Myths and Realities of ETFs and Index Investing - Ananth Madhavan, Managing Director, Global Head of Research for ETF and Index Investing, BlackRock
Presented at the AQR Asset Management Institute conference, Perspectives: Systemic Risk in Asset Management held on 26 April 2017 at London Business School.
Presented at the AQR Asset Management Institute conference, Perspectives: Systemic Risk in Asset Management held on 26 April 2017 at London Business School.
In this presentation, we review methods and best practices for the portfolio construction and evaluation process. The presentation covers risk and return estimation, mean-variance optimization as well as techniques for analyzing exposure to loss and wealth potential.
Myths and Realities of ETFs and Index Investing - Ananth Madhavan, Managing Director, Global Head of Research for ETF and Index Investing, BlackRock
Presented at the AQR Asset Management Institute conference, Perspectives: Systemic Risk in Asset Management held on 26 April 2017 at London Business School.
Presented at the AQR Asset Management Institute conference, Perspectives: Systemic Risk in Asset Management held on 26 April 2017 at London Business School.
In this presentation, we review methods and best practices for the portfolio construction and evaluation process. The presentation covers risk and return estimation, mean-variance optimization as well as techniques for analyzing exposure to loss and wealth potential.
How Wealthy People Use Professional Money Managementfreddysaamy
http://ekinsurance.com/financial/money-management/
Just as surgeons don't operate on themselves, wealthy people usually do not invest their own money. They have investment professionals manage their money for them.
The Toroso Target Income Series uses exchange-traded products (ETPs) to create three distinct fixed
income portfolios intended to behave more like traditional bonds. The goal is to target a specific yield
while returning principal at a target date. While it is impossible to guarantee the receipt of income or
the return of principal, the proliferation of ETPs has created the opportunity to build synthetic bond
portfolios that simulate traditional bond characteristics, but reduce risk through greater diversification.
Smart Directions | Ethical Investing | April 14, 2016emmetoneallibrary
Dr. Rauterkaus presents information about Ethical Investing in the latest installment of Emmet O'Neal Library's Smart Directions series, sponsored by ALA and FINRA.
This presentation provides a highlight of the key issues in the management of Market Risk. It touches briefly some of the elements of the Basel 2 Accord with respect to Market Risk
It is a market place where shares of public companies are bought and sold
It is commonplace where the issuers of the shares & subscribers of the shares come together
How Wealthy People Use Professional Money Managementfreddysaamy
http://ekinsurance.com/financial/money-management/
Just as surgeons don't operate on themselves, wealthy people usually do not invest their own money. They have investment professionals manage their money for them.
The Toroso Target Income Series uses exchange-traded products (ETPs) to create three distinct fixed
income portfolios intended to behave more like traditional bonds. The goal is to target a specific yield
while returning principal at a target date. While it is impossible to guarantee the receipt of income or
the return of principal, the proliferation of ETPs has created the opportunity to build synthetic bond
portfolios that simulate traditional bond characteristics, but reduce risk through greater diversification.
Smart Directions | Ethical Investing | April 14, 2016emmetoneallibrary
Dr. Rauterkaus presents information about Ethical Investing in the latest installment of Emmet O'Neal Library's Smart Directions series, sponsored by ALA and FINRA.
This presentation provides a highlight of the key issues in the management of Market Risk. It touches briefly some of the elements of the Basel 2 Accord with respect to Market Risk
It is a market place where shares of public companies are bought and sold
It is commonplace where the issuers of the shares & subscribers of the shares come together
Small data that have a big impact on businesses.
This was first published in Business Strategy Review, Volume 25, Issue 4 - 2014. Subscribe today to receive your quarterly copy delivered to your home or work place. http://bit.ly/BSR-subscribe
Mark Edwards, Leadership and Strategy Programme Director at London Business School, considers ways of improving the stickiness of learning by examining a range of aspects, from the desire to learn to the ways the learned lessons can be applied.
Mark will be hosting a webinar, on 7 October, in which he will explain how you can embed effective learning and understand employees’ motivations. Sign-up: http://www.changeboard.com/events/exclusive-changeboard-webinar-the-stickiness-of-learning-how-to-ensure-your-learning-strategy-makes-an-impact
London Business School research has the potential to lift people out of poverty. Read about three incredible business ideas transforming people’s live.
London Business School's Entrepreneurship Summer School is designed to enable participants to thoroughly explore business opportunities in a practical way. Here are some insteresting stats about ESS.
