This document summarizes information about breast cancer, including its incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis. Some key points:
- Breast cancer begins in the breast tissue and can start in the ducts or lobes. 30% of all female cancers and 20% of cancer deaths in females are from breast cancer.
- Risk factors include family history, genetic mutations, age, pregnancy, and obesity. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, radiology like mammography and ultrasound, and pathology tests.
- Treatment depends on the stage - early stage (I-II) involves surgery like lumpectomy or mastectomy plus adjuvant therapy like radiation or chemotherapy, while late stage (III-IV)
This document discusses breast cancer, including its definition, risk factors, types, staging, diagnosis, and treatment. Breast cancer begins in the breast tissue and may start in the ducts or lobes. It is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Some key points:
- Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type, accounting for around 80% of cases.
- Staging uses the TNM system to classify tumors by size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
- Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging like mammography, and biopsy.
- Treatment depends on stage but commonly involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or a combination.
This document summarizes information about breast cancer including its incidence, risk factors, classification, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and treatment. Breast cancer begins in the breast tissue and may start in the ducts or lobes. It accounts for 20% of female cancer deaths and is most common above age 50. Risk factors include genetics, hormonal factors, precancerous lesions, dietary/environmental factors, and previous breast cancer. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, radiology like mammography and biopsy. Staging uses the TNM system to describe tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment depends on stage and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone therapy.
1. The document discusses breast anatomy and lymphatic drainage, as well as benign and malignant breast conditions including gynecomastia, fibrocystic changes, fibroadenoma, intraductal papilloma, fat necrosis, and various types of breast cancer.
2. Treatment options described include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy. Factors that influence prognosis and treatment selection include disease stage, hormone receptor status, menopausal status, and patient age and health.
3. Conservative breast surgery along with radiation is now a standard treatment option for early stage breast cancer, offering survival rates equivalent to mastectomy with less morbidity. Adjuvant therapies further improve survival outcomes.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors. Diagnosis involves clinical exam, imaging like mammography, and biopsy. Treatment depends on cancer stage but commonly includes surgery, radiation, hormone therapy and chemotherapy. Prognosis depends on cancer stage and tumor characteristics, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 100% for stage I to 18% for stage IV metastatic cancer.
This document summarizes breast pathology and the management of breast disease. It discusses benign and malignant breast conditions and provides details on the triple assessment approach involving clinical examination, radiology, and biopsy. For cancer, it describes tumor grading and staging, prognostic factors, and treatment options including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy based on tumor characteristics and risk level.
This document discusses breast cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors, screening, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, staging, treatment protocols, side effects, and goals of therapy. Some key points include:
- Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the US and UK. It is estimated that over 249,000 new cases and 40,000 deaths will occur in the US in 2016.
- Risk factors include age, female gender, family history, early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, obesity, alcohol use, hormone therapy, and genetic factors.
- Screening involves mammography and clinical breast exams. Diagnosis involves biopsy of any suspicious masses.
This document discusses breast cancer, including its definition, risk factors, types, staging, diagnosis, and treatment. Breast cancer begins in the breast tissue and may start in the ducts or lobes. It is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Some key points:
- Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type, accounting for around 80% of cases.
- Staging uses the TNM system to classify tumors by size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
- Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging like mammography, and biopsy.
- Treatment depends on stage but commonly involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or a combination.
This document summarizes information about breast cancer including its incidence, risk factors, classification, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and treatment. Breast cancer begins in the breast tissue and may start in the ducts or lobes. It accounts for 20% of female cancer deaths and is most common above age 50. Risk factors include genetics, hormonal factors, precancerous lesions, dietary/environmental factors, and previous breast cancer. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, radiology like mammography and biopsy. Staging uses the TNM system to describe tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment depends on stage and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone therapy.
1. The document discusses breast anatomy and lymphatic drainage, as well as benign and malignant breast conditions including gynecomastia, fibrocystic changes, fibroadenoma, intraductal papilloma, fat necrosis, and various types of breast cancer.
