The document describes the anatomy and histology of various organs and structures in the human body. It includes diagrams of the liver lobule, teeth, digestive system, lungs, male reproductive system, development of the face and fetal circulation. Key structures are labeled on diagrams of the liver, stomach, small and large intestines, teeth, lungs and developing embryo. Histological images show tissues of the digestive system, liver, teeth and lungs at the microscopic level.
The skeleton is composed of two types of connective tissues: bone and cartilage. Bone provides support, protection, and allows for movement via levers. It also stores lipids and minerals like calcium. Cartilage provides support and lubrication at joints. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - which differ in their fiber composition and location in the body. Bone tissue contains osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Compact bone forms the dense outer layer while spongy bone forms the internal cancellous layer. Microscopically, compact bone contains osteons organized into concentric rings, while spongy bone has a honeycomb structure of trabeculae containing oste
This document discusses the musculoskeletal system and provides details on cartilage, bone, and ossification. It describes the three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - and their structure and locations in the body. It also outlines the structure of compact and spongous bone, including the cells and layers involved. Finally, it explains the two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral - and the stages of each process.
This document discusses the musculoskeletal system and provides details on cartilage, bone, and ossification. It describes three types of cartilage - hyaline, yellow elastic fibrocartilage, and white fibrocartilage. It also outlines the structure and function of compact and cancellous bone, as well as the cells and tissues involved in bone formation like osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, periosteum, and endosteum. Finally, it summarizes the two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral/intracartilagenous ossification.
This document summarizes the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system. It describes the three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. It also discusses the structure of bones, including compact and spongy bone. Finally, it examines the two processes of bone formation: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone in long bones.
This document discusses the histology of skeletal tissues including cartilage and bone. It outlines the different types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - and describes their composition, classification and microscopic appearance. It also describes the composition, formation and microscopic structure of compact and cancellous bone, including the roles of osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. Key points include the collagen fiber composition and lack of blood vessels in cartilage, and the concentric lamellae, osteons, cement lines and vascular canals seen in compact bone under the microscope.
Bone is a living tissue that provides structure, protection, and movement. There are two types of bone formation: intramembranous, where bone forms within connective tissue, and endochondral, where bone replaces cartilage. Bones are composed of cells, organic components like collagen, and inorganic minerals. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts which form bone and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bones adapt and change their structure in response to mechanical stresses through Wolff's law.
The document describes the anatomy and histology of various organs and structures in the human body. It includes diagrams of the liver lobule, teeth, digestive system, lungs, male reproductive system, development of the face and fetal circulation. Key structures are labeled on diagrams of the liver, stomach, small and large intestines, teeth, lungs and developing embryo. Histological images show tissues of the digestive system, liver, teeth and lungs at the microscopic level.
The skeleton is composed of two types of connective tissues: bone and cartilage. Bone provides support, protection, and allows for movement via levers. It also stores lipids and minerals like calcium. Cartilage provides support and lubrication at joints. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - which differ in their fiber composition and location in the body. Bone tissue contains osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Compact bone forms the dense outer layer while spongy bone forms the internal cancellous layer. Microscopically, compact bone contains osteons organized into concentric rings, while spongy bone has a honeycomb structure of trabeculae containing oste
This document discusses the musculoskeletal system and provides details on cartilage, bone, and ossification. It describes the three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - and their structure and locations in the body. It also outlines the structure of compact and spongous bone, including the cells and layers involved. Finally, it explains the two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral - and the stages of each process.
This document discusses the musculoskeletal system and provides details on cartilage, bone, and ossification. It describes three types of cartilage - hyaline, yellow elastic fibrocartilage, and white fibrocartilage. It also outlines the structure and function of compact and cancellous bone, as well as the cells and tissues involved in bone formation like osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, periosteum, and endosteum. Finally, it summarizes the two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral/intracartilagenous ossification.
This document summarizes the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system. It describes the three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. It also discusses the structure of bones, including compact and spongy bone. Finally, it examines the two processes of bone formation: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone in long bones.
This document discusses the histology of skeletal tissues including cartilage and bone. It outlines the different types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - and describes their composition, classification and microscopic appearance. It also describes the composition, formation and microscopic structure of compact and cancellous bone, including the roles of osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. Key points include the collagen fiber composition and lack of blood vessels in cartilage, and the concentric lamellae, osteons, cement lines and vascular canals seen in compact bone under the microscope.
Bone is a living tissue that provides structure, protection, and movement. There are two types of bone formation: intramembranous, where bone forms within connective tissue, and endochondral, where bone replaces cartilage. Bones are composed of cells, organic components like collagen, and inorganic minerals. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts which form bone and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bones adapt and change their structure in response to mechanical stresses through Wolff's law.