Find out more at:
http://www.london.edu/facultyandresearch/subjectareas/strategyandentrepreneurship/Entrepreneurshipsummerschool.html
Compiled by London Business School, this infographic gives you the lowdown on the entrepreneurial reality in UK, as well as the start-up scene at the School. Find out about how entrepreneurship is growing across the UK, the top entrepreneurial countries, the common pitfalls and the rewards of founding your own business”.
Learn more about our Research Values as well as our Strategy and Entrepreneurship Seminars:
http://bit.ly/Strategyandentrepreneurship
The employment rate for graduates of the 2011 Masters in Management (MiM) programme run by London Business School has risen on last year, according to the School's latest employment report.
More on the programme at http://www.london.edu/programmes/mastersinmanagement.html
Of our MiM2015s, 96% accepted an offer within three months of graduation, and the class represents more than 40 nationalities. Find out more about our 2015 in our latest Masters in Management Employment Report.
What makes your organisation different? Knowing the answer could mean the difference between low and high employee engagement. Discover Tammy Erickson's three-step fix.
This an analysis and a presentation on free and open source software made by me, This is about relevance of free and open source software and current software technologies which are free and open source to all.
Emeritus Professor of Management and Marketing at London Business School Patrick Barwise and marketing leadership expert Thomas Barta explain how marketers can help change perceptions and increase business impact.
Their book, THE 12 POWERS OF A MARKETING LEADER, is out now.
Some Terminology related to Secondary Market
Meaning of SECONDARY MARKET
Types of Secondary Market
Features of Secondary market
Important Functions of Secondary Market
Products traded in the stock exchange/ Market Segment
Participants in the stock market
Top 10 Stock brokers- July 2020
Process of Trading
Advantages of Secondary Market
Disadvantages of Secondary Market
Presentation to Ukraine Commodity Market Development Conference
The author of the presentation: Christa Lachenmayr, Division of Market Oversight, CFTC (US)
MiFID II - Data Governance - Closing the Chasmexpertechnix
At the ‘Practical Data Governance – Preparing now for the future‘ event held on 8th June 2016 run jointly by the BCS Data Management Specialist Group and DAMA UK, Ian Chapman presented on ‘MiFID II – Data Governance – closing the chasm’.
Trade Talks: Creating Liquidity and Increasing Shareholder Value in the Publi...OTC Markets Group Inc.
In this webinar we discuss how community bank stocks are traded in today's market and what tools banks are utilizing to drive more liquidity in their stock. You can view the presentations here: https://youtu.be/xbfjzwmxJQ4
Similar to Bond Markets Should Be Different in the Future (20)
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation: Transforming leadership for 2030 and beyondLondon Business School
This case study explores the custom programme developed by London Business School for the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation in conjunction with the National Technology Enterprises Company Kuwait. The study examines the scale and accomplishments of the programme, as well as the unique tripartite collaboration between the three key stakeholders that delivered its success.
Together, Microsoft and London Business School created The Public Sector Course: a customised programme, tailoring a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) model for Microsoft’s public sellers specifically. The programme aims to empower participants to build trust and credibility with customers.
Learn more about our customised programmes: https://www.london.edu/programmes/executive-education/topic/executive-education-for-organisations/custom-programmes
Insight Summit 2017: Intelligent Risk Taking - Active vs passive investing
Active vs. passive – practitioner perspectives - Tim Hodgson, Head of the Thinking Ahead Institute, Willis Towers Watson
Presented at the third annual Insight Summit conference held on 7 November 2017 by London Business School’s AQR Asset Management Institute.
Insight Summit 2017: Intelligent Risk Taking
Portfolio construction today - Cliff Asness, Managing & Founding Principal, AQR Capital Management
Presented at the third annual Insight Summit conference held on 7 November 2017 by London Business School’s AQR Asset Management Institute.
Insight Summit 2017: Intelligent Risk Taking – Private Equity
Partners Capital View of the Future of Private Equity Investing
Stan Miranda, Founder and CEO, Partners Capital Investment Group
Presented at the third annual Insight Summit conference held on 7 November 2017 by London Business School’s AQR Asset Management Institute.
Insight Summit 2017: Intelligent Risk Taking - Active vs passive investing
Risk taking the ATP way - Kasper Lorenzen, Chief Investment Officer, ATP
Presented at the third annual Insight Summit conference held on 7 November 2017 by London Business School’s AQR Asset Management Institute.