2. Treatment options described include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy. Factors that influence prognosis and treatment selection include disease stage, hormone receptor status, menopausal status, and patient age and health.
3. Conservative breast surgery along with radiation is now a standard treatment option for early stage breast cancer, offering survival rates equivalent to mastectomy with less morbidity. Adjuvant therapies further improve survival outcomes.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors. Diagnosis involves clinical exam, imaging like mammography, and biopsy. Treatment depends on cancer stage but commonly includes surgery, radiation, hormone therapy and chemotherapy. Prognosis depends on cancer stage and tumor characteristics, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 100% for stage I to 18% for stage IV metastatic cancer.
This document summarizes breast pathology and the management of breast disease. It discusses benign and malignant breast conditions and provides details on the triple assessment approach involving clinical examination, radiology, and biopsy. For cancer, it describes tumor grading and staging, prognostic factors, and treatment options including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy based on tumor characteristics and risk level.
This document discusses breast cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors, screening, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, staging, treatment protocols, side effects, and goals of therapy. Some key points include:
- Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the US and UK. It is estimated that over 249,000 new cases and 40,000 deaths will occur in the US in 2016.
- Risk factors include age, female gender, family history, early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, obesity, alcohol use, hormone therapy, and genetic factors.
- Screening involves mammography and clinical breast exams. Diagnosis involves biopsy of any suspicious masses.
This document discusses advanced (metastatic) breast cancer, including:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with over 22 million new cases diagnosed in 2020.
- If breast cancer spreads to distant organs, the 5-year survival rate drops to 29%. Common sites of metastasis include bone, lung, liver and brain.
- Advanced breast cancer is typically treated through a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy and radiation depending on the cancer type, location and stage.
- Staging uses the TNM system to classify tumors by size (T), lymph node involvement (N) and metastasis (M), along with other factors like hormone receptor status. This
This document discusses several types of cancers that affect the female reproductive system. It notes that breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in women, with risk factors including age, family history, reproductive history, and lifestyle factors. It also describes different types of breast cancer surgery and treatments. Cervical cancer is discussed as being linked to HPV infection, with screening and vaccination helping to prevent it. Endometrial and ovarian cancers are also summarized, along with more rare cancers like leiomyosarcoma. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tools and common treatments are outlined for each cancer type.
This document discusses early breast cancer management. It covers breast cancer anatomy, risk factors, staging, diagnosis, and local treatment options. The main local treatment modalities for early breast cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, and breast-conserving therapy (lumpectomy plus radiation). Systemic therapies like chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted molecular therapies are also used.
Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer in women worldwide. The most common histological type is invasive ductal carcinoma, which usually presents as a painless lump in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, genetic factors, reproductive factors and lifestyle factors. Staging involves the TNM system, with treatment depending on stage - ranging from surgery such as mastectomy for early stages to chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and radiation for advanced stages.
breast cancer- nurses responsibility and advoacyssuser002e70
Breast cancer is an uncontrolled growth of breast cells. It is the most common cancer among women in India, with over 150,000 new cases estimated in 2016. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors like alcohol use and obesity. Symptoms may include a painless breast lump or nipple discharge. Diagnosis involves mammography, biopsy and staging. Treatment options include surgery like lumpectomy or mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapies. The goal of treatment is to cure the cancer and prevent recurrence and spread to distant sites.
CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST for mbbs 600L studentsIgbashio
This document summarizes information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- It is the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide, with risk factors including age, family history, reproductive factors, and lifestyle.
- Types include ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
- Signs and symptoms include painless breast lumps, nipple discharge or retraction, and potential metastases.
- Staging uses TNM and Manchester systems and involves investigations like biopsy, imaging and blood tests.
- Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and other targeted approaches.
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in females. Risk factors include family history, late age of first childbirth, obesity, and genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2. Ductal carcinoma in situ is a preinvasive form that occurs inside the milk ducts. Invasive ductal carcinoma spreads outside the ducts and is the most common type. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor along with radiation and hormone therapy or chemotherapy depending on the cancer type and stage. Early detection through screening and treatment of breast cancer has helped lower mortality rates in recent decades.
