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Bovine-Mastitis.ppt
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- 2. What’s mastitis ? Inflammationof one or more quarters of the udder Normal Inflamed Swelling pain warm redness Mammae = breast -itis = Latin suffix for inflammation
- 3. Causes • Intramammary Infection(IMI): – Bacterial infection – Mycoplasmal infection – Mycotic (fungal) infection – Algal infection • Mechanical trauma Predisposes • Thermal trauma the gland to IMI • Chemical insult
- 4. Economic Losses • Mastitisaccounted for 26% of the total cost of all dairy cattle diseases. • Losses from mastitis were twice as high as losses from infertility and reproductive diseases. • Sources of loss – Reduced milk production – Discarded milk – Early cow replacement costs – Reduced cow sale value – Drugs – Veterinary services – labor
- 7. Timing of infectionand stage of lactation • Active involution – High Pressure in the gland – Bacteria inside the gland – Teat dipping ceases. – Dry cow treatment can not reduce coliform during active involution.
- 8. Timing of infectionand stage of lactation • Early lactation – Metabolically stressed – Mastitis is sometimes associated with high concentrate feeding which accompanies early lactation.
- 9. Development of mastitisand the cow’s defense against the infection
- 10. The major routesof bacterial transmission
- 11. Mastitis Clinical Syndromes •Categorized based on Severity of Immune Response – Peracute Mastitis: sudden onset, severe inflammation of the udder, and serous milk-Systemic illness often precedes the symptoms manifested in the milk and mammary gland. – Acute Mastitis: sudden onset, moderate to severe inflammation of the udder, decreased production, and occurrence of serous milk/fibrin clots, Systemic signs are similar but less severe than for the peracute form.
- 12. Mastitis Clinical Syndromes •Subacute Mastitis: mild inflammation, no visible changes in udder, but there generally are small flakes or clots in the milk, and the milk may have an off-color. There are no systemic signs of illness. • Chronic Mastitis: Chronic mastitis may persist in a subclinical form for months or years with occasional clinical flare-ups. Treatment usually involves treating the clinical flare-ups, or culling the cow from the herd.
- 13. Mastitis Clinical Syndromes •Subclinical Mastitis: the most common form of mastitis, 15x40 X more common than clinical mastitis, no gross inflammation of the udder and no gross changes in the milk, decreased production and decreased milk quality • Elevated Somatic Cell Count
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- 23. Somatic Cell Count •~98-99% White Blood Cell + 1-2% Epithelial cells from milk-secreting tissue • Cow’s natural defense mechanism • Normal or uninfected cow: 50,000-200,000 cells/ml • >200,000 cells/ml: the likelihood of infection increase
- 24. Effects on MilkQuality • Subclinical mastitis results in INCREASES in undesirable milk components and DECREASES in the desirable components. • Pasteurized milk that is processed from raw milk with a somatic cell count below 250,000 has a significantly longer shelf-life than products made from milk with a somatic cell count above 500,000.
- 25. How severe canmastitis be ? Subclinical Mastitis – ~ 90 -95% of all mastitis cases – Udder appears normal – Milk appears normal – Elevated SCC (score 3-5) – Lowered milk output (~ 10%) – Longer duration Clinical Mastitis – ~ 5 - 10% of all mastitis cases – Inflamed udder – Clumps and clots in milk • Acute type • major type of clinical mastitis • bad milk • loss of appetite • depression – prompt attention needed • Chronic type • bad milk • cow appears healthy
- 26. What causes mastitis? • Bacteria ( ~ 70%) • Yeasts and molds ( ~ 2%) – Unknown ( ~ 28%) • physical • trauma • weather extremes
- 27. Where do theseorganisms come from ? • Infected udder – Environment – bedding – soil – water • manure • Replacement animals
- 28. Process of infection Organismsinvade the udder through teat canal Migrate up the teat canal and colonize the secretory cells Colonized organisms produce toxic substances harmful to the milk producing cells
- 29. The cow’s immunesystem send white blood cells (Somatic cells) to fight the organisms recovery clinical subclinical
- 30. Organisms • Contagious microorganisms –Staphylococcus aureus – Streptococcus agalactiae – Mycoplasma bovis – Corynebacterium bovis • Environmental microorganisms – Environmental streptococci – Coliform • Opportunistic microorganisms – Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) • Others – Pseudomonas aeruginosa – Actinomyces pyogenes – Nocardia Species
- 37. Standardized Milking Procedures •Stanchion/ Tie stall – Wear gloves – Wipe off excess dry manure, straw and bedding – Strip each teat into a stripcup – Dip teats with an approved pre-dip – Allow the pre-dip to react for at least 30 sec. • Parlor – Wear Gloves – Wipe off excess dry manure, straw and bedding – Strip each teat into a stripcup – Dip teats with an approved pre-dip Dip 3-4 cows – Allow the pre-dip to react for at least 30 sec.
- 38. Visualization and palpationof the udder Detection of Somatic Cells California Mastitis Test Detection of Mastitis N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) - a lysosomal enzyme which increases in milk when mastitis is present
- 47. Good Milking Procedures •1. Provide Cows with a Clean, Stress-Free Environment • 2. Check Foremilk and Udder for Mastitis • 3. Wash Teats and Lower Surface of the Udder with a Warm Sanitizing Solution • 4. Use a Premilking Teat Dip (Optional) • 5. Dry Teats Thoroughly • 6. Attach Teat Cups within 1 min. • 7. Adjust Milking Units as Necessary • 8. Shut Off Vacuum Before Removing Teat Cups • 9. Dip Teats with a Safe and Effective Teat Dip • 10. Disinfect Teat Cups Between Cows (Optional)