Insight Summit 2017: Intelligent Risk Taking - Active vs passive investing
Is factor investing a bubble? - René M. Stulz, Everett D. Reese Chair of Banking and Monetary Economics, Ohio State University
Presented at the third annual Insight Summit conference held on 7 November 2017 by London Business School’s AQR Asset Management Institute.
Insight Summit 2017: Intelligent Risk Taking - Active vs passive investing
Sharpening the Arithmetic of Active Management - Lasse Pedersen, Professor of Finance, Copenhagen Business School and NYU; and Principal, AQR Capital Management
Presented at the third annual Insight Summit conference held on 7 November 2017 by London Business School’s AQR Asset Management Institute.
Insight Summit 2017: Intelligent Risk Taking - Active vs passive investing
Money management in equilibrium - Jonathan Berk, A.P. Giannini Professor of Finance, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University
Presented at the third annual Insight Summit conference held on 7 November 2017 by London Business School’s AQR Asset Management Institute.
The ten commandments of business innovation | London Business SchoolLondon Business School
From his new book Breaking Bad Habits, LBS's Freek Vermeulen explores the ten commandments your business must follow to reinvigorate your organisation.
http://www.freekvermeulen.com/
Find out how Smurfit Kappa partnered with London Business School to design two precisely calibrated learning journeys that transformed participants from two distinct strands of leadership.
Systemic Risk in the Asset Management Industry - Michael Mendelson, Principal, AQR Capital Management
Presented at the AQR Asset Management Institute conference, Perspectives: Systemic Risk in Asset Management held on 26 April 2017 at London Business School.
Together with London Business School (LBS), Nordea created the Strategic Leadership Programme to empower its next-generation leaders to: think strategically about the future and about customers; align functions and strategies to the overarching Nordea Future Relationship Bank Strategy; and build trust across the whole business.
Learn more about our customised programmes: http://bit.ly/2mzsMM5
Want to get the best possible terms from a prospective employer without it affecting you being hired? Learn how from Associate Professor of Organisational Gillian Ku.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
Buy Verified PayPal Account
Looking to buy verified PayPal accounts? Discover 7 expert tips for safely purchasing a verified PayPal account in 2024. Ensure security and reliability for your transactions.
PayPal Services Features-
🟢 Email Access
🟢 Bank Added
🟢 Card Verified
🟢 Full SSN Provided
🟢 Phone Number Access
🟢 Driving License Copy
🟢 Fasted Delivery
Client Satisfaction is Our First priority. Our services is very appropriate to buy. We assume that the first-rate way to purchase our offerings is to order on the website. If you have any worry in our cooperation usually You can order us on Skype or Telegram.
24/7 Hours Reply/Please Contact
usawebmarketEmail: support@usawebmarket.com
Skype: usawebmarket
Telegram: @usawebmarket
WhatsApp: +1(218) 203-5951
USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
1. Bond Markets Should Be
Different in the Future
Larry Harris
Fred V. Keenan Chair in Finance
USC Marshall School of Business
AQR Asset Management Institute, London Business School
Insight Summit - November 2, 2016
2. SECTION TITLE | 2
Disclaimer
• I only speak for me.
– Not Interactive Brokers or USC
But I hope that lots of
people are listening!
3. A Telling Observation
• Exchange-listed bond trading in the US was
quite liquid in corporate bonds before the mid
1940s and in municipal bonds before the late
1920s.
• Transaction costs then were substantially
lower than they are now.
– See Biais and Green (2007).
3
5. SECTION TITLE | 5
When Are Broker-Dealers Brokers?
• Most broker-dealers trade net and profit from
their markups.
– Few broker-dealers act as pure agency brokers
who profit from commissions.
• Markups on riskless principal trades (RPTs) are
identical to adding on commissions.
• Broker-dealers who arrange RPTs while filling
customer orders effectively act as brokers.
6. Pre-trade Transparency Issues
• Unlike commissions, customers do not see dealer
markups before they trade.
– They can see them after the fact by examining trade
data (such as TRACE in the US), but doing so is time-
intensive.
• Customers generally do not see best bid and best
offer prices before they trade.
– They must query multiple dealers which is prohibitive
for small traders.
6
7. Who Can Offer Liquidity?
• Most investors cannot effectively offer
liquidity in these dealer markets.
– Even through electronic new order-driven venues.
– No trade-through rules protect standing orders.
– Few brokers let customers use these venues.
