breast cancer.pptx
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Chemotherapy regimens for breast cancer treatment include CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5FU), AC (doxyrubicin and cyclophosphamide), and combinations of paclitaxel and docetaxel. Nursing assessment involves collecting a patient history, performing an assessment, making a diagnosis, planning interventions, carrying out interventions, and evaluating outcomes. Post-mastectomy exercise recommendations focus on follow up care after surgery.
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Mechanical ventilator22222222222222 .ppt
A ventilator mode can be thought of as a classification based on how to control the ventilator breath.
Traditionally ventilators were classified based on how they determined when to stop giving a breath.
mech vent cardio 13dec08.ppt111111111111
Inadequate respiratory drive
Inability to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation
Hypoxia
Decision to provide MV should be based on clinical examination and assessment of gas exchange by blood gas analysis. The principal goal of MV in the setting of respiratory failure is to support gas exchange while underlying diseased process is reversed.
mechanical ventilator 22222222222222.ppt
A ventilator mode can be thought of as a classification based on how to control the ventilator breath.
Traditionally ventilators were classified based on how they determined when to stop giving a breath.
Control mode ventilation
Assist mode ventilation
Assist/control mode ventilation
Intermittent mandatory ventilation
Pressure support ventilation
PEEP
CPAP
Mandatory minute ventilation (MMV)
High frequency ventilation
Airway pressure release ventilation
Inverse ratio ventilation
Continuous flow apneic ventilation
Differential lung ventilation
Proportional assist ventilation
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Name , basic/advanced mode
Type- control, assist, partial assist, spontaneous
Phase variables
Mechanics
Clinical indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Graphics
Basic mode- volume preset, patient does not participate in any phase of the ventilation cycle.
Time triggered, volume limited, time/volume cycled.
Full support mode– hence advantageous in critically ill patients who require a guaranteed minute ventilation
Reduces respiratory WOB and minimizes oxygen consumption of respiratory muscles
Used in
After 1st intubation, prior to full evaluation
Patients who require high minute ventilation
Patients with unstable respiratory drives
Patients with respiratory muscle fatigue
Patients with poor cardiac output to reduce oxygen consumption of resp. muscles
Two modes– volume cycled, pressure cycled
shock.ppt3333333333333333333333333333333
Shock results from the failure of the cardiovascular system to provide sufficient blood circulation.
To maintain circulatory homeostasis the following mechanisms must be present –
1. a functioning of heart to circulate blood .
A sufficient amount of blood volume .
The capability of the vascular system , accommodating blood flow to the capillaries and returning to the right side of the heart.
Professional Values.pptx 222222222222222
The degree of Dedication an employee has to the responsibilities allocated to him/her at work is known as work committed. A person’s work ethics will grow with Dedication and devotion, and will stand out as a result.
Importance of Dedication
Completion of objectives
Increased Productivity
Strategies
Actively look for educational opportunities
Work for extra hours
Present ideas that will help the organization succeed
Help your team
Have a positive Outlook
Be on time
BIOMEDICAL_WASTE_MANAGEMENT[1].pptx 22222.pptx
BMW Is generated from medical health care fucilities like hospital,clinics,laboratoris, pharmaceutical companies and even houses.This waste includes materials that may be contaminated with infections agents, sush as blood,bodily fluids etc.Proper biomedical waste management is important to protect healthcare workers,patients and the environment from exposure to harmful pathogers.
Professionalism.pptx22222222222222222222
A job that you need special skills and qualifications to do, especially one with high social status.
___ Mac Millan Dictionary
Any type of work that needs special training or a particular skill, often one that is respected because it involves a high level of education.
___ Cambridge Dictionary
Spina Bifida (2).pptx2222222222222222222
Spina bifida is a birth disorder that involves the incomplete development of the spine. In the first month of pregnancy, a special set of cells forms the “neural tube;” the top of the tube becomes the brain, and the remainder becomes the spinal cord and structures around it. In spina bifida, the neural tube doesn’t close completely and some of the bones of the spine do not close in the back. This can result in an opening anywhere along the spine and may cause damage to the spinal cord and nerves.There are four types of spina bifida: occulta, closed neural tube defects, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. The symptoms of spina bifida vary from person to person, depending on the type and level of involvement. Most cases are mild and do not require special treatment. The more serious cases involve nerve damage.
Occulta is the mildest and most common form in which one or more bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) are malformed. The name “occulta,” which means “hidden,” indicates that a layer of skin covers the opening in the bones of the spine. It usually shows no symptoms and is often found by accident on an x-ray or similar test.
Closed neural tube defects are a diverse group of disorders in which the spine may have malformations of fat, bone, or the membranes (the meninges) that cover the spinal cord. Many of these neural tube defects require surgery in childhood. People with this type of spina bifida may have weakness of the legs and trouble with bowel and bladder control. These issues may change or progress as children grow. It is important to have close communication with doctors to minimize these changes as much as possible.
