Keppel Ltd. 1Q 2024 Business Update Presentation Slides
MEASURING OUTCOMES OF BRAND EQUITY: CAPURING MARKET PERFORMANCE
1. 10.1
CHAPTER 10:CHAPTER 10:
MEASURING OUTCOMES OF BRAND EQUITY:MEASURING OUTCOMES OF BRAND EQUITY:
CAPURING MARKET PERFORMANCECAPURING MARKET PERFORMANCE
Kevin Lane KellerKevin Lane Keller
Tuck School of BusinessTuck School of Business
Dartmouth CollegeDartmouth College
2. 10.2
Measuring Brand EquityMeasuring Brand Equity
Multi-dimensional conceptMulti-dimensional concept
Many different measures requiredMany different measures required
The ultimate value of a brand depends on theThe ultimate value of a brand depends on the
underlying components of brand knowledge andunderlying components of brand knowledge and
sources of brand equitysources of brand equity
4. 10.4
Brand-Based ApproachesBrand-Based Approaches
The marketing element under consideration isThe marketing element under consideration is
fixed.fixed.
Consumer response is examined based on changesConsumer response is examined based on changes
in brand identification.in brand identification.
Application example:Application example: Blind testingBlind testing
Advantage:Advantage: Isolates the value of the brandIsolates the value of the brand
Disadvantage:Disadvantage: The totality of what is learned dependsThe totality of what is learned depends
on how many applications are examined.on how many applications are examined.
5. 10.5
Marketing-Based ApproachesMarketing-Based Approaches
The brand is held fixed and consumer response isThe brand is held fixed and consumer response is
examined based on changes in marketing programs.examined based on changes in marketing programs.
Applications:Applications: Explore price premiums’ effect onExplore price premiums’ effect on
switching, consumer evaluations of marketingswitching, consumer evaluations of marketing
activities, brand extensions, etc.activities, brand extensions, etc.
Advantage:Advantage: Ease of implementationEase of implementation
Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Difficult to determine whetherDifficult to determine whether
consumer responses are caused by brandconsumer responses are caused by brand
knowledge or generic product knowledgeknowledge or generic product knowledge
6. 10.6
Conjoint AnalysisConjoint Analysis
A survey-based multivariate technique that enablesA survey-based multivariate technique that enables
marketers to profile the consumer decision process withmarketers to profile the consumer decision process with
respect to products and brandsrespect to products and brands
Helps researchers determine the trade-offs consumersHelps researchers determine the trade-offs consumers
make between brand attributesmake between brand attributes
Applications:Applications: Assess advertising effectiveness and brandAssess advertising effectiveness and brand
value; analyze brand/price trade-offvalue; analyze brand/price trade-off
Advantage:Advantage: Allows for different brands or different aspectsAllows for different brands or different aspects
of the product to be analyzed simultaneouslyof the product to be analyzed simultaneously
Disadvantage:Disadvantage: May violate consumers’ expectations based onMay violate consumers’ expectations based on
what they already know about brandswhat they already know about brands
7. 10.7
Holistic MethodsHolistic Methods
Attempt to place an overall value on the brandAttempt to place an overall value on the brand
in either abstract utility terms or concrete financialin either abstract utility terms or concrete financial
termsterms
Net out various considerations to determine theNet out various considerations to determine the
unique contribution of the brandunique contribution of the brand
Holistic methods:Holistic methods:
Residual approachesResidual approaches
Valuation approachesValuation approaches
8. 10.8
Residual ApproachesResidual Approaches
Examine the value of the brand by subtractingExamine the value of the brand by subtracting
consumers’ preferences based on physical productconsumers’ preferences based on physical product
attributes alone from their overall brandattributes alone from their overall brand
preferencespreferences
Advantage:Advantage: Useful benchmark for interpretingUseful benchmark for interpreting
brand equity, especially from a financially orientedbrand equity, especially from a financially oriented
perspectiveperspective
Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Static view. Limited diagnostic valueStatic view. Limited diagnostic value
for strategic decision makingfor strategic decision making
9. 10.9
Valuation ApproachesValuation Approaches
Attempt to place a financial value on brand equityAttempt to place a financial value on brand equity
for accounting purposesfor accounting purposes
Useful in cases of mergers and acquisitions, brandUseful in cases of mergers and acquisitions, brand
licensing, fund raising, and brand managementlicensing, fund raising, and brand management
decisionsdecisions
Valuation approaches:Valuation approaches:
Accounting backgroundAccounting background
Historical perspectivesHistorical perspectives
General approachesGeneral approaches
Interbrand’s brand valuation methodologyInterbrand’s brand valuation methodology
10. 10.10
Accounting BackgroundAccounting Background
Intangible assetsIntangible assets are typically lumped under theare typically lumped under the
heading ofheading of goodwillgoodwill and include things such asand include things such as
patents, trademarks, and licensing agreements,patents, trademarks, and licensing agreements,
as well as “softer” considerations such as theas well as “softer” considerations such as the
skill of the management and customer relations.skill of the management and customer relations.
In an acquisition, the goodwill item oftenIn an acquisition, the goodwill item often
includes a premium paid to gain control, which,includes a premium paid to gain control, which,
in certain instances, may even exceed the valuein certain instances, may even exceed the value
of tangible and intangible assets.of tangible and intangible assets.
11. 10.11
Historical PerspectivesHistorical Perspectives
In Australia Rupert Murdoch’s News CorporationIn Australia Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation
included a valuation of some of its magazines on itsincluded a valuation of some of its magazines on its
balance sheets in 1984.balance sheets in 1984.
British firms used brand values primarily to boost theirBritish firms used brand values primarily to boost their
balance sheets.balance sheets.
In the United States, generally accepted accountingIn the United States, generally accepted accounting
principles (blanket amortization principles) mean thatprinciples (blanket amortization principles) mean that
placing a brand on the balance sheet would requireplacing a brand on the balance sheet would require
amortization of that asset for up to 40 years. Such aamortization of that asset for up to 40 years. Such a
charge would severely hamper firm profitability; as acharge would severely hamper firm profitability; as a
result, firms avoid such accounting maneuvers.result, firms avoid such accounting maneuvers.
12. 10.12
General ApproachesGeneral Approaches
In determining the value of a brand in an acquisition orIn determining the value of a brand in an acquisition or
merger, firms can choose from three main approaches:merger, firms can choose from three main approaches:
Cost approach:Cost approach: Brand equity is the amount of money thatBrand equity is the amount of money that
would be required to reproduce or replace the brandwould be required to reproduce or replace the brand
Market approach:Market approach: The present value of the future economicThe present value of the future economic
benefits to be derived by the owner of the assetbenefits to be derived by the owner of the asset
Income approach:Income approach: The discounted future cash flow from theThe discounted future cash flow from the
future earnings stream for the brandfuture earnings stream for the brand
13. 10.13
Interbrand’s Brand ValuationInterbrand’s Brand Valuation
Assumes that brand value is the present worth of theAssumes that brand value is the present worth of the
benefits of future ownershipbenefits of future ownership
Follows five valuation steps:Follows five valuation steps:
Market segmentationMarket segmentation
Financial (role of branding) analysisFinancial (role of branding) analysis
Demand (brand strength) analysisDemand (brand strength) analysis
Competitive benchmarkingCompetitive benchmarking
Brand value calculationBrand value calculation
Brand value calculation : Calculate the brand value as theBrand value calculation : Calculate the brand value as the
net present value (NPV) of the forecast brand earnings,net present value (NPV) of the forecast brand earnings,
discounted by the brand discount ratediscounted by the brand discount rate