Biology and Psychology: Behavior is the result of the mutual relation between “nature” and “nurture”. The result of a complicated interaction between “genes” and “environment”: integration Mind and Brain.
Consequences for looking at pathology:
No causal relation between risc factors and the development of pathology; the amount of risc factors is in a way predictable.
The quality of the early attachment relationships is important for the possible development of pathology.
desining a sales territory (Sales management) Komal Hambir
The document discusses strategies for designing sales territories, objectives, incentives, and managing vacant territories including defining territories based on geography, potential, and history; setting objectives to maximize sales and profits; using incentives like quotas, bonuses, and commissions to motivate salespeople; and prioritizing regular coverage of key customers when territories become vacant until a replacement is found.
The document discusses various aspects of brand identity and positioning. It begins by explaining that brand identity is the purpose for which a brand is created and goes beyond image. It then discusses dimensions of identity, including the brand as a product, organization, person and symbol. It also explains the concepts of inner and outer identity. Brand positioning is described as placing a brand in the customer's mind relative to competitors. The document also discusses tools for analyzing brand identity and positioning such as brand personality scales and multi-dimensional scaling. Finally, it covers repositioning brands over time as market conditions change.
This presentation is an introduction to the role of IMC in marketing.
Want more FREE resources? Checkout the B2B Whiteboard youtube channel:
www.youtube.com/b2bwhiteboard
Or join us on Facebook today: www.facebook.com/b2bwhiteboard
Power and politics are important dynamics in organizational behavior. Power is the ability to influence and achieve goals, even in the face of resistance from others. There are various sources of power, including reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, referent power, and expert power. Organizational politics involves the distribution of power and strategies for obtaining and retaining power. Conditions of scarce resources, ambiguous decisions, unclear goals, and change can increase organizational politics and political behavior.
Brings about the difference between cause related marketing and corporate philanthropy. CRM campaigns in India has been included to get better idea of the concept
This document discusses organizational politics and provides an overview of political behavior in organizations, types of organizational politics, and responses to politics within organizations. It covers common political behaviors, different ways politics can manifest, and how people typically deal with or respond to political situations at work.
Attribution theory proposes that people explain or attribute the causes of behavior and events to either internal or external factors. It was introduced by Fritz Heider in 1958 and developed further by others. The theory suggests that attributions influence motivation and future behavior. People consider consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus when making attributions about themselves or others. Attribution theory helps explain performance expectations and evaluations in organizations. It can provide insights into employee effort, interviews, and profiling.
Structurele vs neurotische pathologie - kernberg kohut fonagy newThdeW
Structurele versus neurotische pathologie - Vergelijking Kernberg, Kohut en Fonagy.
In andere bewoordingen: Structurele versus neurotische pathologie;
Ontwikkelings versus conflictpathologie; Mentale processtoornissen versus representatiestoornissen; Preoedipale versus oedipale pathologie;
Paranoid/Schizoïde versus Depressieve positie; Basic Fault versus primary Love; Separatie/Individuatie probl.: rapprochement.
Consequences for looking at pathology:
No causal relation between risc factors and the development of pathology; the amount of risc factors is in a way predictable.
The quality of the early attachment relationships is important for the possible development of pathology.
desining a sales territory (Sales management) Komal Hambir
The document discusses strategies for designing sales territories, objectives, incentives, and managing vacant territories including defining territories based on geography, potential, and history; setting objectives to maximize sales and profits; using incentives like quotas, bonuses, and commissions to motivate salespeople; and prioritizing regular coverage of key customers when territories become vacant until a replacement is found.
The document discusses various aspects of brand identity and positioning. It begins by explaining that brand identity is the purpose for which a brand is created and goes beyond image. It then discusses dimensions of identity, including the brand as a product, organization, person and symbol. It also explains the concepts of inner and outer identity. Brand positioning is described as placing a brand in the customer's mind relative to competitors. The document also discusses tools for analyzing brand identity and positioning such as brand personality scales and multi-dimensional scaling. Finally, it covers repositioning brands over time as market conditions change.
This presentation is an introduction to the role of IMC in marketing.
Want more FREE resources? Checkout the B2B Whiteboard youtube channel:
www.youtube.com/b2bwhiteboard
Or join us on Facebook today: www.facebook.com/b2bwhiteboard
Power and politics are important dynamics in organizational behavior. Power is the ability to influence and achieve goals, even in the face of resistance from others. There are various sources of power, including reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, referent power, and expert power. Organizational politics involves the distribution of power and strategies for obtaining and retaining power. Conditions of scarce resources, ambiguous decisions, unclear goals, and change can increase organizational politics and political behavior.
Brings about the difference between cause related marketing and corporate philanthropy. CRM campaigns in India has been included to get better idea of the concept
This document discusses organizational politics and provides an overview of political behavior in organizations, types of organizational politics, and responses to politics within organizations. It covers common political behaviors, different ways politics can manifest, and how people typically deal with or respond to political situations at work.
Attribution theory proposes that people explain or attribute the causes of behavior and events to either internal or external factors. It was introduced by Fritz Heider in 1958 and developed further by others. The theory suggests that attributions influence motivation and future behavior. People consider consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus when making attributions about themselves or others. Attribution theory helps explain performance expectations and evaluations in organizations. It can provide insights into employee effort, interviews, and profiling.
Structurele vs neurotische pathologie - kernberg kohut fonagy newThdeW
Structurele versus neurotische pathologie - Vergelijking Kernberg, Kohut en Fonagy.
In andere bewoordingen: Structurele versus neurotische pathologie;
Ontwikkelings versus conflictpathologie; Mentale processtoornissen versus representatiestoornissen; Preoedipale versus oedipale pathologie;
Paranoid/Schizoïde versus Depressieve positie; Basic Fault versus primary Love; Separatie/Individuatie probl.: rapprochement.
Consequences for looking at pathology:
No causal relation between risc factors and the development of pathology; the amount of risc factors is in a way predictable.
The quality of the early attachment relationships is important for the possible development of pathology.
Psychoanalysis
The relational focus was there from the beginning.
In between Biology and Psychology: genetic vulnerabilities in interaction with the primary caregivers.
How do somatic sensations develop into human feelings?
How do emotions develop into feelings?
How develop somatic sensations into intentional behavior with a symbolic meaning?
How do biological factors, genetic vulnerabilities and environmental factors interact with each other?
Kudelski Security has created an end-to-end secure 4G-LTE wireless broadband solution for critical communications. It provides a portable, private cellular network with LTE speeds and bandwidth along with full network control and priority access. The solution includes ruggedized mobile units that create independent secure network bubbles for local communications even without remote connectivity. It also offers built-in security features like encryption and threat monitoring and can integrate with Kudelski's Cyber Fusion Center for analytics.
