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1. BONE PHYSIOLOGYBONE PHYSIOLOGY
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMYINDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental EducationLeader in continuing Dental Education
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2. ContentsContents
IntroductionIntroduction
BiochemistryBiochemistry
OsteologyOsteology
Types of bone tissueTypes of bone tissue
Bone metabolismBone metabolism
Calcium conservation and dietCalcium conservation and diet
Osteoblast histogenesis and boneOsteoblast histogenesis and bone
formationformation
Osteoclast recruitment and boneOsteoclast recruitment and bone
resorptionresorption www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Skeletal adaptation: modeling andSkeletal adaptation: modeling and
remodelingremodeling
Cortical bone growth and maturationCortical bone growth and maturation
Markers and physiologic indexes of boneMarkers and physiologic indexes of bone
cell functioncell function
Clinical co-relationClinical co-relation
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8. Differential osteology of the maxillaDifferential osteology of the maxilla
and the mandibleand the mandible
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10. Structure ofStructure of
typical long bonetypical long bone
before and afterbefore and after
epiphysial closureepiphysial closure
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11. Types of bone tissueTypes of bone tissue
Lamellar bone (99%)Lamellar bone (99%)
COMPACTCOMPACT OROR CORTICAL BONE (80%)CORTICAL BONE (80%)
TRABECULARTRABECULAR OROR SPONGY BONE (20%)SPONGY BONE (20%)
Woven boneWoven bone
Composite boneComposite bone
Bundle boneBundle bone
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20. Osteoblasts are derivd from paraOsteoblasts are derivd from para
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21. PHOSPHATE ESTERSPHOSPHATE ESTERS
HYDROLYSED BY THE ALKALINEHYDROLYSED BY THE ALKALINE↓↓PHOSPHATASE FROM OSTEOBLASTSPHOSPHATASE FROM OSTEOBLASTS
PHOSPHATESPHOSPHATES
INCREASED CONCENTRATION IN THE VICINITY OF THE OSTEOBLASTSINCREASED CONCENTRATION IN THE VICINITY OF THE OSTEOBLASTS
↓↓
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE PRECIPITATECALCIUM PHOSPHATE PRECIPITATE
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22. Bone ProteinsBone Proteins
CollagenCollagen
Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMP’s)Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMP’s)
Matrix G1a Protein (MGP)Matrix G1a Protein (MGP)
Bone G1a Protein (BGP, osteocalcin)Bone G1a Protein (BGP, osteocalcin)
OsteonectinOsteonectin
OsteopontinOsteopontin
G1a =G1a = γγ carboxylated glutamic acid residues whichcarboxylated glutamic acid residues which
bind calcium ionsbind calcium ions
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23. Osteoclast recruitment and boneOsteoclast recruitment and bone
resorptionresorption
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29. CORTICAL BONE GROWTH ANDCORTICAL BONE GROWTH AND
MATURATIONMATURATION
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30. The cutting cone has a head of osteoclasts that cut through the bone and
a tail of osteoblasts that form a new secondary osteon.
The velocity is measured by two tetracycline labels 1 and 2
administered 1 week apart.
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31. FACTORFACTOR PEAK LOAD INPEAK LOAD IN
MICROSTRAIN (MICROSTRAIN (µµεε))
MECHANICALMECHANICAL
DISUSE ATROPHYDISUSE ATROPHY <200<200
BONE MAINTAINENCEBONE MAINTAINENCE 200 - 2500200 - 2500
PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERTROPHYPHYSIOLOGIC HYPERTROPHY 2500 - 40002500 - 4000
PATHOLOGIC OVERLOADPATHOLOGIC OVERLOAD >4000>4000
ENDOCRINEENDOCRINE
BONE METABOLIC HORMONES:BONE METABOLIC HORMONES: PTH, VIT D,PTH, VIT D,
CALCITONINCALCITONIN
GROWTH HORMONES:GROWTH HORMONES: SOMATOTROPIN, IGF-I,SOMATOTROPIN, IGF-I,
IGF-IIIGF-II
SEX STEROIDS:SEX STEROIDS: TESTOSTERONE ANDTESTOSTERONE AND
ESTROGENESTROGEN
PARACRINE AND AUTOCRINEPARACRINE AND AUTOCRINE
WIDE VARIETY OF AGENTSWIDE VARIETY OF AGENTS
CONTROL FACTORS OF BONE MODELING
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32. CONTROL FACTORS OF BONE REMODELINGCONTROL FACTORS OF BONE REMODELING
METABOLICMETABOLIC
PARATHYROID HORMONE:PARATHYROID HORMONE: ACTIVATION FREQUENCYACTIVATION FREQUENCY
ESTROGEN:ESTROGEN: ↓ACTIVATION FREQUENCY↓ACTIVATION FREQUENCY
MECHANICALMECHANICAL
<1000<1000µµεε: MORE REMODELLING: MORE REMODELLING
>2000>2000µµεε: LESS REMODELLING: LESS REMODELLING
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33. Markers and physiologic indexes ofMarkers and physiologic indexes of
bone cell functionbone cell function
Mineralized sectionsMineralized sections
Polarized light birefringencePolarized light birefringence
Fluorescent labelsFluorescent labels
MicroradiographyMicroradiography
Backscatter emission imagingBackscatter emission imaging
Micro-computed tomographyMicro-computed tomography
AutoradiographyAutoradiography
Nuclear volume morphometryNuclear volume morphometry
Finite element modelingFinite element modeling
MicroelectrodesMicroelectrodeswww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
34. Mineralized sectionMineralized section
Radiolucent areas are the young osteons and the radiodense areas are the oldest
and most mineralised portions of the bone.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
35. Polarized light microscopyPolarized light microscopy
Collagen orientation in the bone matrix, “C” is the lamellae with longitudinally
oriented matrix is strong in tension and the darker horizontally oriented matrix has
most strength in compression.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Multiple fluorochrome labelsMultiple fluorochrome labels
Multiple fluorochrome labels at 2 week interval show incidence and rate of bone
formationwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
37. MicroradiographMicroradiograph
An array of concentric secondary osteons characteristic of rapidly remodelling
Cortical Bone.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
38. Mandibular condyle: young rabbitMandibular condyle: young rabbit
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42. 3D microcomputed tomographic3D microcomputed tomographic
view of periimplant radiolucentview of periimplant radiolucent
areasareas
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44. R=root; B=bone; intermediate area is the periodontal ligament (PDL) inR=root; B=bone; intermediate area is the periodontal ligament (PDL) in
which the nuclei are synthesizing DNA. Thick line is the eventual bonewhich the nuclei are synthesizing DNA. Thick line is the eventual bone
formation.formation.
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46. Finite element modelingFinite element modeling
The mesh for a two dimensional finite element mode of a
rat maxillary first molar with adjacent periodontiumwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com