• Payments for order flow effectively prevent
most retail customers from benefiting from
innovative trading technologies.
7
8. The Net Result
• Small traders and many institutional traders
trade at a disadvantage because they do not
know market prices as well as dealers do.
• Transaction costs are high in bond markets in
comparison to transaction costs in equities.
– Risk considerations suggest the opposite.
• Buy-side traders can not easily offer liquidity
to other buy-side traders.
8
10. What I Did
I compared 3M TRACE trades to about 464M
contemporaneous NBBO records aggregated by
Interactive Brokers from quotes reported to it by
various electronic trading venues to
• Measure transaction costs,
• Identify trade throughs, and
• Determine which trade throughs are RPTs.
10
12. Electronic Trading
• US markets are increasing electronic.
– The median bond had a bid (offer) present for 98.9%
(77.4%) of the trading day.
– 10% of all bonds had a two-sided market during more
than 98.9% of the trading day.
• Many bonds look like small and mid-cap NASDAQ
stocks from the 1980’s.
– 1% (229) of all bonds traded more than 22 times per
trading day, on average.
12
13. Transaction Costs
• The average customer roundtrip transaction cost
was 125 bp, or about 4 months interest for a 4%
bond.
– Equivalent to 50¢/share for a $40 stock!
• Costs are smaller for bigger trades.
• Recent results from the NY Fed using cruder (but
still reliable) methods show that these costs have
been declining.
– See its Liberty Street Blog.
13
14. Trade Through Frequencies
• 47% of all trades trade through a standing quote
when a two-sided quote was standing 2 seconds
or more.
– The 2-second restriction ensures that the quote was
available to the trader.
• Many trade-throughs are due to net pricing.
– But the price dis-improvement is much greater than
normal commissions.
– 77 bp dis-improvement for the 31% of all trades with
dis-improvement > 10 bp.
14
15. Riskless Principal Trades
• 42% of all reported trades appear to be RPT
pairs for which the time between trades is less
than 1 minute.
– Less than 2 seconds separate the trades in 73% of
these pairs.
15
16. RPTs Markups
• 46% of all RPT pairs have no markup.
– Agency trades by Interactive Brokers and others.
• The average markup for non-zero RPTs is
54 bp.
– Total transaction costs are higher.
• The total markup value is $667M for the year
ended March 31, 2015.
16
17. Trade Throughs by RPT status
• 32% of all trade throughs are also non-zero-
markup riskless principal trades.
– The correlation between the markup and the price
(dis-)improvement is -86%!
The dealers often act as brokers.
17
18. Full Year Projections
For the year ended March 31, 2015,
• Total customer corporate bond transaction
costs were $26B in the US.
– Investors paid these costs for bond liquidity.
• Total trade-through value is about $700M
based on reported quotation sizes.
18
20. Greater Pre-Trade Transparency
• At a minimum, FINRA and European regulators
should require that brokers disclose their RPT
markup rates on a pre-trade basis, and certainly
always post-trade.
– FINRA and MSRB currently propose post-trade
disclosure.
• Bond markets would benefit greatly from having
a NBBO (National Best Bid or Offer) facility.
20
21. Better Market Structure
• The SEC and other regulators should consider
– enacting a trade through rule for bonds.
– Requiring brokers to post limit orders of willing
customers to order display facilities (ODFs) that
widely disseminate these prices.
• Before US class action attorneys create a
Manning Ruling for bonds.
21
22. More about ODFs
• Competition improves prices.
– Any investor could effectively offer liquidity in an
ODF.
– National exposure of customer orders would allow
any dealer or buy-side trader to fill these orders.
• Similar order handling rules in the equity
markets vastly improved those markets.
– Consider the evolution of NASDAQ.
22
24. The Dealer Argument
• Dealer profits will fall.
• Dealers will withdraw.
• Liquidity and markets will dry up.
• Issuer funding costs will skyrocket.
24
25. The Truth About ODFs
• The existence of one or more ODFs whose prices
constrain trades will indeed decrease dealer
profits, and they will withdraw.
• But only because buy-side traders will be able to
effectively offer liquidity to each other.
• Cutting out the middleman saves costs.
• Volumes will increase as liquidity increases.
• Funding costs will decline.
25
26. Can We Live with Fewer Dealers?
• Yes, if they are displaced because other traders
provide their services at lower costs.
• What about during market crises?
– Markets always exist at some price.
– In extremis, most dealers disappear anyway.
