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- 1. Brain development is at its most crucial stage in the early years of life. Why do we have Early Learning Programs?
- 4. 1st Set of Numbers to Remember
- 5. 2nd Set of Numbers to Remember
- 7. 0 1 4 8 12 16 AGE Human Brain Development – Synapse Formation Sensing Pathways (vision, hearing) Language Higher Cognitive Function 3 6 9 -3 -6 Months Years C. Nelson, in From Neurons to Neighborhoods, 2000. Conception 3rd Set of Numbers to Remember
- 8. Remember! Experience Builds Connections • Early childhood experiences physically determine how the brain is “wired.” • Early sensory experiences create new synapses. • Repetition of experiences strengthen them.
- 9. PLASTICITY of the Brain POSITIVE - More open to learning and enriching influence NEGATIVE - vulnerable to developmental problems should the environment prove to be impoverished and un- nurturing
- 10. Micronutrients such as iron, iodine, zinc, fatty acids, choline, B-vitamins, folic acid are crucial in the process of creating structures in the brain. For children 1 to 6 years Importance of Proper Nutrition (Prado & Dewey, 2014; Nyaradi, Li, Hickling, Foster, & Oddy, 2013)
- 11. Importance of Proper Nutrition (Prado & Dewey, 2014; Nyaradi, Li, Hickling, Foster, & Oddy, 2013) Deficiencies in these micronutrients and malnutrition may result to: • Fewer number of neurons, lower synaptic density, lesser dendritic branching , reduced myelination • Lower levels of fluid intelligence • Anencephaly, spina bifida • Mental retardation, speech and hearing impairment • Inferior performance in language skills, fine motor skills, and attention • Lower levels of spatial ability and short term memory Anencephaly
- 12. What can parents and caregivers do? Importance of Proper Nutrition (Prado & Dewey, 2014; Nyaradi, Li, Hickling, Foster, & Oddy, 2013) • Take care of mother’s health • Breastfeed • Choose to give children food that is carbohydrate-rich but low- glycemic for breakfast • Choose to give children homemade food over store- bought food • Have child’s health checked regularly
- 13. References Holland, D., Chang, L., Ernst, T., Curran, M., Buchthal, S., Alicata, D., Skranes, J., Johansen, H., Hernandez, A., Yamakawa, R., Kuperman, J., & Dale, A. 2014. Structural Growth Trajectories and Rates of Change in the First 3 Months of Infant Brain Development. JAMA Neurology, 71 (10), pp. 1266-1274. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1638. Johnson, M. 2010. Functional Brain Development during Infancy. In: Bremner, J. & Wachs, T. ed. The Wiley- Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development (2nd ed). UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., pp. 295-313. Lagercrantz, H. 2016. Infant Brain Development: Formation of the Mind and the Emergence of Consciousness. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Nyaradi ,A., Li, J., Hickling, S., Foster, J., & Oddy, W. 2013. The role of nutrition in children’s neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 7 (Article 97), pp. 1-16. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00097. Ptito, M., & Desgent, S. 2006. Sensory Input-Based Adaptation and Brain Architecture. In: Baltes, P., Reuter- Lorenz, P., & Roseler, F. ed. Lifespan Development and the Brain: The Perspective of Biocultural Co- Constructivism. UK: Cambridge University Press.. Prado, E., & Dewey, K. 2014. Nutrition and brain development in early life. Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 71(4), pp. 267-284. doi: 10.1111/nure.12102. Shonkoff, J., & Phillips, D. (eds). 2000. From Neurons t Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development. Washington D.C., USA: National Academy Press. A good guide to good carbs: The glycemic index. Retrieved March 23, 2017 from http://www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/a-good-guide-to-good-carbs-the-glycemic-index.