’s-Dollars,Defense,Deity,Destiny, and “Democracy”
 ““Empire of Liberty”Empire of Liberty”
 Expansion was NOT Selfish but AltruisticExpansion was NOT Selfish but Altruistic
 Opposition to Further ExpansionOpposition to Further Expansion
 Increased Controversy over SlaveryIncreased Controversy over Slavery
– Americans in TexasAmericans in Texas
 Stephen F. AustinStephen F. Austin
 U.S. Tried to Purchase Texas-1830U.S. Tried to Purchase Texas-1830
 Migrations of White Southern Slave OwnersMigrations of White Southern Slave Owners
 Catholicism, Spanish Language and LoyaltyCatholicism, Spanish Language and Loyalty
 Mexico Began to Oppose SettlementsMexico Began to Oppose Settlements
 Illegal Immigration into Texas-”G.T.T.”Illegal Immigration into Texas-”G.T.T.”3

4. Texas IndependenceTexas Independence
Battle of the Alamo-1836 Goliad Massacre-1836

5. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 Looking WestwardLooking Westward
– Tensions Between the United States and MexicoTensions Between the United States and Mexico
 Battle of San Jacinto-1836Battle of San Jacinto-1836
 Capture of General Santa AnnaCapture of General Santa Anna
 Treaty of Velasco-1836Treaty of Velasco-1836
 Independence of Texas-1836Independence of Texas-1836
 Opposition to Annexation (Slavery Issue)Opposition to Annexation (Slavery Issue)
 Northerners Opposed to New Slave TerritoryNortherners Opposed to New Slave Territory
Sam Houston
(Portrait Gallery)5

6. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 Looking WestwardLooking Westward
– OregonOregon
 Disputed ClaimsDisputed Claims
 Conflict between Settlers and IndiansConflict between Settlers and Indians
– The Westward MigrationThe Westward Migration
6

7. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
Western Trails in 18607

8. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 Looking WestwardLooking Westward
– Life on the TrailLife on the Trail
 The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail
 Life on a TrailLife on a Trail
A Full Team on the Sierras
(Library of Congress)
8

9. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 Expansion and WarExpansion and War
– The Democrats and ExpansionThe Democrats and Expansion
 Election of James K. Polk-1844Election of James K. Polk-1844
 Supported Acquisition of Oregon and TexasSupported Acquisition of Oregon and Texas
 Compromise over OregonCompromise over Oregon
James K. Polk
(Portrait Gallery)
9

10. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
The Oregon Boundary, 184610

11. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 Expansion and WarExpansion and War
– The Southwest and CaliforniaThe Southwest and California
 Texas Boundary in Dispute-1845Texas Boundary in Dispute-1845
 Rio Grande vs. Nueces River BoundaryRio Grande vs. Nueces River Boundary
 ““Nueces Strip”Nueces Strip”
 American Interests in California (Alta California)American Interests in California (Alta California)
 U.S. Provokes Mexico into War-April 1846U.S. Provokes Mexico into War-April 1846
 Camp Brown (Brownsville, Tx)Camp Brown (Brownsville, Tx)
11

12. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 Expansion and WarExpansion and War
– The Mexican WarThe Mexican War
 Failure of the Slidell MissionFailure of the Slidell Mission
 Opposition to the WarOpposition to the War
 Abraham Lincoln and Henry David ThoreauAbraham Lincoln and Henry David Thoreau
 Bear Flag Revolution-June 1846Bear Flag Revolution-June 1846
 General Zachery TaylorGeneral Zachery Taylor
 General Winfield ScottGeneral Winfield Scott
 San Patricios and “Ninos Heroes”San Patricios and “Ninos Heroes”
 Seizure of Mexico City-Sept.1847Seizure of Mexico City-Sept.1847
 Nicholas Trist MissionNicholas Trist Mission
 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-1848Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-1848
 Mexico Lost 500,000 Sq. Miles of TerritoryMexico Lost 500,000 Sq. Miles of Territory
 U.S. Paid $15 Million to MexicoU.S. Paid $15 Million to Mexico
12
John C. Fremont

13. Mexican War-1846-1847Mexican War-1846-1847

14. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
The Mexican War, 1846-1848
14

15. Capture of Mexico City
Ninos Heroes
San Patricios

16. U.S. Occupation of Mexico CityU.S. Occupation of Mexico City

17. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
Southwestern Expansion, 1845-1853
17

18. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 The Sectional DebateThe Sectional Debate
– Slavery and the TerritoriesSlavery and the Territories
 Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso
 Prohibited Slavery in Mexican CessionProhibited Slavery in Mexican Cession
 President Polk Viewed as Pro-southPresident Polk Viewed as Pro-south
 Competing PlansCompeting Plans
 Popular Sovereignty /Squatter SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty /Squatter Sovereignty
 Missouri Compromise-1820Missouri Compromise-1820
 Free-Soil Party (Anti-Slavery Party)Free-Soil Party (Anti-Slavery Party)
18
James K. Polk

19. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 The Sectional DebateThe Sectional Debate
– The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush
 Forty-ninersForty-niners
 Indian Slavery/Indentured ServitudeIndian Slavery/Indentured Servitude
 President Zachary TaylorPresident Zachary Taylor
 Ca. Admitted as a Free State State-Ca. Admitted as a Free State State-
18501850
 Free vs. Slave States-”Unbalanced”Free vs. Slave States-”Unbalanced”
An 1858 map of California and Oregon,
showing Gold strikes (Royalty-Free / CORBIS)
19

20. U.S ExpansionU.S Expansion

21. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 The Sectional DebateThe Sectional Debate
– Rising Sectional TensionsRising Sectional Tensions
 Sectional ConflictSectional Conflict
Over Slavery inOver Slavery in
the Territories (N.M.the Territories (N.M.
Oregon and Utah)Oregon and Utah)
– The CompromiseThe Compromise
of 1850of 1850
 Clay’s ProposedClay’s Proposed
SolutionSolution
 Stronger Fugitive Slave ActStronger Fugitive Slave Act
 TemporaryTemporary
CompromiseCompromise
21
Prominent American legislators
pose while working out the
Compromise of 1850 (Library
of Congress)

22. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
Slave and Free Territories Under the Compromise of 1850
22

23. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 The Crises of the 1850sThe Crises of the 1850s
– The Uneasy TruceThe Uneasy Truce
 Northern Opposition to the FugitiveNorthern Opposition to the Fugitive
Slave ActSlave Act
– ““Young America”Young America”
 Ostend Manifesto-1854Ostend Manifesto-1854
 U.S. Attempted to Acquire CubaU.S. Attempted to Acquire Cuba
Franklin Pierce
(Library of Congress)
23

24. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 The Crises of the 1850sThe Crises of the 1850s
– Slavery, Railroads, and the WestSlavery, Railroads, and the West
 Transcontinental Railroad and SlaveryTranscontinental Railroad and Slavery
 Northerners vs. SouthernersNortherners vs. Southerners
 Gadsden Purchase-1853Gadsden Purchase-1853
 Jefferson Davis and Southern InterestsJefferson Davis and Southern Interests
– The Kansas-Nebraska ControversyThe Kansas-Nebraska Controversy
 Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act
 Birth of the Republican PartyBirth of the Republican Party
24
Jefferson Davis

25. Gadsden Purchase-1853
► 30,000 Square Miles
► $10 Million
► Promoted Southern Railroad Interests

26. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 The Crises of the 1850sThe Crises of the 1850s
– ““Bleeding Kansas”Bleeding Kansas”
 Pottawatomie MassacrePottawatomie Massacre
 ““Bleeding Kansas”Bleeding Kansas”
 John BrownJohn Brown
 Preston Brooks and Charles SumnerPreston Brooks and Charles Sumner
– The Free-Soil IdeologyThe Free-Soil Ideology
 ““Free Soil” IdeologyFree Soil” Ideology
 Opposition to the Expansion of SlaveryOpposition to the Expansion of Slavery
 ““Slave Power Conspiracy”Slave Power Conspiracy”
26

27. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 The Crises of the 1850sThe Crises of the 1850s
– The Pro-Slavery ArgumentThe Pro-Slavery Argument
 The Pro-Slavery ArgumentThe Pro-Slavery Argument
Anti-Abolitionist
Violence
(Library of Congress)
27

28. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 The Crises of the 1850sThe Crises of the 1850s
– Buchanan and DepressionBuchanan and Depression
 Election of 1856Election of 1856
 Republican John C. FremontRepublican John C. Fremont
– TheThe Dred ScottDred Scott Decision-1857Decision-1857
 Taney’s Sweeping OpinionTaney’s Sweeping Opinion
 Missouri Compromise ruled UnconstitutionalMissouri Compromise ruled Unconstitutional
– Deadlock over KansasDeadlock over Kansas
 Lecompton Constitution RejectedLecompton Constitution Rejected
28

29. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 The Crises of the 1850sThe Crises of the 1850s
– The Emergence of LincolnThe Emergence of Lincoln
 Lincoln-Douglas Debates-1858Lincoln-Douglas Debates-1858
 Lincoln’s PositionLincoln’s Position
 Free White LaborFree White Labor
 Lincoln Gained New SupportLincoln Gained New Support
29
Abraham Lincoln
(Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

30. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 The Crises of the 1850sThe Crises of the 1850s
– John Brown’s Raid-1859John Brown’s Raid-1859
 John Brown’s RaidJohn Brown’s Raid
 Attack Harper’s FerryAttack Harper’s Ferry
The Hanging of John Brown
30

31. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
 The Crises of the 1850sThe Crises of the 1850s
– The Election of LincolnThe Election of Lincoln
 Divided DemocratsDivided Democrats
 Less Than Half the Popular VoteLess Than Half the Popular Vote
 DisunionDisunion
 Southerners Become HopelessSoutherners Become Hopeless
The Election of 1860
31

32. Chapter Thirteen:Chapter Thirteen:
The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis
Patterns of Popular Culture:Patterns of Popular Culture:
LyceumsLyceums
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