This is my presentation for class on psychological disorders. I compelted many hours of research on this topic as well as studying mental illness on my own time.
This document discusses several personality disorders including paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, and histrionic personality disorders. It defines personality disorders as enduring patterns of behavior that deviate from cultural norms and cause distress. Paranoid personality disorder involves irrational suspicions and mistrust. Schizoid personality disorder involves a lack of interest in social relationships and emotions. Schizotypal personality disorder involves odd thinking and behavior. Histrionic personality disorder involves exaggerated emotions and seeking attention. Genetics and environment may contribute to these disorders. Treatment involves psychotherapy and sometimes medication.
From a psychoanalytical perspective, there are two main types of psychopathology: those related to conflicting mental representations which result in neurotic pathology, and those related to failures of the mentalizing process which result in personality disorders. Borderline personality disorder is characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect as well as impulsivity, while paranoid personality disorder involves a pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others. Both disorders stem from failures early in life to develop stable and coherent mental representations of oneself and others.
Psychoanalysis & Sigmund Freud by Malik ShahrukhShahrukh Malik
Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work.
Mood Disorders Mental Health Nursing Chapter 16 Part Iilifeisgood727
The document discusses bipolar disorder and mood disorders. It covers biological, psychosocial and developmental theories of bipolar disorder. It also discusses symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for bipolar disorder including in children and adolescents. Treatment includes psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy and family interventions. The nursing process for patients with mood disorders or who are suicidal is also summarized including assessment, diagnoses, planning and evaluation.
This document summarizes mood disorders including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. It discusses the symptoms, diagnostic criteria, prevalence, etiology, treatment goals, and pharmacotherapy options for these conditions. Key points include that major depressive disorder is more prevalent in women while bipolar disorder is equal between men and women; biological and psychosocial factors can contribute to the development of mood disorders; and treatment may involve hospitalization, psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and medications like SSRIs, SNRIs, lithium, and antipsychotics depending on the specific diagnosis.
This document discusses several personality disorders as defined by the DSM-IV-TR including paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, and dependent personality disorders. For each disorder, it provides definitions, epidemiological statistics, clinical features, and potential predisposing factors. The causes of these personality disorders are complex and not fully understood, but may involve genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental influences.
This document provides an overview of personality disorders and theories of personality development. It defines personality disorders and outlines several theories including Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Freud's psychosexual stages and structural model of personality, Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, and Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Key concepts from each theory are discussed in detail, such as schemas, assimilation, accommodation, fixation, the id, ego, and superego. The document also evaluates some of Freud's theories and discusses the interaction between components of Freud's structural model.
Psychoanalysis was originated by Sigmund Freud and further developed by Carl Jung. [1] Freud believed that unconscious drives and early childhood experiences influence behavior and can be revealed through analysis of dreams, free association, and transference. [2] Jung expanded on Freud's work and focused on bringing unconscious aspects of personality into consciousness to aid psychological growth and balance different parts of the psyche like the ego and self. [3] Both aimed to treat mental disorders by liberating repressed fears and desires through analysis of the unconscious mind.
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
Substance Abuse, Psychiatric Nursing, B. Sc (N) PPTNithiy Uday
The document discusses substance abuse and alcohol dependence. It defines key terms like substance abuse, addiction, dependence, and withdrawal. It covers the ICD-10 classification of substance use disorders and commonly abused substances. It discusses the etiology of substance abuse from biological, behavioral, psychological, and social perspectives. It provides details on the stages of alcoholism, clinical features of alcohol dependence, and psychiatric disorders caused by alcohol like acute intoxication, withdrawal syndrome, amnestic disorders, and mood disorders. It also covers relapse in alcohol dependence and complications of long-term alcohol abuse.
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and its fundamental assumptions include that unconscious factors motivate behavior, early childhood experiences shape personality, and unconscious motives and conflicts are central. His basic concepts include human nature being determined by unconscious drives, instincts being life instincts and death instincts, and the structural theory of personality comprising the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Defense mechanisms like repression are employed by the ego to reduce anxiety from unconscious conflicts. Psychoanalysis aims to make the unconscious conscious through techniques like free association, dream analysis, and interpretation of transference.
An addiction is a complex brain disease that causes physical and mental dependence on drugs. Prolonged drug use changes the brain's structure and communication, making it difficult to stop using drugs. While addiction can be treated through rehabilitation, relapses and health issues often remain. Many factors contribute to drug addiction, including environment, biology, development, and peer pressure. Different drugs have various short-term and long-term effects on physical and mental health. Seeking help from a drug helpline is recommended for those struggling with addiction.
This document discusses principles of psychology related to trust and strengths-finding. It covers positive psychology and its focus on individual strengths rather than problems. Freud's psychoanalytic concepts are examined, including the id, ego, and superego structures of personality. Defense mechanisms are outlined at different levels from psychotic to mature. The document also discusses cognitive dissonance theory and Erikson's stages of psychosocial development related to trust vs. mistrust and autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
Psychological models of depression include psychodynamic, interpersonal, behavioral, and cognitive theories. Psychodynamic theories view depression as resulting from unresolved conflicts around loss, impaired self-esteem, and inadequate early caregivers. Interpersonal theories link mood to disruptions in relationships and social support. Behavioral theories explain depression as learned through reinforcement and social interactions. Cognitive theories emphasize negative thought patterns and schemas involving negative views of self, world, and future as central to depression.
This document discusses psychoanalysis and human development from several perspectives. It addresses how emotions, attachment, and relatedness develop from biological and psychological factors through interactions with primary caregivers. Key topics covered include the relational focus of psychoanalysis from the beginning, the debate between Freud and Ferenczi on autonomy versus relatedness, and how internal working models form based on early attachment relationships. Developmental theorists discussed include Freud, Klein, Winnicott, Bowlby, and Kohut.
Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, emotional or erratic behaviors. They include antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder. Biological factors like genetics and hormones play a role in etiology. Psychological factors during development like attachment issues and maladaptive defenses also contribute to Cluster B personalities. Antisocial personality disorder specifically involves a persistent disregard for social norms with impulsive and aggressive tendencies, affecting mostly males.
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious
Attachment, Antisocial, And Antisocial BehaviorDiane Allen
Secure early attachments help develop empathy and emotional regulation, promoting prosocial behavior. Those lacking these skills display antisocial behavior like disrespecting others' rights. Antisocial behavior in adolescents can predict later adjustment issues and criminality. While some defiance is normal in teens, consistent antisocial behavior signals a disorder requiring treatment.
Psychoanalysis
The relational focus was there from the beginning.
In between Biology and Psychology: genetic vulnerabilities in interaction with the primary caregivers.
How do somatic sensations develop into human feelings?
How do emotions develop into feelings?
How develop somatic sensations into intentional behavior with a symbolic meaning?