This document discusses intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT) for breast cancer. It provides background on breast cancer risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options. It then describes IORT specifically, noting that it allows targeted radiation to be delivered during surgery directly to the tumor bed in one session using a miniature X-ray source. The technique aims to complete local radiation treatment immediately while avoiding six weeks of daily external beam radiotherapy. Details are provided on the Intrabeam system and applicators used to deliver a uniform radiation dose in a spherical field confined to the tumor bed.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. It develops from breast cells, usually in the milk ducts or lobules. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle. Symptoms may include a breast lump or nipple changes. Diagnosis involves mammogram, biopsy. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy. New targeted therapies are improving survival rates.
The document discusses breast cancer risk factors associated with shift work and night shifts. It finds an increased risk of breast cancer for those who do not sleep during typical melatonin secretion hours. Surgical options for breast cancer treatment are also examined, including mastectomy procedures and reconstruction options.
The document discusses risk factors, diagnosis, staging, pathology, and management of ovarian cancer. It notes that family history and nulliparity are strong risk factors. Diagnosis involves physical exam, tumor markers like CA125, ultrasound, and CT or MRI imaging. Staging follows FIGO guidelines from I to IV based on extent of spread. Ovarian cancer typically spreads via direct extension or through the peritoneal cavity. Treatment involves surgical staging and tumor debulking followed by chemotherapy, while radiation plays a limited role.
This document discusses cervical cancer, including its causes, risk factors, types, stages, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women globally and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women in Nepal.
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause, with HPV types 16 and 18 causing most cases.
- Cervical cancer is staged using the FIGO system, with stage I being limited to the cervix and stage IV being widespread metastasis.
- Treatment depends on the stage but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. Screening programs can detect pre-cancerous lesions early and prevent
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the US and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors, and reproductive history. Evaluation of breast complaints requires a thorough history, physical exam including triple assessment with mammography, ultrasound and biopsy. Staging involves assessing tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment may involve neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery such as mastectomy or lumpectomy with radiation, and adjuvant systemic therapy.
The document discusses the staging and pathology of breast carcinoma. It covers the AJCC staging system including TNM classification of primary tumor, regional lymph nodes, and distant metastasis. It also covers histopathological classification of breast tumors including in situ carcinomas, invasive carcinomas, histological grading, hormone receptor status, and molecular subtypes. Key histopathological types described include ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, and special histological types.
Carcinoma of breast is the second common killer disease in women after carcinoma of cervix in developing countries like India whereas it is the number one killer in western world. It can also run in families associated with BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes. Early diagnosis is almost curative and that is why they are doing mass screening like mammogram to pick up this cancer early.
Treatment of breast cancer by Dr.Syed Alam ZebSyed Alam Zeb
The document discusses various methods for classifying, staging, and treating breast cancer, including surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and monoclonal antibodies. Treatment options depend on factors like cancer type and stage, age, hormone receptor status, and menopausal status. Guidelines are provided for adjuvant systemic treatment based on node status and other risk factors for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
1) Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, with 1 in 8 women developing it and 1 in 3 breast cancer patients dying from the disease.
2) Risk factors include long-term estrogen exposure, family history, older age, obesity, alcohol consumption, and radiation exposure.
3) Breast cancer can be ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, or other less common subtypes.
4) Staging uses TNM criteria and considers tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis to determine prognosis and guide treatment.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
This document discusses advanced (metastatic) breast cancer, including:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with over 22 million new cases diagnosed in 2020.
- If breast cancer spreads to distant organs, the 5-year survival rate drops to 29%. Common sites of metastasis include bone, lung, liver and brain.
- Advanced breast cancer is typically treated through a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy and radiation depending on the cancer type, location and stage.