Cartilage and bone are connective tissues that provide structure and support. Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes within a firm matrix, and there are three types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bone tissue contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts embedded within an organic and inorganic matrix. Compact bone contains concentric osteons and interstitial lamellae that maximize strength. Bone develops through intramembranous or endochondral ossification involving cartilage models and growth plates.
The document summarizes key aspects of the skeletal system. It describes the two types of bone tissue as compact bone and spongy bone. It explains the structure of long bones as having an epiphysis, diaphysis and medullary cavity. There are two types of ossification - intramembranous which forms flat bones, and endochondral which forms most other bones from hyaline cartilage models. Postnatal bone growth occurs through longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal plate and appositional growth increasing bone width.
Bone tissue is a specialized form of connective tissue composed of cells and a mineralized extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which forms the dense outer layer, and spongy or cancellous bone which is found at the ends of long bones and has a spongy, mesh-like structure. Bones develop through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone to form most other bones including long bones.
The document provides information about the skeletal system. It defines the skeleton as the framework of hard structures that supports and protects the soft tissues and organs. The skeleton consists mainly of bones supplemented by cartilage. It gives the body strength, shape and protection while also enabling movement and housing vital organs. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton of the upper and lower limbs. Different bone types are classified based on their structure and various markings on bones like processes, tuberosities and foramina are described. Bone formation occurs through two processes - intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
Development,structure and organization of boneadityachakri
ย
This document provides an overview of bone development, structure, and types. It discusses that bone is a mineralized connective tissue composed of cells and an intercellular matrix. There are two main types of bone tissue: compact bone, which makes up the hard outer surface and is made up of concentric lamellae; and spongy or cancellous bone, which is found in the interior and has a sponge-like appearance. Bone is also classified based on shape into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones. The document outlines the development of bone through two processes: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones; and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage models with bone in
In my presentation, I have described about the anatomy and physiology of bone and also did a elaboration on the pathways which is responsible for bone cells formation. For more details related to bone you can contact me on my email : sheershopramanik24@gmail.com
BONE โ AN INTRODUCTION
๏ต A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
๏ต There are around 270 to 300+ bones in Infants which gets reduced to 206 bones in adults.
๏ต Bones are dynamic structures that are undergoing constant change and remodelling in
response to the ever-changing environment.
๏ต Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells,
store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.
๏ต It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity.
๏ต The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in
the middle ear.
The skeletal system provides structure and protection for the body. Bones are living tissues composed of cells and minerals that make up the endoskeleton. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the limbs and their attachments. Long bones have a shaft called the diaphysis and ends called epiphyses. Bones are living tissues that remodel throughout life, and in children, long bones grow at epiphyseal plates until skeletal maturity.
The skeletal system provides structure and protection for the body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, and joints. Bones are living tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow muscle attachment for movement, and store minerals. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Long bones are composed of compact bone on the outside and spongy bone on the inside. Growth and remodeling of bones involves the coordinated actions of bone cells throughout life. When broken, bones can heal through the formation of a callus. Synovial joints allow movement and are lubricated by synovial fluid secreted by the syn
The skeletal system provides structure and protection for the body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, and joints. Bones are living tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow muscle attachment for movement, and store minerals. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Long bones are composed of compact bone on the outside and spongy bone on the inside. Growth and remodeling of bones involves the coordinated actions of bone cells throughout life. When bones break, they heal through the formation of a callus. Synovial joints allow movement and are lubricated by synovial fluid secreted by the syn
The document discusses different types of joints in the human body. It describes arthrology as the scientific study of joints and their structure and function. There are three main classifications of joints: fibrous joints which connect bones using connective tissue, cartilaginous joints which connect bones using cartilage, and synovial joints which are freely movable and contained within an articular capsule. Synovial joints can be further classified based on their shape into six primary types: gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket joints. Each joint type allows for different ranges and axes of motion.
This document discusses the structure, development, composition, histology, remodeling, and age-related changes of alveolar bone. It describes alveolar bone as consisting of alveolar bone proper surrounding tooth roots and supporting alveolar bone made of cortical plates and spongy bone. Development begins in the second month of fetal life. The composition includes inorganic material, organic material, and water. Histologically, alveolar bone contains lamellae, osteons, and Haversian systems. Bone is continuously remodeled through formation and resorption, and aging leads to changes like thinner trabeculae and greater marrow spaces.