How do biological factors, genetic vulnerabilities and environmental factors interact with each other?
Kudelski Security has created an end-to-end secure 4G-LTE wireless broadband solution for critical communications. It provides a portable, private cellular network with LTE speeds and bandwidth along with full network control and priority access. The solution includes ruggedized mobile units that create independent secure network bubbles for local communications even without remote connectivity. It also offers built-in security features like encryption and threat monitoring and can integrate with Kudelski's Cyber Fusion Center for analytics.
This is my presentation for class on psychological disorders. I compelted many hours of research on this topic as well as studying mental illness on my own time.
This document discusses several personality disorders including paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, and histrionic personality disorders. It defines personality disorders as enduring patterns of behavior that deviate from cultural norms and cause distress. Paranoid personality disorder involves irrational suspicions and mistrust. Schizoid personality disorder involves a lack of interest in social relationships and emotions. Schizotypal personality disorder involves odd thinking and behavior. Histrionic personality disorder involves exaggerated emotions and seeking attention. Genetics and environment may contribute to these disorders. Treatment involves psychotherapy and sometimes medication.
From a psychoanalytical perspective, there are two main types of psychopathology: those related to conflicting mental representations which result in neurotic pathology, and those related to failures of the mentalizing process which result in personality disorders. Borderline personality disorder is characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect as well as impulsivity, while paranoid personality disorder involves a pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others. Both disorders stem from failures early in life to develop stable and coherent mental representations of oneself and others.
Psychoanalysis & Sigmund Freud by Malik ShahrukhShahrukh Malik
Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work.
Mood Disorders Mental Health Nursing Chapter 16 Part Iilifeisgood727
The document discusses bipolar disorder and mood disorders. It covers biological, psychosocial and developmental theories of bipolar disorder. It also discusses symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for bipolar disorder including in children and adolescents. Treatment includes psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy and family interventions. The nursing process for patients with mood disorders or who are suicidal is also summarized including assessment, diagnoses, planning and evaluation.
This document summarizes mood disorders including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. It discusses the symptoms, diagnostic criteria, prevalence, etiology, treatment goals, and pharmacotherapy options for these conditions. Key points include that major depressive disorder is more prevalent in women while bipolar disorder is equal between men and women; biological and psychosocial factors can contribute to the development of mood disorders; and treatment may involve hospitalization, psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and medications like SSRIs, SNRIs, lithium, and antipsychotics depending on the specific diagnosis.
This document discusses several personality disorders as defined by the DSM-IV-TR including paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, and dependent personality disorders. For each disorder, it provides definitions, epidemiological statistics, clinical features, and potential predisposing factors. The causes of these personality disorders are complex and not fully understood, but may involve genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental influences.
This document provides an overview of personality disorders and theories of personality development. It defines personality disorders and outlines several theories including Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Freud's psychosexual stages and structural model of personality, Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, and Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Key concepts from each theory are discussed in detail, such as schemas, assimilation, accommodation, fixation, the id, ego, and superego. The document also evaluates some of Freud's theories and discusses the interaction between components of Freud's structural model.
Psychoanalysis was originated by Sigmund Freud and further developed by Carl Jung. [1] Freud believed that unconscious drives and early childhood experiences influence behavior and can be revealed through analysis of dreams, free association, and transference. [2] Jung expanded on Freud's work and focused on bringing unconscious aspects of personality into consciousness to aid psychological growth and balance different parts of the psyche like the ego and self. [3] Both aimed to treat mental disorders by liberating repressed fears and desires through analysis of the unconscious mind.
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
Substance Abuse, Psychiatric Nursing, B. Sc (N) PPTNithiy Uday
The document discusses substance abuse and alcohol dependence. It defines key terms like substance abuse, addiction, dependence, and withdrawal. It covers the ICD-10 classification of substance use disorders and commonly abused substances. It discusses the etiology of substance abuse from biological, behavioral, psychological, and social perspectives. It provides details on the stages of alcoholism, clinical features of alcohol dependence, and psychiatric disorders caused by alcohol like acute intoxication, withdrawal syndrome, amnestic disorders, and mood disorders. It also covers relapse in alcohol dependence and complications of long-term alcohol abuse.
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and its fundamental assumptions include that unconscious factors motivate behavior, early childhood experiences shape personality, and unconscious motives and conflicts are central. His basic concepts include human nature being determined by unconscious drives, instincts being life instincts and death instincts, and the structural theory of personality comprising the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Defense mechanisms like repression are employed by the ego to reduce anxiety from unconscious conflicts. Psychoanalysis aims to make the unconscious conscious through techniques like free association, dream analysis, and interpretation of transference.
An addiction is a complex brain disease that causes physical and mental dependence on drugs. Prolonged drug use changes the brain's structure and communication, making it difficult to stop using drugs. While addiction can be treated through rehabilitation, relapses and health issues often remain. Many factors contribute to drug addiction, including environment, biology, development, and peer pressure. Different drugs have various short-term and long-term effects on physical and mental health. Seeking help from a drug helpline is recommended for those struggling with addiction.
This document discusses principles of psychology related to trust and strengths-finding. It covers positive psychology and its focus on individual strengths rather than problems. Freud's psychoanalytic concepts are examined, including the id, ego, and superego structures of personality. Defense mechanisms are outlined at different levels from psychotic to mature. The document also discusses cognitive dissonance theory and Erikson's stages of psychosocial development related to trust vs. mistrust and autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
Psychological models of depression include psychodynamic, interpersonal, behavioral, and cognitive theories. Psychodynamic theories view depression as resulting from unresolved conflicts around loss, impaired self-esteem, and inadequate early caregivers. Interpersonal theories link mood to disruptions in relationships and social support. Behavioral theories explain depression as learned through reinforcement and social interactions. Cognitive theories emphasize negative thought patterns and schemas involving negative views of self, world, and future as central to depression.
This document discusses psychoanalysis and human development from several perspectives. It addresses how emotions, attachment, and relatedness develop from biological and psychological factors through interactions with primary caregivers. Key topics covered include the relational focus of psychoanalysis from the beginning, the debate between Freud and Ferenczi on autonomy versus relatedness, and how internal working models form based on early attachment relationships. Developmental theorists discussed include Freud, Klein, Winnicott, Bowlby, and Kohut.
Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, emotional or erratic behaviors. They include antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder. Biological factors like genetics and hormones play a role in etiology. Psychological factors during development like attachment issues and maladaptive defenses also contribute to Cluster B personalities. Antisocial personality disorder specifically involves a persistent disregard for social norms with impulsive and aggressive tendencies, affecting mostly males.
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious
Attachment, Antisocial, And Antisocial BehaviorDiane Allen
Secure early attachments help develop empathy and emotional regulation, promoting prosocial behavior. Those lacking these skills display antisocial behavior like disrespecting others' rights. Antisocial behavior in adolescents can predict later adjustment issues and criminality. While some defiance is normal in teens, consistent antisocial behavior signals a disorder requiring treatment.