Meningocele occurs when the meninges protrude through the spine and cause a sac of spinal fluid on the back. This fluid is typically only around the brain and spine, but a problem with the bony covering over the spine allows it to poke out. The malformation contains no nerves and may or may not be covered by a layer of skin. Individuals with meningocele may have minor symptoms.Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida. A portion of the spinal cord or nerves are exposed in a sac through an opening in the spine that may or may not be covered by the meninges. The opening can be closed surgically while the baby is in utero or shortly after the baby is born. Most people with myelomeningocele experience changes in brain structure, leg weakness, and bladder and bowel dysfunction.
Myelomeningocele is often called a "snowflake condition" because no two people with the condition are the same. Typically, if the opening in the spine is lower down the back, the person will experience less symptoms. People with myelomeningocele require close follow-up with physicians throughout their childhood and lifespan to maximize their function and prevent complications like kidney failure.Complications of spina bifida may include:
Abnormal sensation or paralysis, which mostly occurs with closed neural tube defects and myelomenin
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Mechanical ventilator22222222222222 .ppt
A ventilator mode can be thought of as a classification based on how to control the ventilator breath.
Traditionally ventilators were classified based on how they determined when to stop giving a breath.
mech vent cardio 13dec08.ppt111111111111
Inadequate respiratory drive
Inability to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation
Hypoxia
Decision to provide MV should be based on clinical examination and assessment of gas exchange by blood gas analysis. The principal goal of MV in the setting of respiratory failure is to support gas exchange while underlying diseased process is reversed.
mechanical ventilator 22222222222222.ppt
A ventilator mode can be thought of as a classification based on how to control the ventilator breath.
Traditionally ventilators were classified based on how they determined when to stop giving a breath.
Control mode ventilation
Assist mode ventilation
Assist/control mode ventilation
Intermittent mandatory ventilation
Pressure support ventilation
PEEP
CPAP
Mandatory minute ventilation (MMV)
High frequency ventilation
Airway pressure release ventilation
Inverse ratio ventilation
Continuous flow apneic ventilation
Differential lung ventilation
Proportional assist ventilation
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Name , basic/advanced mode
Type- control, assist, partial assist, spontaneous
Phase variables
Mechanics
Clinical indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Graphics
Basic mode- volume preset, patient does not participate in any phase of the ventilation cycle.
Time triggered, volume limited, time/volume cycled.
Full support mode– hence advantageous in critically ill patients who require a guaranteed minute ventilation
Reduces respiratory WOB and minimizes oxygen consumption of respiratory muscles
Used in
After 1st intubation, prior to full evaluation
Patients who require high minute ventilation
Patients with unstable respiratory drives
Patients with respiratory muscle fatigue
Patients with poor cardiac output to reduce oxygen consumption of resp. muscles
Two modes– volume cycled, pressure cycled
shock.ppt3333333333333333333333333333333
Shock results from the failure of the cardiovascular system to provide sufficient blood circulation.
To maintain circulatory homeostasis the following mechanisms must be present –
1. a functioning of heart to circulate blood .
A sufficient amount of blood volume .
The capability of the vascular system , accommodating blood flow to the capillaries and returning to the right side of the heart.
Professional Values.pptx 222222222222222
The degree of Dedication an employee has to the responsibilities allocated to him/her at work is known as work committed. A person’s work ethics will grow with Dedication and devotion, and will stand out as a result.
Importance of Dedication
Completion of objectives
Increased Productivity
Strategies
Actively look for educational opportunities
Work for extra hours
Present ideas that will help the organization succeed
Help your team
Have a positive Outlook
Be on time
BIOMEDICAL_WASTE_MANAGEMENT[1].pptx 22222.pptx
BMW Is generated from medical health care fucilities like hospital,clinics,laboratoris, pharmaceutical companies and even houses.This waste includes materials that may be contaminated with infections agents, sush as blood,bodily fluids etc.Proper biomedical waste management is important to protect healthcare workers,patients and the environment from exposure to harmful pathogers.
Professionalism.pptx22222222222222222222
A job that you need special skills and qualifications to do, especially one with high social status.
___ Mac Millan Dictionary
Any type of work that needs special training or a particular skill, often one that is respected because it involves a high level of education.
___ Cambridge Dictionary
Spina Bifida (2).pptx2222222222222222222
Spina bifida is a birth disorder that involves the incomplete development of the spine. In the first month of pregnancy, a special set of cells forms the “neural tube;” the top of the tube becomes the brain, and the remainder becomes the spinal cord and structures around it. In spina bifida, the neural tube doesn’t close completely and some of the bones of the spine do not close in the back. This can result in an opening anywhere along the spine and may cause damage to the spinal cord and nerves.There are four types of spina bifida: occulta, closed neural tube defects, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. The symptoms of spina bifida vary from person to person, depending on the type and level of involvement. Most cases are mild and do not require special treatment. The more serious cases involve nerve damage.
Occulta is the mildest and most common form in which one or more bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) are malformed. The name “occulta,” which means “hidden,” indicates that a layer of skin covers the opening in the bones of the spine. It usually shows no symptoms and is often found by accident on an x-ray or similar test.