- Staging uses the TNM system to classify tumors by size (T), lymph node involvement (N) and metastasis (M), along with other factors like hormone receptor status. This
This document discusses several types of cancers that affect the female reproductive system. It notes that breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in women, with risk factors including age, family history, reproductive history, and lifestyle factors. It also describes different types of breast cancer surgery and treatments. Cervical cancer is discussed as being linked to HPV infection, with screening and vaccination helping to prevent it. Endometrial and ovarian cancers are also summarized, along with more rare cancers like leiomyosarcoma. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tools and common treatments are outlined for each cancer type.
This document discusses early breast cancer management. It covers breast cancer anatomy, risk factors, staging, diagnosis, and local treatment options. The main local treatment modalities for early breast cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, and breast-conserving therapy (lumpectomy plus radiation). Systemic therapies like chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted molecular therapies are also used.
Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer in women worldwide. The most common histological type is invasive ductal carcinoma, which usually presents as a painless lump in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, genetic factors, reproductive factors and lifestyle factors. Staging involves the TNM system, with treatment depending on stage - ranging from surgery such as mastectomy for early stages to chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and radiation for advanced stages.
breast cancer- nurses responsibility and advoacyssuser002e70
Breast cancer is an uncontrolled growth of breast cells. It is the most common cancer among women in India, with over 150,000 new cases estimated in 2016. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors like alcohol use and obesity. Symptoms may include a painless breast lump or nipple discharge. Diagnosis involves mammography, biopsy and staging. Treatment options include surgery like lumpectomy or mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapies. The goal of treatment is to cure the cancer and prevent recurrence and spread to distant sites.
CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST for mbbs 600L studentsIgbashio
This document summarizes information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- It is the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide, with risk factors including age, family history, reproductive factors, and lifestyle.
- Types include ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
- Signs and symptoms include painless breast lumps, nipple discharge or retraction, and potential metastases.
- Staging uses TNM and Manchester systems and involves investigations like biopsy, imaging and blood tests.
- Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and other targeted approaches.
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in females. Risk factors include family history, late age of first childbirth, obesity, and genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2. Ductal carcinoma in situ is a preinvasive form that occurs inside the milk ducts. Invasive ductal carcinoma spreads outside the ducts and is the most common type. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor along with radiation and hormone therapy or chemotherapy depending on the cancer type and stage. Early detection through screening and treatment of breast cancer has helped lower mortality rates in recent decades.
This document discusses intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT) for breast cancer. It provides background on breast cancer risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options. It then describes IORT specifically, noting that it allows targeted radiation to be delivered during surgery directly to the tumor bed in one session using a miniature X-ray source. The technique aims to complete local radiation treatment immediately while avoiding six weeks of daily external beam radiotherapy. Details are provided on the Intrabeam system and applicators used to deliver a uniform radiation dose in a spherical field confined to the tumor bed.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. It develops from breast cells, usually in the milk ducts or lobules. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle. Symptoms may include a breast lump or nipple changes. Diagnosis involves mammogram, biopsy. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy. New targeted therapies are improving survival rates.
The document discusses breast cancer risk factors associated with shift work and night shifts. It finds an increased risk of breast cancer for those who do not sleep during typical melatonin secretion hours. Surgical options for breast cancer treatment are also examined, including mastectomy procedures and reconstruction options.
The document discusses risk factors, diagnosis, staging, pathology, and management of ovarian cancer. It notes that family history and nulliparity are strong risk factors. Diagnosis involves physical exam, tumor markers like CA125, ultrasound, and CT or MRI imaging. Staging follows FIGO guidelines from I to IV based on extent of spread. Ovarian cancer typically spreads via direct extension or through the peritoneal cavity. Treatment involves surgical staging and tumor debulking followed by chemotherapy, while radiation plays a limited role.
This document discusses cervical cancer, including its causes, risk factors, types, stages, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women globally and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women in Nepal.
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause, with HPV types 16 and 18 causing most cases.
- Cervical cancer is staged using the FIGO system, with stage I being limited to the cervix and stage IV being widespread metastasis.