This document discusses the concept of insight and judgment in mental health. It defines insight as involving introspection, empathy, understanding how one's behavior affects others, and recognizing illness and need for treatment. Judgment requires weighing factors to make decisions. Both insight and judgment rely on intact cognitive functions. The document outlines several models of insight and factors that can impair judgment, such as mental illnesses like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. It also discusses various scales used to measure insight.
Antisocial personality disorder is a psychological disorder characterized by dysfunctional and destructive thinking and relating to others. People with this disorder have no regard for others' rights and feelings and manipulate or antagonize others for pleasure or gain, showing no remorse. Symptoms often begin in childhood and become fully evident in the 20s-30s, potentially including cruelty to animals and bullying. Half of male inmates meet criteria for this disorder.
Schizophrenia is a group of biological disorders that produce impairments in thinking, learning, and relationships. It affects around 1% of the population and often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. While there is no known cure, treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Biological factors like genetics and brain abnormalities are involved in schizophrenia, as are psychological and social factors. Medications are effective in reducing positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, while psychosocial therapies also play an important role in treatment and recovery.
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalytic theory, which focuses on unconscious processes and how early childhood experiences shape personality. He proposed that the mind is divided into the id, ego, and superego, which are in constant conflict. Defense mechanisms like repression help resolve this intrapsychic conflict unconsciously. Freud believed psychosexual development occurs in stages like oral and phallic, and fixations can result from conflicts in these stages. Psychoanalytic treatment uses techniques like free association and analysis of transference to develop insight. Freud made major contributions by emphasizing the role of sexuality and the unconscious.
The document discusses the character of the Joker from the Batman movies as an example of someone suffering from antisocial personality disorder. It describes key characteristics of the disorder according to the Mayo Clinic, including disregard for others, manipulation of others, lack of guilt or remorse. The document then discusses how childhood traumas, genetics, and societal stereotypes can contribute to misdiagnosis of the disorder. Researchers are still working to better define personality disorders and find more effective treatments.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Carl Jung's analytical psychology perspective on personality development. It discusses key concepts in Freudian psychoanalysis like the structure of personality consisting of the id, ego and superego. Defense mechanisms and psychosexual stages are also explained. Jung diverged from Freud in rejecting his sexual theory and emphasis on biological drives, focusing more on spirituality and individuation. The document also outlines techniques used in psychoanalytic therapy like free association, dream analysis, and interpretation of transference and resistance.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 14 on Psychological Disorders from a PowerPoint presentation. It discusses defining and classifying psychological disorders, as well as specific disorders like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and others. For each disorder type, it examines diagnostic criteria, prevalence, causes and explanations from different perspectives like biology, learning, and culture. The goal is to understand the nature of psychological disorders and how they are diagnosed and treated.
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, And Traditional Psychodynamic...Diana Turner
This document discusses psychodynamic theories of personality, including those proposed by Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and others. It explains that traditional psychodynamic theories focused on the unconscious mind and believed personality traits were innate, while contemporary theories emphasized how personality develops through interactions with the external world. The document also briefly describes some of the key ideas from Freudian psychoanalysis and Jungian analytical psychology.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
2. 22
Psychopathology 1Psychopathology 1
Biology and PsychologyBiology and Psychology
Behavior is the result of the mutualBehavior is the result of the mutual
relation between “nature” andrelation between “nature” and
“nurture”.The result of a complicated“nurture”.The result of a complicated
interaction between “genes” andinteraction between “genes” and
“environment”→ integration Mind and“environment”→ integration Mind and
Brain.Brain.
3. 33
Psychopathology 2Psychopathology 2
Consequences for looking atConsequences for looking at
pathologypathology
1.1. No causal relation between risc factors and theNo causal relation between risc factors and the
development of pathology; the amount of riscdevelopment of pathology; the amount of risc
factors is in a way predictable.factors is in a way predictable.
2.2. The quality of the early attachmentThe quality of the early attachment
relationships is important for the possiblerelationships is important for the possible
development of pathologydevelopment of pathology
4. 4
Psychopathology 3Psychopathology 3
The process of internalising early experiencesThe process of internalising early experiences
and the creation of an internal psychologicaland the creation of an internal psychological
model of the interpersonal world →model of the interpersonal world →
mentalization/ creation of a mind or mentalmentalization/ creation of a mind or mental
representations.representations.
Internal representations of the earlierInternal representations of the earlier
experiences with the primairy care givers willexperiences with the primairy care givers will
influence later relationships and theinfluence later relationships and the
development of psychopathology later ondevelopment of psychopathology later on
5. 5
Psychopathology 4Psychopathology 4
There are 2 types ofThere are 2 types of
psychopathologypsychopathology
1.1. Related to conflicting mental representations:Related to conflicting mental representations:
neurotic pathologyneurotic pathology
2.2. Related to the failing of the mentalizingRelated to the failing of the mentalizing
process itself: personality disorders this is theprocess itself: personality disorders this is the
area of the borderline personality organizationarea of the borderline personality organization
6. 6
Difference between BPD and BPO 1Difference between BPD and BPO 1
Borderline Personality DisorderBorderline Personality Disorder
1.1. A descriptive diagnosis. Manifest andA descriptive diagnosis. Manifest and
observable behaviorobservable behavior
2.2. An enduring pattern of internal experiencesAn enduring pattern of internal experiences
that manifest themselves in a broad area ofthat manifest themselves in a broad area of
personal and social situations.personal and social situations.
3.3. DSM IVDSM IV
7. 77
Difference between BPD and BPO 2Difference between BPD and BPO 2
Borderline PersonalityBorderline Personality
OrganizationOrganization
Structural Diagnosis/ KernbergStructural Diagnosis/ Kernberg
Underlying structure which is not directlyUnderlying structure which is not directly
observable.→observable.→
Dyade/Schema/I.W.M./I.I.M.Dyade/Schema/I.W.M./I.I.M.
