Breast Cancer
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Sarah, a 45-year-old woman, presents with a tender lump in her left breast. An x-ray confirms a small lump, and a biopsy determines it is malignant stage III breast cancer without hormone receptors. Treatment options for Sarah's aggressive cancer include chemotherapy to target cancer cells, radiation therapy using high-energy sources to kill cells, and potentially a mastectomy given the stage and size of the tumor. MicroRNAs that inhibit protein production and contribute to breast cancer development and treatment may also impact Sarah's case.
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Lewis Washkansky was the recipient of the first successful human heart transplant in 1967 in South Africa. While he survived over two weeks, he ultimately succumbed to pneumonia. Now approximately 2,000 heart transplants are performed annually in the US, allowing patients to live longer, healthier lives. The most common causes of death after transplant are graft failure early on, opportunistic infections between 6 months to a year post-transplant, and acute rejection within the first three years. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), where the transplanted coronary arteries develop atherosclerosis, increases risk of death beyond the first year. Screening for CAV involves annual coronary angiography. Treatment focuses on controlling hypertension and
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Case Study_Pancreatic Cancer patient with TPN
The document provides an overview of pancreatic cancer including:
- It predominantly affects those over age 45 and is more common in men and African Americans.
- Symptoms are often vague and non-specific, leading to late stage diagnosis in over 50% of cases.
- Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, though pancreatic cancer has a very low 5-year survival rate.
- Nutrition therapy aims to manage symptoms, support nutritional status, and address deficiencies from the cancer and its treatment.
Radiation Therapy for Pancreas Cancer
1. Resection offers the only chance for cure of pancreatic cancer, but most patients are unresectable at diagnosis. For resectable patients, surgery without delay followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation improves survival compared to surgery alone.
2. For unresectable locally advanced disease, chemoradiation provides a survival benefit over chemotherapy alone. Median survival is approximately 11-12 months with chemoradiation versus 9 months with chemotherapy.
3. Post-operative chemoradiation following pancreatic cancer resection reduces the risk of recurrence and improves long-term survival compared to surgery or chemotherapy alone. The 2-year survival rate is approximately 40-50% with adjuvant chemoradiation versus 20-30
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the breast cancer and its different type ,stages and grading , the tumor mar...
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Here are some additional common side effects of chemotherapy:
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It's important for nurses to thoroughly assess for and manage side effects during chemotherapy treatment.
Ovarian cancer
ovarian cancer signs and symptoms, prevention, causes, treatment, risk factors etc.
tried to do some descriptive knowledge.
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Breast Cancer
- 1. CASE STUDY Breast Cancer Bailey Lervick
- 2. Initial Symptoms: ■ Sarah is a 45 year old female that presents for a regular check up. A small lump is discovered on her left breast. Sarah informs you that her breast has been tender to the touch but she did not find them out of the ordinary. ■ An x-ray is performed on her chest and a small lump is confirmed to be present.
- 3. What’s your initial diagnosis?
- 4. What is Breast Cancer? ■ Breast cancer is a form of cancer found in tissue of the breasts and can occur in both men and women, but is most common in women ■ 85-90% of breast cancer is caused by mutations that occur as a result of aging. ■ Approximately 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer.
- 6. Diagnosis ■ Mammograms are performed more in depth if it is suspected that a lump is cancerous ■ A breast ultrasound may also be performed to determine the composition of a lump- fluid filled or solid? ■ A biopsy is the most definitive tool for breast cancer diagnosis. It can be used to confirm the cancerous nature of cells, the type of cells, the grade of the cancer, and the makeup of the cancerous cells.
- 7. Oncogenes andTumor Suppressors ■ Oncogenes are the genes that, when mutated, have the potential to turn a cell into a tumor causing cell. ■ Breast cancer is associated with the oncogenes ErbB2, MYC, PIK3CA and the tumor suppressorsTP53, BRCA1/2, RB1, PTEN ■ Generally, breast cancer is caused by deletions or other mutations in these genes
- 8. Sarah’s biopsy results: ■ Sarah has a biopsy done on the solid mass found in her left breast and it is found to be: – Malignant – Stage III – Containing no hormone receptors
- 9. What treatment options are available? ■ Treatment is dependent upon the cancer grade, cell type, and the invasiveness of the tumor. ■ Radiation therapy uses high energy sources such as x-rays and protons to kill cancer cells ■ Chemotherapy uses drugs to target and kill cancer cells ■ Hormone therapy is an option if the cancer cells contain hormone receptors ■ Surgical options include: a lumpectomy or mastectomy – Lumpectomy’s are usually performed only on smaller tumors These treatment options will often be used in varying combinations.
- 10. MicroRNAs (miRNA) • MicroRNAs are small RNA fragments that inhibit protein production by binding to the mRNA that would produce it and destroying it. • miRNA is being explored as contributing factor to development and treatment of breast cancer.
- 11. What treatments would you recommend for Sarah?
- 12. Sources ■ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer ■ http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/4/6/a013466.full#ref-11 ■ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160606010967