- Treatment depends on the stage but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. Screening programs can detect pre-cancerous lesions early and prevent
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the US and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors, and reproductive history. Evaluation of breast complaints requires a thorough history, physical exam including triple assessment with mammography, ultrasound and biopsy. Staging involves assessing tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment may involve neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery such as mastectomy or lumpectomy with radiation, and adjuvant systemic therapy.
The document discusses the staging and pathology of breast carcinoma. It covers the AJCC staging system including TNM classification of primary tumor, regional lymph nodes, and distant metastasis. It also covers histopathological classification of breast tumors including in situ carcinomas, invasive carcinomas, histological grading, hormone receptor status, and molecular subtypes. Key histopathological types described include ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, and special histological types.
Carcinoma of breast is the second common killer disease in women after carcinoma of cervix in developing countries like India whereas it is the number one killer in western world. It can also run in families associated with BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes. Early diagnosis is almost curative and that is why they are doing mass screening like mammogram to pick up this cancer early.
Treatment of breast cancer by Dr.Syed Alam ZebSyed Alam Zeb
The document discusses various methods for classifying, staging, and treating breast cancer, including surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and monoclonal antibodies. Treatment options depend on factors like cancer type and stage, age, hormone receptor status, and menopausal status. Guidelines are provided for adjuvant systemic treatment based on node status and other risk factors for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
1) Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, with 1 in 8 women developing it and 1 in 3 breast cancer patients dying from the disease.
2) Risk factors include long-term estrogen exposure, family history, older age, obesity, alcohol consumption, and radiation exposure.
3) Breast cancer can be ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, or other less common subtypes.
4) Staging uses TNM criteria and considers tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis to determine prognosis and guide treatment.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
2. CANCER
A disease that is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in an
organ, the site the cells originate from.
BREAST CANCER
Begins in the breast tissue and may start in the duct or lobe of
the breast. When the "controls" in breast cells are not working
properly, they divide continually and lump or tumor is formed.
3. INCIDENCE
30% of all female cancers
20% of cancer related deaths in females
2-4% bilateral
2-5% hereditary
Lump in the breast-most common presentation (75%)
10% presents with pain
35-45% with mutation of BRCA1 gene 70% blood spread
occurs to bones
Incidence in India is one in 100 women.
10. 3 MEDALLARY CARCINOMA
-Large so
ft
we
ll
circumscribed
4 MUCINOUS CARCINOMA
-Bulky and so
ft
5 TUBULAR CARCINOMA
-Diagnosed only when more than 75% of the tumor is
tubular formation
6 PAPILLARY CARCINOMA
-Presence of papi
ll
ae
7 MASTITIS CARCINOMATOSIS
-Most malignant form
- During pregnancy & lactation
11.
12. Diagnosis of Breast cancer
Clinical Examination
Radiology
-Mammography - > 35y
-USG - < 35y
Pathology
-FNAC
-Core (Tru-cut) Biopsy
13. I - Clinical Presentation
A. Symptomatic Cases:
1. Painless lump
2. Pain
3. Nipple discharge
4. Paget's disease of the nipple
5. Mastitis carcinomatosa (in
fl
ammatory carcinoma)
6. Skin manifestations of breast cancer
7. Metastatic presentation
(if this is the only presentation - occult presentation)
-Regional axi
ll
ary or supraclavicular L.N
-Distant metastasis
-May be the 1st complaint
B. Asymptomatic Cases:
Discovered accidenta
ll
y during screening programs
14.