Includes the whole area of personalityIncludes the whole area of personality
disordersdisorders
8. 8
Two types of pathologyTwo types of pathology
Mental process disordersMental process disorders
Inability to represent inside what is outsideInability to represent inside what is outside
The dependency from the external world isThe dependency from the external world is
therethere
Anxieties are interpersonal instead of intraAnxieties are interpersonal instead of intra
personalpersonal
9. 99
Two types of pathologyTwo types of pathology
Mental Process disordersMental Process disorders
No psychological Self but the body is the selfNo psychological Self but the body is the self
No Somatization as a defense but SomaNo Somatization as a defense but Soma
Alexithymia: medically unexplained physicalAlexithymia: medically unexplained physical
symptoms/ conversionssymptoms/ conversions
They live in a frightened world instead of a worldThey live in a frightened world instead of a world
they are experiencing as frighteningthey are experiencing as frightening
10. 10
Mental Process DisordersMental Process Disorders
1.1. Anxiety neurosisAnxiety neurosis
2.2. External Regulated / MotivatedExternal Regulated / Motivated
3.3. Developmental pathologyDevelopmental pathology
4.4. Building structuresBuilding structures
5.5. The area of the personality disorders Axis 2The area of the personality disorders Axis 2
cluster A and Bcluster A and B
6.6. Axis 1 Somatization, Somatoform disorder,Axis 1 Somatization, Somatoform disorder,
Panic disorder Dissociative disorder andPanic disorder Dissociative disorder and
PTSD.PTSD.
12. Mental process / mental representations
Paranoid/Schizoid versus Depressive Pos.
Primary love versus Basic Fault
Primary versus Secondary Process
Pre Oedipal versus Oedipal
Neurotic versus Structural
Neurotic versus Personality dis.
12
13. 13
M.KleinM.Klein
Par. Schizoid PositionPar. Schizoid Position
Annihilation anxietyAnnihilation anxiety
Identity undermining defensesIdentity undermining defenses
No adequate self/object differentiationNo adequate self/object differentiation
No adequate object constancyNo adequate object constancy
Archaic Object RelationsArchaic Object Relations
Ambivalences are not bearableAmbivalences are not bearable
““doing” instead of “containing”/”feeling”doing” instead of “containing”/”feeling”
14. 14
M.KleinM.Klein
Par.Schizoid PositionPar.Schizoid Position
Interventions related to the inner experiencingInterventions related to the inner experiencing
are raising the anxiety and by that stimulatingare raising the anxiety and by that stimulating
“acting out”“acting out”
Interventions should relate inner and outerInterventions should relate inner and outer
sources of stresssources of stress → facilitating mentalization→ facilitating mentalization
Therapist as external Obs.Ego → beingTherapist as external Obs.Ego → being
introjected / mirroringintrojected / mirroring
15. 15
M.KleinM.Klein
Depressive positionDepressive position
Anxieties related to inner ambivalencesAnxieties related to inner ambivalences
Defenses in favour of identityDefenses in favour of identity
Adequate S/O differentiationAdequate S/O differentiation
Adequate Object constancyAdequate Object constancy
Realistic Object RelationsRealistic Object Relations
Containing instead of doingContaining instead of doing
16. 16
AttachmentAttachment
A safe attachment style supposesA safe attachment style supposes
Adequate sensitivityAdequate sensitivity : being aware that: being aware that
there is something going on in the otherthere is something going on in the other
personperson
Adequate responsivityAdequate responsivity : reacting to the: reacting to the
other in such a way that it is clear what isother in such a way that it is clear what is
from me and what from the otherfrom me and what from the other
17. Failing sensitivity: Externalizing pathology
They minimize their need for relatedness. As a strategy
against the pain of the separation and the feeling not
been seen.
Predisposition for Externalizing pathology because
there is no attention for the self, and the solution of
negative inner representations is not there → faling
sensitivity
(Dozier 1999)
17
18. Failing responsivity: Internalizing pathology
They maximalizing their need for relatedness and they
are continually occupied with the emotional pain and
the not being available of the attachment figures.
Predisposition for Internalizing pathology: attention
will be fixated to the availability of the caring other and
negative representations stay painfully alive → failing
responsivity
18
19. 19
S. Blatt: Two Basic Drives
1. Relatedness
2. Autonomy
(Blatt 1998)
Anaclytical pathology
Preoccupied/Ambivalent
Faling responsivity/not marked
mirroring
I can not be on my own
Introjective pathology
Avoiding
Failing sensitivity
I do it myself
26. 26
Identity - 2 -Identity - 2 -
FragmentationFragmentation - cohesive- cohesive
Acting outActing out - containing- containing
Momentaneous - timeMomentaneous - time
perspectiveperspective
panicpanic - signal anxiety- signal anxiety
Splitting - repressionSplitting - repression
27. Structural Diagnosis/ Kernberg
Underlying structure which is not directly
observable.
Object Relational Dyade; Schema
Internal Working Model. Intersubjective.
Interpretive Mechanism.
Includes the whole area of personality
disorders
27
28. 28
Structural PersonalityStructural Personality
OrganizationOrganization
KernbergKernberg (1984)(1984)
NeuroticNeurotic BorderlineBorderline PsychoticPsychotic
IdentityIdentity integratedintegrated diffuusdiffuus fragmentatedfragmentated
DefenseDefense maturemature archaicarchaic archaicarchaic
RealityReality
TestingTesting
in tactin tact in tact in a wayin tact in a way absentabsent
39. A pervasive pattern of detachment from social
relationships
Introjective/externalizing pathology
39
40. Restricted range of expression of emotions in
interpersonal relationships
No desire or missing or enjoying close
relationships
Indifferent to praise or criticism
Like being alone
40
41. In the internal world intense relations
Anxiety of being rejected;of being
persecuted;of desintegration
A lot of splitting
Fairbairn: internal life compensates deficits in
external life → inner life is pathological
Balint: Inadequate mothering → basic fault
41
42. 42
PersonalityPersonality
DisorderDisorder
SchizoidSchizoid
View ofView of
selfself
Self-sufficient. LonerSelf-sufficient. Loner
View ofView of
othersothers
IntrusiveIntrusive
MainMain
beliefsbeliefs
Others are unrewarding.Others are unrewarding.
Relationships are messy, undesirable.Relationships are messy, undesirable.
MainMain
strategystrategy
Stay away!Stay away!
TherapeutiTherapeuti
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strategiesstrategies
Realize that he is basically very insecure and that contactRealize that he is basically very insecure and that contact
with people is a real threat.with people is a real threat.
So let him decide how much contact he wants.So let him decide how much contact he wants.
Do everything to increase his sense of self-efficacy.Do everything to increase his sense of self-efficacy.
43. The same as Schizoid but also:
Ideas of reference
Suspicious/paranoid,excessive social anxiety
Magical thinking
Eccentric and odd behavior
43
44. 44
PersonalityPersonality
DisorderDisorder
SchizotypalSchizotypal
View ofView of
selfself
Unreal, detached, loner.Unreal, detached, loner.
Vulnerable, socially conspicuous.Vulnerable, socially conspicuous.
Supernaturally sensitive and gifted.Supernaturally sensitive and gifted.
View ofView of
othersothers
Untrustworthy. Malevolent.Untrustworthy. Malevolent.
MainMain
beliefsbeliefs
(irrational, odd, superstitious, magical thinking; e.g. belief in(irrational, odd, superstitious, magical thinking; e.g. belief in
clairvoyance, telepathy or ‘sixth sense’.)clairvoyance, telepathy or ‘sixth sense’.)