Otosclerosis is a metabolic bone disease that causes conductive or mixed hearing loss. It involves the replacement of normal bone in the otic capsule with spongy, vascular bone. There are two phases: initially the normal bone is absorbed and replaced with spongy bone (otospongiosis), which is later replaced with dense sclerotic bone. It typically presents in the second to fourth decades of life. CT imaging is useful for assessing the stapes footplate, oval and round windows. Treatment involves stapedectomy and prosthesis insertion for fenestral otosclerosis or medications/cochlear implants for retrofenestral otosclerosis. Post-operative complications can include prosthesis displacement, fixation, ob
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of calcified bone matrix and three main cell types: osteocytes found in bone matrix lacunae and canaliculi, osteoblasts which synthesize bone matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone provides structure and protection, supports muscle attachment, stores minerals, and enables movement through leveraging of muscles. It is continually remodeled through the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, forming concentric osteons through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification.
Bones are a type of connective tissue that make up the skeletal system. There are 206 bones in the human body that provide structure, support, and protection. Bones are living tissues with blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. They come in various shapes and have specific projections and depressions for muscle attachment. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. Bones connect to form joints that allow for movement.
The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that serve important biological and mechanical functions. The axial skeleton includes 80 bones that form the axis of the body and protect organs like the brain, while the appendicular skeleton has 126 bones that make up the limbs and their attachments. Bones are living organs composed of compact and spongy tissues, cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and minerals including calcium that provide structure and strength. The skeleton supports the body, protects organs, allows for movement through leverage, and stores minerals and produces blood cells in the bone marrow. Bones are classified by their shapes including tubular, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.
Bones can be classified in several ways based on their shape, development, location in the body, and microscopic structure. The main types of bones by shape are long bones found in the limbs, short bones in the wrists and ankles, flat bones that make up surfaces like the skull, and irregularly shaped bones like vertebrae. Bones also develop differently as membrane bones, cartilaginous bones, or a combination. Key functions of bones include support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. The basic structure of bones includes compact cortical bone on the outside and spongy cancellous bone on the inside, with bone cells and matrix throughout.
The presentation include general definition of bone and it's functions. Also, describe the chemical composition of bone and then specifically describe alveolar process.
Bone is a specialized connective tissue that forms the endoskeleton and provides strength and rigidity for muscle attachment. It acts as a calcium reservoir and is optimized for maximum strength with minimum weight. Bone is composed of cells embedded in a collagenous extracellular matrix that becomes mineralized with calcium hydroxyapatite, giving it rigidity and strength. Osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, osteocytes are trapped in the matrix, and osteoclasts resorb bone. Bone formation occurs through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification.
Cartilage and bone are connective tissues that provide structure and support. Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes within a firm matrix, and there are three types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bone tissue contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts embedded within an organic and inorganic matrix. Compact bone contains concentric osteons and interstitial lamellae that maximize strength. Bone develops through intramembranous or endochondral ossification involving cartilage models and growth plates.
The document summarizes key aspects of the skeletal system. It describes the two types of bone tissue as compact bone and spongy bone. It explains the structure of long bones as having an epiphysis, diaphysis and medullary cavity. There are two types of ossification - intramembranous which forms flat bones, and endochondral which forms most other bones from hyaline cartilage models. Postnatal bone growth occurs through longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal plate and appositional growth increasing bone width.
Bone tissue is a specialized form of connective tissue composed of cells and a mineralized extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which forms the dense outer layer, and spongy or cancellous bone which is found at the ends of long bones and has a spongy, mesh-like structure. Bones develop through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone to form most other bones including long bones.
The document provides information about the skeletal system. It defines the skeleton as the framework of hard structures that supports and protects the soft tissues and organs. The skeleton consists mainly of bones supplemented by cartilage. It gives the body strength, shape and protection while also enabling movement and housing vital organs. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton of the upper and lower limbs. Different bone types are classified based on their structure and various markings on bones like processes, tuberosities and foramina are described. Bone formation occurs through two processes - intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
Development,structure and organization of boneadityachakri
ย
This document provides an overview of bone development, structure, and types. It discusses that bone is a mineralized connective tissue composed of cells and an intercellular matrix. There are two main types of bone tissue: compact bone, which makes up the hard outer surface and is made up of concentric lamellae; and spongy or cancellous bone, which is found in the interior and has a sponge-like appearance. Bone is also classified based on shape into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones. The document outlines the development of bone through two processes: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones; and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage models with bone in
In my presentation, I have described about the anatomy and physiology of bone and also did a elaboration on the pathways which is responsible for bone cells formation. For more details related to bone you can contact me on my email : sheershopramanik24@gmail.com
BONE โ AN INTRODUCTION
๏ต A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
๏ต There are around 270 to 300+ bones in Infants which gets reduced to 206 bones in adults.
๏ต Bones are dynamic structures that are undergoing constant change and remodelling in
response to the ever-changing environment.
๏ต Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells,
store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.
๏ต It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity.
๏ต The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in
the middle ear.