15. 1- Painless lump:
discovered accidenta
ll
y by the patient (e.g. during bathing) or
by physician during screening programs on examination
usua
ll
y:
not tender
irregular shape and surface
i
ll
de
fi
ned edge or we
ll
-circumscribed edge
hard consistency
fr
eely mobile (at early stages), but become
fi
xed either
to overlying skin or underlying tissues (in late stages)
2- Pain:
due to in
fi
ltration of nerves, infection with mastitis
carcinomatosa
16. 3-Nipple discharge:
• Bloody in - duct carcinoma
• Past like in - comedo carcinoma
• Necrotic discharge - in degenerating carcinoma
4- Paget's disease of the nipple:
• Crusty,
fl
aking lesion
• Gradual onset over months or years
• Associated with underlying breast malignancy
• Diagnosis con
fi
rmed by needle or wedge biopsy
• Mammography is mandatory
18. 5- Mastitis Carcinomatosa (In
fl
ammatory Carcinoma):
Usua
ll
y in pregnant & lactating
• Breast is painful
• Skin - erythematous, warm & oedematous
6- Skin manifestation of breast cancer:
Due to Cooper's ligament in
fi
ltration:
1) Dimpling 2) Tethering 3) Puckering
Due to direct skin in
fi
ltration:
4) Skin
fi
xation 5) Ulceration 6) Fungation
7) Nipple retraction 8) Paget's disease of nipple
Due to lymphatic involvement:
9) Peau d'orange (Pitted edema) 10) Sate
ll
ite nodules
Due to venous involvement:
11) Dilated veins
19. II - Radiology
1- Mammography
Def: Low voltage compression X-ray taken
in 2 directions (craniocaudal- mediolateral)
Indication:
- female> 35
- doubtful mass
- Nipple discharge
- Paget's disease
- F
ll
ow up
Accuracy: 90%
2- Xeroradiography
As mammography but image
recevied on selenium plate
-more accurate & easier reading
3- Ductography :
to identify
fi
ll
ing defect in the duct
20. 4- Ultrasonography
- female < 35 years
- di
ff
erentiate cystic
fr
om solid
5- MRI
- di
ff
erentiate
fi
brosis & recurrence
25. IV - INVISTIGATION FOR
METASTASES
LUNG : X-ray & CT
LIVER : liver function test -U/S-CT
BONE : bone survey & scan
BRAIN : CT
26.
27.
28. N (L.N. status)
(All - Ipsilateral)
Nx -Regional L.N. cannot be assessed (previously removed)
No -regional L.N. metastasis
N1 -Ipsilateral mobile axillary L. N.
N2 -Ipsilateral
fi
xed axillary L. N.
(
fi
xed to one another or to other structures)
N3 -Ipsilateral infraclavicular L.N.
-ipsilateral internal mammary with axillary L.N.
-Ipsilateral supraclavicular L. N.
29. M(Metastasis)
Mo - No evidence of metastasis
M1 - Distant metastasis (Lung, Bone, Liver, Brain)
- Contralateral breast or Lymph nodes
30.
31. Prognosis
I- Tumor related factors:
1. L.N. status:
a. Number of L.N.
b. Size of L.N.
c. Level of L.N
2. Tumor size:
3. Tumor grade
4. T.N.M staging
5. Metastasis
6. Tumor site
7. Histopathologic type
8. Biological markers:
1) Hormone receptor status
2) Cathepsin D
3) P53
4) HER-2/neu
33. Breast Cancer Treatment
Treatment for breast cancer is o
ft
en a combination of
the fo
ll
owing treatments:
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Hormone Treatment
34. Treatment
I.
Early breast cancer:
Non invasive (Stage 0) -
Surgery + Adjuvant (postoperative) therapy
Stage I & II -
Surgery + Adjuvant (postoperative)therapy
II. Advanced breast cancer:
Stage III (Locally advanced) -
Neoadjuvant (preoperative) therapy + Surgery
Stage IV (Metastatic) -
Systemic therapy + Limited Surgery
35. Early Breast Cancer
(Stage I & II)
Surgery
removing the area of concern and some normal tissue
surrounding it is ca
ll
ed a lumpectomy
removing the breast is ca
ll
ed a mastectomy (most women
with breast cancer wi
ll
not need the breast removed )
lymph nodes
fr
om under the arm may be removed with
either surgery
36. I- Surgery
1. Mastectomy:
Indications:
1. Tumor > 4 cm
2. Multi-centricity
3. Central (retroareolar) location
Types:
1. Sparing mastectomy + immediate breast reconstruction
2. Traditional mastectomy + late breast reconstruction
2. Breast Conservative Surgery (B.C.S):
Indications:
1. Tumor < 4cm
2. No multi-centricity
3. Peripheral location
37. Mastectomy
A. Traditional Non Sparing Mastectomy
1. Super (Extended) radical (Urban)
2. Radical mastectomy (Halstedt)
3. Modi
fi
ed radical mastectomy
-Patey's operation
-Auchen-closs operation
4. Total mastectomy
5. Simple mastectomy
6. Toilet mastectomy
B. Sparing Mastectomy
1. Skin sparing mastectomy (S.S.M)
2. Nipple sparing mastectomy (N.S.M)
3. Subcutaneous mastectomy
38.
