2. Plants and algae share the following characteristics
-chlorophyllous
-store energy mainly as starch
-cellulose cell walls
-form cell plates during cell division
-primitive plants have flagellated sperm like algae
3. Plants have adaptations for life on land
Plants are multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes
Plants have some specific adaptations that are
not found in algae
5. Plants have apical meristems
– Are the growth-producing regions of a plant
– Help maximize exposure to the resources
in the soil at root tip and air at buds
7. Plants have secondary cell walls
The secondary cell walls of some plant tissues
provide support
– are thickened and strengthened by lignin, a
polymer of alcohols that is extremely strong
forming secondary cell walls
8. Plants have a cuticle and stomates/lenticels
• A waxy cuticle covers the stems and leaves of
plants
– And helps retain water
• Stomata/lenticels
– Are tiny pores in leaves that allow for gas
exchange
9. Many living plants can reproduce on land
– Produce gametes that are encased in
protective structures called ovules and
pollen grains
– Most gymnosperms and all angiosperms
have nonflagellated sperm
12. • Vascular plants
– Have supportive vascular tissues such as
xylem that carries water and minerals and
phloem that conducts carbohydrates
– Pteridophytes and most gymnosperms have
xylem tracheids and most woody
gymnosperms have softwood
– Gymnosperms called gnetophytes and
angiosperms have tracheids and thick-walled
vessels and if woody are called hardwoods
14. • Seed plants
– Have pollen grains that transport sperm
– Protect their embryos in ovules that grow into
seeds
– Seeds are better adapted than single-celled
spores having a coat, stored carbohydrate,
and an embryo
20. Mosses have a dominant gametophyte
• A mat of moss is mostly gametophytes
– Which produce eggs and swimming sperm
• The zygote develops on the gametophyte
– Grows into the smaller sporophyte
21. Characteristics of Bryophytes or Nonvascular plants
-no vascular tissue absorbing water by capillarity and
transporting carbohydrates by diffusion
-no true roots, stems, or leaves as lack vascular tissue.
Rhizoids are root-like but are only used for anchorage.
-Alternation of generations and gametophyte dominates with
gametes formed inside multicellular gameteangia called
antheridia or archegonia
-biflagellate sperm that require water for successful fertilization
22. Division Bryophyta “moss plant” @12,000 sps.
-gametophytes have rhizoids, an erect stem-like body,
and leaf-like organs
-often found in damp or aquatic habitats
-reproduce asexually by fragmentation
37. Division Marchantiophyta “liver plant” @6500 sps.
-20% gametophytes have a flattened body called
thallus and 80% have erect growth like mosses but
the stalk of the sporophyte is translucent
to white; its capsule is typically black and egg-shaped.
When it matures, the capsule splits open into four
equal quarters, releasing the spores to the air.
-in medieval (476-1450) period, people believed in
Doctrine of Signatures and lobed thallus indicated
plants were treatment for liver disease
-often found in damp or aquatic habitats and are
primarily tropical in range
39. Ex. Marchantia (after French botanist)
-reproduce asexually by gemmae cups that act as rain
splashcups dispersing tiny clones
Sexual reproduction is similar to mosses except gameteangia
and sporangia grow in umbrella-like structures called
_____ and _____ and spores have elaters that curl and
uncurl due to changes in humidity
40.
41.
42. Phylum Anthoceratophta “Flowering horn plants” 100spp.
-mostly tropical
-Reproduce asexually by fragmentation and sexually like
mosses except with green
horn-like sporangium
-rare in Texas wetlands.
One population of yellow
hornwort known from
Ottine Wetlands in
Gonzales County, Texas
near Palmetto State Park
43. Some human and ecological importance of bryophytes
1. Pioneer organisms
2. Sphagnum or peat moss
-used as fuel
-used as soil conditioner as can
-absorb about 25X weight in
water
-smoky peat fires used flavor
barley used in making Scotch
Whiskey
3. Many species are good
indicators of air and water pollution