Closed neural tube defects are a diverse group of disorders in which the spine may have malformations of fat, bone, or the membranes (the meninges) that cover the spinal cord. Many of these neural tube defects require surgery in childhood. People with this type of spina bifida may have weakness of the legs and trouble with bowel and bladder control. These issues may change or progress as children grow. It is important to have close communication with doctors to minimize these changes as much as possible.
Meningocele occurs when the meninges protrude through the spine and cause a sac of spinal fluid on the back. This fluid is typically only around the brain and spine, but a problem with the bony covering over the spine allows it to poke out. The malformation contains no nerves and may or may not be covered by a layer of skin. Individuals with meningocele may have minor symptoms.Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida. A portion of the spinal cord or nerves are exposed in a sac through an opening in the spine that may or may not be covered by the meninges. The opening can be closed surgically while the baby is in utero or shortly after the baby is born. Most people with myelomeningocele experience changes in brain structure, leg weakness, and bladder and bowel dysfunction.
Myelomeningocele is often called a "snowflake condition" because no two people with the condition are the same. Typically, if the opening in the spine is lower down the back, the person will experience less symptoms. People with myelomeningocele require close follow-up with physicians throughout their childhood and lifespan to maximize their function and prevent complications like kidney failure.Complications of spina bifida may include:
Abnormal sensation or paralysis, which mostly occurs with closed neural tube defects and myelomenin
SDLD03112009.ppt222222222222222222222222
Acute Respiratory Failure
Impending Respiratory Failure
Prophylactic Ventilatory Support
Hyperventilation Therapy
Respiratory failure is imminent in spite of therapies
Patient is barely maintaining (or experiencing gradual deterioration) of normal blood gases at the expense of significant WOB
Clinical conditions in which there is a high risk of future respiratory failure
Ventilatory support is instituted to:
Decrease the WOB
Minimize O2 consumption and hypoxemia
Reduce cardiopulmonary stress
Control airway with sedation
Examples: Brain injury, heart muscle injury, major surgery, prolonged shock, smoke injury
Ventilatory support is instituted to control and manipulate PaCO2 to lower than normal levels
Acute head injury
respiratoryfailrefinal-1605121128522.ppt
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suprarenal gland situated just above the renal system
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This document provides information about thrombolytics therapy. It discusses:
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- Common thrombolytics include alteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase, urokinase, streptokinase, and anistreplase. Each has specific properties and indications.
- Thrombolytics are used to treat conditions caused by thrombosis like myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and ischemic stroke. However, they can cause bleeding complications so are only used when benefits outwe
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2) Conditions involving the heart's conduction system including left and right bundle branch blocks.
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- The proper size of chest tube depends on patient factors like age and gender. Complications include pneumothorax and dyspnea.
- Nursing assessments after chest tube insertion include listening for breath sounds and chest wall movement on the affected side and monitoring for signs of respiratory distress.
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- The management and treatment of epistaxis, including first aid, cauterization, anterior and posterior nasal packing, endoscopic cautery, flap elevation, and ligation of arteries if needed.
- General measures like monitoring vitals, sedation, antibiotics if packing is long-term, and treating any underlying conditions.
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SDLD03112009.ppt222222222222222222222222
Acute Respiratory Failure
Impending Respiratory Failure
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Hyperventilation Therapy
Respiratory failure is imminent in spite of therapies
Patient is barely maintaining (or experiencing gradual deterioration) of normal blood gases at the expense of significant WOB
Clinical conditions in which there is a high risk of future respiratory failure
Ventilatory support is instituted to:
Decrease the WOB
Minimize O2 consumption and hypoxemia
Reduce cardiopulmonary stress
Control airway with sedation
Examples: Brain injury, heart muscle injury, major surgery, prolonged shock, smoke injury
Ventilatory support is instituted to control and manipulate PaCO2 to lower than normal levels
Acute head injury
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lungs is a vital organ that will help to respiration . in case of respiratory failure the . VQ mismatch will occur and that lead to hypercapnic and hypo capnic respiration
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This document discusses stress, adaptation, and homeostasis. It defines stress as a condition that results from environmental changes that challenge homeostasis. There are two main types of homeostasis - physiological, controlled by the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems, and psychological, involving feelings of safety, belongingness, and self-esteem. Stress can be either positive or negative. The general adaptation syndrome describes three stages of the stress response: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. Psychological adaptation involves mind-body interactions, anxiety, and coping mechanisms like compensation and denial. Stress management techniques include exercise, rest, nutrition, social support, and relaxation.
male reproductive system - definition, purpose
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suprarenal gland situated just above the renal system
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valvularheartdisease-180524125726 (1).pptx
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease, including their causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. It covers mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and tricuspid regurgitation. For each condition, it provides details on etiology, effects on heart function, common symptoms, diagnostic tests, medical and surgical treatment options, and patient education points.
Meningitis (1).pptx
This document discusses meningitis, including its classifications into pyogenic/bacterial, tuberculous, and aseptic types caused by viruses, fungi, or protozoa. It describes the pathophysiology of how infections from other parts of the body can invade the cerebrospinal fluid and cause inflammation in the subarachnoid space. Management involves administering antitubercular drugs for 12 months as well as corticosteroids to reduce cerebral edema and other medications to control symptoms.
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Cardioversion.pptx
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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