39. Indications of
BREAST CONSERV
ATION THERAPY
1. Single tumor (no multi-centricity)
2. Tumor size <<4 cm (clinically & mammography)
3. Peripheral location (not central or retroareolar)
4. No signs of local advancement (T4).
5. No or N1 (no extensive nodal involvement).
6 Mo (no metastasis)
40. Contraindications
1. Multi-centricity - high incidence of local recurrence
2. Tumor size =/> 4 cm or increased tumor/breast ratio.
3. Central (retroareolar) location - bad cosmetic
result.
4 Signs of local advancement (T4).
5. N2 or N3
6. Metastasis (M1).
7. Pregnancy (3rd trimester; radiotherapy can not be
delivered)
8 Collagen vascular disease - high toxicity of
radiotherapy.
41. Early Breast Cancer
(Stage I&II)
Radiotherapy
standard treatment a
ft
er a
lumpectomy to reduce the
chance of the breast cancer
coming back in the same
breast
is also ca
ll
ed local treatment
because it a
ff
ects only the area
being treated with radiation
42. II- Adjuvant (postoperative)therapy
1.
Radiotherapy:
Indications:
1. After all cases of B.C.S. (must be taken within one month to
tumour bed and remaining part of breast)
2. After mastectomy (must be taken within 6 months); if:
- Tumor =/> 4 cm
- >4 +ve L.N. or extra-nodal disease
- Grade III
- Lymphovascular emboli (invasion)
43. II.
Systemic Therapy: Choice is according to:
1. L.N. status
. - ve L.N.
◦ Low risk - No systemic therapy
◦ Tumor < 1 cm
◦ Grade I
◦ ER +ve
Age > 35 years
o Moderate or high risk - systemic
therapy
II. +ve L.N. -Systemic therapy
44. Axillary Surgery in Breast Cancer
1-Axi
ll
ary lymph node dissection (ALND):
At least levels I & II axillary lymph nodes should be
removed
2- Sentinel L.N. biopsy:
Sentinel L.N. = 1st L.N. to drain the cancer
accepted with clinically negative axillary L.N.
3-Axi
ll
ary L.N. sampling:
Excision of the lowest 4 or 5 palpable L.Ns from level I &
sent separately for histopathologic examination.
45. First
Neo adjuvant chemotherapy (3-4 cycles)
Then
Surgery
Then
Post operative chemotherapy (6 cycles)
Then
Post operative radiotherapy
Late Breast Cancer
Stage III(locally Advanced)
46. Late Breast Cancer
Stage IV (Metastatic)
1- Pa
ll
iative systemic therapy is the Main line of treatment
47. 2- Surgery:
1. For primary tumor -Palliative Toilet Mastectomy
(as simple mastectomy), but indicating only in
ulcerating and fungating tumors with infection.
2. For metastases -
• Laminectomy for spinal cord compression.
• Internal
fi
xation of pathological long bone
fractures.
• Pleurodesis (chest tube + intrapleural Bleomycin)
for malignant pleural e
ff
usion.
48. - Growth of many breast cancers can be blocked
by taking hormone therapy.
- Treatment is in the form of pill which is taken
for 10 years.
- May be recommended for women who have a
breast cancer that is sensitive to hormone.
Hormone Treatment