The skeletal system provides structure and protection for the body. Bones are living tissues composed of cells and minerals that make up the endoskeleton. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the limbs and their attachments. Long bones have a shaft called the diaphysis and ends called epiphyses. Bones are living tissues that remodel throughout life, and in children, long bones grow at epiphyseal plates until skeletal maturity.
The skeletal system provides structure and protection for the body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, and joints. Bones are living tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow muscle attachment for movement, and store minerals. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Long bones are composed of compact bone on the outside and spongy bone on the inside. Growth and remodeling of bones involves the coordinated actions of bone cells throughout life. When broken, bones can heal through the formation of a callus. Synovial joints allow movement and are lubricated by synovial fluid secreted by the syn
The skeletal system provides structure and protection for the body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, and joints. Bones are living tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow muscle attachment for movement, and store minerals. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Long bones are composed of compact bone on the outside and spongy bone on the inside. Growth and remodeling of bones involves the coordinated actions of bone cells throughout life. When bones break, they heal through the formation of a callus. Synovial joints allow movement and are lubricated by synovial fluid secreted by the syn
The document discusses different types of joints in the human body. It describes arthrology as the scientific study of joints and their structure and function. There are three main classifications of joints: fibrous joints which connect bones using connective tissue, cartilaginous joints which connect bones using cartilage, and synovial joints which are freely movable and contained within an articular capsule. Synovial joints can be further classified based on their shape into six primary types: gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket joints. Each joint type allows for different ranges and axes of motion.
This document discusses the structure, development, composition, histology, remodeling, and age-related changes of alveolar bone. It describes alveolar bone as consisting of alveolar bone proper surrounding tooth roots and supporting alveolar bone made of cortical plates and spongy bone. Development begins in the second month of fetal life. The composition includes inorganic material, organic material, and water. Histologically, alveolar bone contains lamellae, osteons, and Haversian systems. Bone is continuously remodeled through formation and resorption, and aging leads to changes like thinner trabeculae and greater marrow spaces.
Otosclerosis is a metabolic bone disease that causes conductive or mixed hearing loss. It involves the replacement of normal bone in the otic capsule with spongy, vascular bone. There are two phases: initially the normal bone is absorbed and replaced with spongy bone (otospongiosis), which is later replaced with dense sclerotic bone. It typically presents in the second to fourth decades of life. CT imaging is useful for assessing the stapes footplate, oval and round windows. Treatment involves stapedectomy and prosthesis insertion for fenestral otosclerosis or medications/cochlear implants for retrofenestral otosclerosis. Post-operative complications can include prosthesis displacement, fixation, ob
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of calcified bone matrix and three main cell types: osteocytes found in bone matrix lacunae and canaliculi, osteoblasts which synthesize bone matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone provides structure and protection, supports muscle attachment, stores minerals, and enables movement through leveraging of muscles. It is continually remodeled through the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, forming concentric osteons through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification.
Bones are a type of connective tissue that make up the skeletal system. There are 206 bones in the human body that provide structure, support, and protection. Bones are living tissues with blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. They come in various shapes and have specific projections and depressions for muscle attachment. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. Bones connect to form joints that allow for movement.
The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that serve important biological and mechanical functions. The axial skeleton includes 80 bones that form the axis of the body and protect organs like the brain, while the appendicular skeleton has 126 bones that make up the limbs and their attachments. Bones are living organs composed of compact and spongy tissues, cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and minerals including calcium that provide structure and strength. The skeleton supports the body, protects organs, allows for movement through leverage, and stores minerals and produces blood cells in the bone marrow. Bones are classified by their shapes including tubular, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.
Bones can be classified in several ways based on their shape, development, location in the body, and microscopic structure. The main types of bones by shape are long bones found in the limbs, short bones in the wrists and ankles, flat bones that make up surfaces like the skull, and irregularly shaped bones like vertebrae. Bones also develop differently as membrane bones, cartilaginous bones, or a combination. Key functions of bones include support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. The basic structure of bones includes compact cortical bone on the outside and spongy cancellous bone on the inside, with bone cells and matrix throughout.
The presentation include general definition of bone and it's functions. Also, describe the chemical composition of bone and then specifically describe alveolar process.
Bone is a specialized connective tissue that forms the endoskeleton and provides strength and rigidity for muscle attachment. It acts as a calcium reservoir and is optimized for maximum strength with minimum weight. Bone is composed of cells embedded in a collagenous extracellular matrix that becomes mineralized with calcium hydroxyapatite, giving it rigidity and strength. Osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, osteocytes are trapped in the matrix, and osteoclasts resorb bone. Bone formation occurs through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification.
Similar to Bone cartilage lab.pdf histology first year (20)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the bodyโs response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.