• Electronic dealers who provide better service at
lower cost will replace traditional dealers.
– The large number of issues ensures that dealers
always will be important in bond markets.
26
29. The Long-View Perspective
• Bond markets are increasingly electronic.
– Spreads are narrowing
– But markups remain high.
• Small changes by regulators such as FINRA,
MSRB, and SEC and their European
counterparts can substantially increase
liquidity provision by buy-side traders.
29
30. What If We Don’t Regulate?
• Sophisticated institutions will demand more and
better access to ATSs.
• Interactive Brokers will continue to vacuum up
sophisticated retail and institutional clients.
• Publishing a private NBBO will be difficult; Most
brokers would not provide it to most clients.
• Most retail clients will continue to trade as they
now do.
30
31. Why Regulate?
• Dealers won’t support pre-trade transparency.
– They make more money in opaque markets.
• Brokers won’t support ODFs unless required.
– They get too much payment for order flow.
• But investors will benefit, and they will pay more
for their bonds when first issued.
• Cheap buy-side liquidity will reduce systemic risks.
31
32. Another Telling Observation
• Bonds embody rate risk plus some credit risk.
• Both risks trade separately in highly liquid and
transparent markets.
– Pure interest risk trades in sovereign credit markets
(Treasure, Gilds, …) and futures markets.
– Pure corporate credit risk trades in stock markets.
• But the combination trades in opaque markets!
32
33. A Final Observation
• Greater pre-trade transparency makes trading
bonds in Europe cheaper than in the US.
– International Index Company disseminates
indicative quote indices from many dealers on an
intraday basis every minute for every bond in the
iBoxx universe.
– See Biais and Declerck (2013).
• But they also have long way to go.
33
34. Q and A
or time-permitting
(it probably won’t),
a discussion about rhetoric
34
36. Arguments against Change
• Since bond markets work well, we shouldn’t
make radical changes that could destroy them.
– Do they?
– Why would order handling rules and more
transparent information harm bond markets?
• Bonds are different from stocks.
– But only in how their values accrue and who is
interested in investing in them.
– The economics of the bilateral search for liquidity are
the same for bonds and stocks.
36
37. How Lobbyists Delay the Inevitable
• Unbalanced type I and II errors cause loss-averse
regulators to poorly estimate probabilities.
• Concerns about high implementation costs
cause regulators to protect the status quo.
– “If it ain’t broke don’t fix it.”
Regulators often favor incremental changes.
– Requests for low-value pilot studies and lengthy
cost-benefit studies.
37
38. The Counter Argument
• Outcomes are highly predictable when similar
precedents are well known.
– Trading interest, instrument risk, and hedging costs are the
primary relevant issues for deciding market structure.
– Securities are securities: “If it looks like a duck and quacks
like a duck, it must be a duck.”
• Examples
– Active bonds and small- to mid-cap stocks
– U.S. bonds and European bonds
– U.S. bonds now and U.S. bonds 100 years ago.
38
39. Common Law Is Well Understood
• Rules that codify obvious fiduciary
responsibilities can only be beneficial.
– For example, trade-through regulations serve to
lower enforcement costs when participants ignore
their fiduciary responsibilities.
• Rules that prohibit obvious conflicts of
interest can only be beneficial.
– For example, payments for order flow.
39
40. Alternative Incremental Continua
1. Order handling rules (“Bonds are different”)
a. Trade price transparency (TRACE and EMMA)
b. Post-trade markup transparency (Now proposed)
c. Pre-trade markup transparency
d. Pre-trade National Best Bid or Offer
e. Order display requirements
f. Trade through rules
2. Bond activity (“Bonds are securities”)
a. Move active bonds to appropriate systems first
b. Move less active bonds later
40
41. My Expectations
• The adoption of trade-through and order-
handling rules will likely lower corporate bond
transaction costs by about 20%, or about $5B on
a base of $26B.
• But trading volumes will probably expand by at
least as much so that total industry revenues will
likely stay the same.
• Bonds will be more valuable because they will be
more liquid, and issuers will benefit.
41
44. SECTION TITLE | 44
Capital Costs of Hedging
• Hedging is essential for moving liquidity among
similar instruments.
– For example, between a newly issued 15-year on-the-
run bond versus a 14-year seasoned issue, both from
the same issuer.
• Capital requirements are based on
– gross positions for dealers in commercial banks.
– net risk positions for hedge funds and others.
Traditional dealers have been withdrawing.
– (They also exit due to low volatility.)