““It is better to be isolated from others.”It is better to be isolated from others.”
MainMain
strategystrategy
Watch for and neutralize malevolent attention from others.Watch for and neutralize malevolent attention from others.
Stay to self.Stay to self.
Be vigilant for supernatural forces or events.Be vigilant for supernatural forces or events.
TherapeutiTherapeuti
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See next slide.See next slide.
45. 45
How to deal with SchizotypicalsHow to deal with Schizotypicals
Realize that he is basically very insecure and thatRealize that he is basically very insecure and that
contact with people is a real threat.contact with people is a real threat.
So let him decide how much contact he wants.So let him decide how much contact he wants.
Do everything to increase his sense of self-efficacy andDo everything to increase his sense of self-efficacy and
his reality testing.his reality testing.
Don’t argue about telepathy, but simply state that youDon’t argue about telepathy, but simply state that you
don’t have such experiences.don’t have such experiences.
46. A pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of
others
Fixated in the paranoid/schizoid position
Reads hidden meanings in everything
Externalizing, others are aggressors
No trust in others → problems with basic trust
4646
47. The dominant dyade is that of victim and
persecutor
Emotional cold in intimate relations
Arrogant on the outside feelings of inferiority in
the inside
Hyperalert
In a way they are right the problem is in the
enlargement
47
48. Splitting as defense mechanism
Continuous Anxiety
Concrete Magic Thinking → Taking things at
face value
Projective Identification
Problems with Object Constancy
Relations are in it self dangerous and
discontinuous
48
49. 49
PersonalityPersonality
DisorderDisorder
ParanoidParanoid
View ofView of
selfself
Righteous, innocent, noble, vulnerableRighteous, innocent, noble, vulnerable
View ofView of
othersothers
Interfering, malicious, discriminatory, abusive motivesInterfering, malicious, discriminatory, abusive motives
MainMain
beliefsbeliefs
Others’ motives are suspect.Others’ motives are suspect.
I must always be on guard.I must always be on guard.
I cannot trust people.I cannot trust people.
MainMain
strategystrategy
Be wary. Look for hidden motives.Be wary. Look for hidden motives.
Accuse. Counterattack.Accuse. Counterattack.
TherapeutiTherapeuti
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strategiesstrategies
Realize that he is basically very insecure.Realize that he is basically very insecure.
So accept the suspiciousness.So accept the suspiciousness.
Accept that you have to earn his trust, by being extremelyAccept that you have to earn his trust, by being extremely
transparant and open about what you are doing.transparant and open about what you are doing.
Do everything to increase his sense of self-efficacy.Do everything to increase his sense of self-efficacy.
51. Pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal
relationships, self image and affects and
marked impulsivity
Anaclytical / internalizing pathology
51
52. Alternating between idealizing and devaluating
Chronic feelings of emptiness
Inappropriate intense anger
Self-mutilation
52
53. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined
abandoment
Identity disturbances
Impulsivity / problems with bounderies
Affective instability / moodswings including
anxiety
Paranoid ideation
53
54. 54
PersonalityPersonality
DisorderDisorder
BorderlineBorderline
View ofView of
selfself
Vulnerable (to rejection, betrayal, domination)Vulnerable (to rejection, betrayal, domination)
Deprived (of needed emotional support)Deprived (of needed emotional support)
Powerless. Out of control.Powerless. Out of control.
Defective. Unlovable. Bad.Defective. Unlovable. Bad.
View ofView of
othersothers
(idealized:) poweful, loving, perfect.(idealized:) poweful, loving, perfect.
(devaluated:) rejecting, controlling, betraying, abandoning.(devaluated:) rejecting, controlling, betraying, abandoning.
MainMain
beliefsbeliefs
I cannot cope on my own. I need someone to rely on.I cannot cope on my own. I need someone to rely on.
If I rely on someone I will be mistreated, found wanting, andIf I rely on someone I will be mistreated, found wanting, and
abandoned.abandoned.
The worst possible thing would be to be abandoned.The worst possible thing would be to be abandoned.
I cannot bear unpleasant feelings.I cannot bear unpleasant feelings.
It is impossible for me to control myself.It is impossible for me to control myself.
I deserve to be punished.I deserve to be punished.
MainMain
strategystrategy
Subjugate own needs to maintain connection.Subjugate own needs to maintain connection.
Protest dramatically, threaten and/or become punitive toward thoseProtest dramatically, threaten and/or become punitive toward those
that signal possible rejection.that signal possible rejection.
Relieve tension through self-mutilation and self-destructiveRelieve tension through self-mutilation and self-destructive
55. 55
How to deal with borderlines.How to deal with borderlines.
They provoke intense countertransference feelings: Anxiety ,They provoke intense countertransference feelings: Anxiety ,
Compassion, Powerlessness,Rage.Compassion, Powerlessness,Rage.
They constantly test the limits. So stop them in time, in spite ofThey constantly test the limits. So stop them in time, in spite of
their vehement emotions, reproaches, suicide threats.their vehement emotions, reproaches, suicide threats.
The basic rule is:The basic rule is: setting clear and consistent limits.setting clear and consistent limits.
Keep in mind that their life-long dilemma is: fear of utter lonelinessKeep in mind that their life-long dilemma is: fear of utter loneliness
↔ fear of engulfment and loss of identity.↔ fear of engulfment and loss of identity.
This causes the instability between intense need for contact andThis causes the instability between intense need for contact and
intense rejection when you try to be helpful.intense rejection when you try to be helpful.
Be clear about the conditions by which you can help her.Be clear about the conditions by which you can help her.
Be consistent in maintaining these conditions and setting limits.Be consistent in maintaining these conditions and setting limits.
This helps you to prevent your anger.This helps you to prevent your anger.
56. Pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for
admiration, for being loved
Introjective / Externalizing pathology
56
57. Oblivious: need for being loved / admired
arrogant; thick skinned; phallic narc. char.
No awareness of reactions of others
Arrogant / Agressive
Self centered, need to be the center
Lack of empathy
untouchable
57
58. Hypervigilant: need to be loved / admired
Depressed; thin skinned; shy narcissist.
Highly sensitive to reactions of others
Inhibited or shy
Directs attention to others instead of himself
Shuns to be the center
Listens to others for evidence or criticism
Easily hurt
58
59. 59
PersonalityPersonality
DisorderDisorder
Narcissistic.Narcissistic.
View ofView of
selfself
Special, unique, superior.Special, unique, superior.
Deserves special rules.Deserves special rules.
Is above the rules.Is above the rules.
View ofView of
othersothers
Inferior.Inferior.
Admirers.Admirers.
MainMain
beliefsbeliefs
Since I am special ISince I am special I deservedeserve special rules.special rules.
I am above the rules.I am above the rules.
I am better than others.I am better than others.
MainMain
strategystrategy
Use others. Transcend rules, manipulate, compete.Use others. Transcend rules, manipulate, compete.
TherapeutiTherapeuti
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strategiesstrategies
See next slide.See next slide.
60. 60
How to deal with narcissists.How to deal with narcissists.
Keep in mind that their arrogance is needed in order notKeep in mind that their arrogance is needed in order not
to feel inferior.to feel inferior.
Therefore accept the fact that there can be only oneTherefore accept the fact that there can be only one
grandiose person in the room.grandiose person in the room.
So overcome your own narcissistic hurt and use praiseSo overcome your own narcissistic hurt and use praise
and flattery to get things done.and flattery to get things done.
But resist unreasonable demands, for then they looseBut resist unreasonable demands, for then they loose
respect.respect.
But tolerate their rage when you don’t fulfil theirBut tolerate their rage when you don’t fulfil their
demands.demands.
61. Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation
of the rights of others
Introjective /Externalizing pathology
61
62. Failure to conform to social norms
Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
Irratability / agression
No empathy
No responsability for their behavior
62
63. Strong genetic factor
Failing in emotional attunement → no
caring/soothing objects
Lack of remorse
Grandiose Self is an agressive introject
Lack of basic trust
63
65. 65
PersonalityPersonality
DisorderDisorder
AntisocialAntisocial
View ofView of
selfself
A lonerA loner
View ofView of
othersothers
VulnerableVulnerable
MainMain
beliefsbeliefs
““I am entitled toI am entitled to breakbreak rules.”rules.”
MainMain
strategystrategy
Attack. Rob. Steal.Attack. Rob. Steal.
TherapeutiTherapeuti
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See next slide.See next slide.
66. 666666
How to deal with antisocialsHow to deal with antisocials
Don’t let yourself be flattered by his charm.Don’t let yourself be flattered by his charm.
Be aware that he always wants something from you.Be aware that he always wants something from you.
So be especially suspicious if he offers you to participateSo be especially suspicious if he offers you to participate
in some partly illegal, but very profitable offer.in some partly illegal, but very profitable offer.
As he has no conscience, teaching morals makes noAs he has no conscience, teaching morals makes no
sense.sense.
So teach him to become a better psychopath, moreSo teach him to become a better psychopath, more
clever and long-sighted, directed to his best interests.clever and long-sighted, directed to his best interests.
67. Pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality
and attention seeking
Anaclytical / Internalizing pathology
67
69. Hysterical
Adequate internal structure
Triadic relations
Mature defense
Take and give relations
Emotional reserve; sexual naiveté; conversions
and somatizations
69
70. 70
PersonalityPersonality
DisorderDisorder
Histrionic.Histrionic.
View ofView of
selfself
Glamorous. Impressive.Glamorous. Impressive.
View ofView of
othersothers
Seducible. Receptive. Admirers.Seducible. Receptive. Admirers.
MainMain
beliefsbeliefs
People are there to serve me or to admire me.People are there to serve me or to admire me.
People have no rights to deny me what I deserve.People have no rights to deny me what I deserve.
I can go by my feeling.I can go by my feeling.
MainMain
strategystrategy
Use dramatics, charm, temper tantrums, crying, suicideUse dramatics, charm, temper tantrums, crying, suicide
gestures.gestures.
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See next slide.See next slide.
71. 71
How to deal with histrionics.How to deal with histrionics.
Natural reactions to them are: Rescuer phantasies,Natural reactions to them are: Rescuer phantasies,
Sexual desire, Irritation.Sexual desire, Irritation.
So be wary of the intense emotional contact they seemSo be wary of the intense emotional contact they seem
to promise.to promise.
Resist the temptation to become the all-powerfulResist the temptation to become the all-powerful
rescuer.rescuer.
Interrupt their impressionistic, dramatic style of thinking.Interrupt their impressionistic, dramatic style of thinking.
Teach them toTeach them to think throughthink through,, in order to be able to makein order to be able to make
their own decisions, and totheir own decisions, and to decatastrophizedecatastrophize the futurethe future
and to improve their problem solving skills.and to improve their problem solving skills.
73. Pervasive pattern of preoccupation with
orderliness, perfectionism, mental and
interpersonal control. Less flexibility, openness
and efficiency.
In Control
Details, rules, procedures, organization
Rigid, stubbornness
73
74. Intimacy is dangerous
They were never good enough
Severe internal parental objects
Workaholics
Love is related to high performances
Selfdoubt
deep depression when they realize that
perfection doesn’t exist
74
75. 75
PersonalityPersonality
DisorderDisorder
Obsessive-compulsive.Obsessive-compulsive.
View ofView of
selfself
Responsible. Accountable. Fastidious. Exacting. Competent.Responsible. Accountable. Fastidious. Exacting. Competent.
View ofView of
othersothers
Irresponsible. Casual. Incompetent. Self-indulgent.Irresponsible. Casual. Incompetent. Self-indulgent.
MainMain
beliefsbeliefs
I know what is best.I know what is best.
Details are crucial.Details are crucial.
PeoplePeople shouldshould do better, try harder.do better, try harder.
MainMain
strategystrategy
Apply rules. Perfectionism. Evaluate, control.Apply rules. Perfectionism. Evaluate, control.
““shoulds”. Criticize. Punish.shoulds”. Criticize. Punish.
TherapeutiTherapeuti
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See next slide.See next slide.
76. 76
How to deal with obsessive-compulsivesHow to deal with obsessive-compulsives ..
Respect his meticulousness, but state clearly whenRespect his meticulousness, but state clearly when
things are clear enough.things are clear enough.
Do behavioral experiments to let him discover that doingDo behavioral experiments to let him discover that doing
something less-than-perfect does not bring the fearedsomething less-than-perfect does not bring the feared
catastrophy.catastrophy.
77. Pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings
of being inadequate, hypersensitive for
negative evaluation
Introjective /Externalizing pathology
77
78. Anxious for being related because of the
anxiety to be rejected
Avoids getting involved with people unless
certain of being liked
Low self esteem, intense need for affection and
appreciation
78
79. Feelings of inferiority related to shame →
related to narcissistic p.d. → sensitive type
Shame related to Self Exposure which is
avoided
Neurotic variant of the Schizoid P.D.
Phobic Personality
Often in conjunction with Axis I diagnosis
79
80. 80
PersonalityPersonality
DisorderDisorder
AvoidantAvoidant
View ofView of
selfself
Vulnerable to depreciation, rejection.Vulnerable to depreciation, rejection.
Socially inept. Incompetent.Socially inept. Incompetent.
View ofView of
othersothers
Critical. Demeaning. Superior.Critical. Demeaning. Superior.
MainMain
beliefsbeliefs
It is terrible to be rejected or put down.It is terrible to be rejected or put down.
If people know the ‘real’ me, they will reject me.If people know the ‘real’ me, they will reject me.
I cannot tolerate unpleasant feelings.I cannot tolerate unpleasant feelings.
MainMain
strategystrategy
Avoid evaluative situationsAvoid evaluative situations
Avoid unpleasant feelings or thoughts by keeping everythingAvoid unpleasant feelings or thoughts by keeping everything
vague.vague.
TherapeutiTherapeuti
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See next slide.See next slide.
81. 81
How to deal with avoidant patients.How to deal with avoidant patients.
How much you do your best to be accepting, keep inHow much you do your best to be accepting, keep in
mind that they can only see you as critical, and so theymind that they can only see you as critical, and so they
will try to be as vague as possible, in order not to bewill try to be as vague as possible, in order not to be
caught.caught.
Show them the price they pay by avoiding and help themShow them the price they pay by avoiding and help them
to confront the feared situations in small steps, and toto confront the feared situations in small steps, and to
tolerate the tension.tolerate the tension.
Confront them with the fact that others will judge themConfront them with the fact that others will judge them
anyway.anyway.
Offer social skills training.Offer social skills training.
82. Pervasive need to be taken care of that leads
to submissive and clinging behavior related to
fears of separation or being abandoned
Anaclytical /Internalizing pathology
82
83. Difficulties in making decisions without
enormous advices from others
Enormous need for appreciation and
encouragement
Difficulties in expressing feelings of
disagreement because of fear of loss of
support or approval
83
84. Enormous need for nurturance and support
By being so dependent they provoke what they
want to avoid
Passive-Agressive versions of dependent p.d.
84
85. 85
PersonalityPersonality
DisorderDisorder
DependentDependent
View ofView of
selfself
Needy. Weak. Helpless. Incompetent.Needy. Weak. Helpless. Incompetent.
View ofView of
othersothers
(Idealized:) Nurturant. Supportive. Competent.(Idealized:) Nurturant. Supportive. Competent.
MainMain
beliefsbeliefs
I need people to survive and be happy.I need people to survive and be happy.
I need to have a steady flow of support and encouragement.I need to have a steady flow of support and encouragement.
MainMain
strategystrategy
Cultivate dependent relationships.Cultivate dependent relationships.
TherapeutiTherapeuti
cc
strategiesstrategies
Resist the invitation to take the initiative and to become theResist the invitation to take the initiative and to become the
all-powerful magical helper, but make a deal:all-powerful magical helper, but make a deal:
““I can only help you if you gradually do things on your own.”I can only help you if you gradually do things on your own.”
Promote small steps toward autonomy.Promote small steps toward autonomy.
Offer assertiveness training.Offer assertiveness training.
86. 86
PersonalityPersonality
DisorderDisorder
Passive-aggressivePassive-aggressive
View ofView of
selfself
Self-sufficient.Self-sufficient.
Vulnerable to control, interference.Vulnerable to control, interference.
View ofView of
othersothers
Intrusive, demanding, interfering, controlling, dominating.Intrusive, demanding, interfering, controlling, dominating.
MainMain
beliefsbeliefs
Others interfere with my freedom of action.Others interfere with my freedom of action.
Control by others is intolerable.Control by others is intolerable.
I have to do things my own way.I have to do things my own way.
MainMain
strategystrategy
Passive resistance.Passive resistance.
Surface submissiveness.Surface submissiveness.
Evade, circumvent rules.Evade, circumvent rules.
TherapeutiTherapeuti
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strategiesstrategies
Avoid power struggles and being pushed into theAvoid power struggles and being pushed into the
authoritarian role. Focus explicitely on collaboration.authoritarian role. Focus explicitely on collaboration.
88. Introjective ( melancholic)
Guilt, self criticism, perfection
Depressive personality disorder those people
suffer fromchronic dysphoric affect and have a
disposition for feeling guilty and/or ashamed
Looking inside to find explanations
“Mood disorders”
88
89. Anaclitical
shame; high reactivity to loss and rejection;
vague feelings of inadequacy and emptiness;
weak capacity to be alone
Looking in the outside for explanation
Dependent; narcissistic or borderline
personality disorder.
89
90. Depressive P.D. : a pervasive and repetitive
pattern that intensifies under stress → more
chronic state
Major depression : the vegetative symptoms
are on the foreground (decreased
appetite,decreased sexual desire; sleep
disturbances; psychomotor retardation etc)
90
91. Introjective
Concerned with self definition, autonomy, self
worth,self critical thoughts
Anaclitic
Concerned with relatedness, trust, preservation
of attachments
91
92. 92
Somatization P.D.Somatization P.D.
Anxiety neurosisAnxiety neurosis (Actual Neurosis(Actual Neurosis))
Somatic (hartbeating; sweating; trembling;Somatic (hartbeating; sweating; trembling;
nausea; problems with respiration etc.)nausea; problems with respiration etc.)
Not related to mental representationsNot related to mental representations
Related to mental process disordersRelated to mental process disorders
DSM IV; somatization,somatoform disordersDSM IV; somatization,somatoform disorders
panic disorders and PTSD.panic disorders and PTSD.
93. 93
Somatization P.D.Somatization P.D.
Mental Process disordersMental Process disorders
No psychological Self but the body is the selfNo psychological Self but the body is the self
No Somatization as a defense but SomaNo Somatization as a defense but Soma
Alexithymia: medically unexplained physicalAlexithymia: medically unexplained physical
symptoms/ conversionssymptoms/ conversions
They live in a frightened world instead of a worldThey live in a frightened world instead of a world
they are experiencing as frighteningthey are experiencing as frightening
94. 94
Somatization P.D.Somatization P.D.
1.1. Anxiety neurosis instead of psycho-Anxiety neurosis instead of psycho-
neurosisneurosis
2.2. Panic / momentaneous anxietyPanic / momentaneous anxiety
3.3. External Regulated / MotivatedExternal Regulated / Motivated
4.4. The area of the personality disordersThe area of the personality disorders
Axis 2 cluster A and BAxis 2 cluster A and B
5.5. Somatization, Somatoform disorder,Somatization, Somatoform disorder,
Panic disorder and PTSD.Panic disorder and PTSD.
95. Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociation as reaction to trauma
Vertical split
Dissociative amnesia → problems in
remembering specific episodes related to the
trauma
Dissociative fugue → problems in remembering
the own history, past or identity confusion.
95
96. Appearance of alters
Distinct identities or personality states each
with his own relatively enduring pattern of
percieving,relating to and thinking about the
environment and the self.
They recurrently take control of the persons
behavior
96
Dissociative P.D.Dissociative P.D.
97. Ever met a normal person ?
And did you like it ?
mdw@wxs.nl
97