This document provides context and analysis for Athol Fugard's play Boesman and Lena. It summarizes Fugard's biography and background, the historical context of apartheid South Africa in the 1960s, an overview of the play's staging and structure, and analysis of key characters and themes such as liminality. The play depicts the lives of two destitute colored South Africans, Boesman and Lena, who are caught in a liminal state between identities and futures amid the oppression and upheaval of the apartheid system.
This document provides context and analysis for Athol Fugard's play Boesman and Lena. It summarizes Fugard's biography and background, the historical context of apartheid South Africa in the 1960s, an overview of the play's staging and structure, and analysis of key characters and themes such as liminality. The play depicts the lives of two destitute colored South Africans, Boesman and Lena, who are caught in a liminal state between identities and futures amid the oppression of apartheid.
Power, self, and other the absurd in boesman and lena(1)UJ colezzane
1. Boesman and Lena by Athol Fugard explores the absurdity of the lives of two homeless characters living under apartheid in South Africa. Their relationship reflects the power dynamics between oppressors and oppressed under apartheid.
2. Boesman takes on the role of oppressor, bullying Lena into submission, despite both characters being oppressed by the white power structure. Lena seeks recognition and community to give her life meaning, while Boesman denies her this to avoid confronting his own absurd situation.
3. The characters are trapped in an endless cycle of walking between towns with no true home or community. While their situation seems hopeless, Lena decides to continue walking with Boesman in hopes he may recognize her
Okonkwo continues living in exile with his uncle Uchendu in the village of Mbanta. Though they welcome him, Okonkwo remains disappointed that he cannot regain his status in Umuofia. Meanwhile, Christian missionaries arrive in Mbanta and begin converting many of the villagers, including Okonkwo's son Nwoye. Over time more and more people join the church, much to Okonkwo's dismay, as he sees their beliefs and practices as weak and unmasculine. As his exile draws to a close, Okonkwo expresses gratitude to his kinsmen in Mbanta but disagreement with their acceptance of the new religion.
Dylan Thomas was a Welsh poet born in 1914 in Swansea, South Wales. He had a prolific career writing both poetry and prose from the 1930s until his death in 1953. Some of his most famous works include poems in his collections Deaths and Entrances and Collected Poems, as well as the radio play Under Milk Wood. The presentation provided details on Thomas's early life, career, major works in both poetry and prose, and drama before concluding with noting his death in 1953.
This document provides an overview of the Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. It summarizes the key elements of Greek drama, including the use of masks and performances in theaters of Dionysus. It then discusses the origins of Greek theater and the typical structure of tragedies. The document outlines the plot of Oedipus Rex, including the characters and prophecy of Oedipus unknowingly killing his father and marrying his mother. It also examines the play's themes of fate, identity, and the abuse of power. In closing, it briefly discusses Sophocles' views and provides a family tree of Oedipus.
This document provides a summary of the life and work of Edward Said, a prominent Palestinian-American literary theorist. It notes that Said helped develop postcolonialism through his influential 1978 book Orientalism, which examined how Western scholarship helped reinforce stereotypes and cultural assumptions about the Eastern world. The book was translated into many languages and became a bestseller. Said analyzed how Orientalism created a dichotomy between the West and East and helped justify colonialism. He argued that academic knowledge is inherently tied to relationships of power.
This document provides biographical information about American poet Robert Frost and analyzes his poem "Home Burial". It notes that Frost was born in 1874 in the US, won the Pulitzer Prize four times, and was known for his colloquial language and themes drawn from rural life. The document then analyzes "Home Burial", noting it depicts a marital conflict over the burial of their child, with verbal and nonverbal interactions revealing clashing emotions between the rational husband and grieving wife.
The characters in Of Mice and Men use dreams as a way to cope with the loneliness and hopelessness of their lives on the ranch. George and Lennie share the central dream of owning a small farm together one day. When they tell Candy about their dream, he joins their vision, hoping it will give him purpose and security in his old age. Crooks and Curley's wife also have dreams - Crooks of being treated as an equal, and Curley's wife of becoming a movie star - that provide temporary escape from their difficult realities. However, the novel's title suggests these dreams are unlikely to be fulfilled, and the characters' circumstances seem to ensure their dreams will remain unrealized. Dreams
This document provides context and analysis for Athol Fugard's play Boesman and Lena. It summarizes Fugard's biography and background, the historical context of apartheid South Africa in the 1960s, an overview of the play's staging and structure, and analysis of key characters and themes such as liminality. The play depicts the lives of two destitute colored South Africans, Boesman and Lena, who are caught in a liminal state between identities and futures amid the oppression of apartheid.
Power, self, and other the absurd in boesman and lena(1)UJ colezzane
1. Boesman and Lena by Athol Fugard explores the absurdity of the lives of two homeless characters living under apartheid in South Africa. Their relationship reflects the power dynamics between oppressors and oppressed under apartheid.
2. Boesman takes on the role of oppressor, bullying Lena into submission, despite both characters being oppressed by the white power structure. Lena seeks recognition and community to give her life meaning, while Boesman denies her this to avoid confronting his own absurd situation.
3. The characters are trapped in an endless cycle of walking between towns with no true home or community. While their situation seems hopeless, Lena decides to continue walking with Boesman in hopes he may recognize her
Okonkwo continues living in exile with his uncle Uchendu in the village of Mbanta. Though they welcome him, Okonkwo remains disappointed that he cannot regain his status in Umuofia. Meanwhile, Christian missionaries arrive in Mbanta and begin converting many of the villagers, including Okonkwo's son Nwoye. Over time more and more people join the church, much to Okonkwo's dismay, as he sees their beliefs and practices as weak and unmasculine. As his exile draws to a close, Okonkwo expresses gratitude to his kinsmen in Mbanta but disagreement with their acceptance of the new religion.
Dylan Thomas was a Welsh poet born in 1914 in Swansea, South Wales. He had a prolific career writing both poetry and prose from the 1930s until his death in 1953. Some of his most famous works include poems in his collections Deaths and Entrances and Collected Poems, as well as the radio play Under Milk Wood. The presentation provided details on Thomas's early life, career, major works in both poetry and prose, and drama before concluding with noting his death in 1953.
This document provides an overview of the Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. It summarizes the key elements of Greek drama, including the use of masks and performances in theaters of Dionysus. It then discusses the origins of Greek theater and the typical structure of tragedies. The document outlines the plot of Oedipus Rex, including the characters and prophecy of Oedipus unknowingly killing his father and marrying his mother. It also examines the play's themes of fate, identity, and the abuse of power. In closing, it briefly discusses Sophocles' views and provides a family tree of Oedipus.
This document provides a summary of the life and work of Edward Said, a prominent Palestinian-American literary theorist. It notes that Said helped develop postcolonialism through his influential 1978 book Orientalism, which examined how Western scholarship helped reinforce stereotypes and cultural assumptions about the Eastern world. The book was translated into many languages and became a bestseller. Said analyzed how Orientalism created a dichotomy between the West and East and helped justify colonialism. He argued that academic knowledge is inherently tied to relationships of power.
This document provides biographical information about American poet Robert Frost and analyzes his poem "Home Burial". It notes that Frost was born in 1874 in the US, won the Pulitzer Prize four times, and was known for his colloquial language and themes drawn from rural life. The document then analyzes "Home Burial", noting it depicts a marital conflict over the burial of their child, with verbal and nonverbal interactions revealing clashing emotions between the rational husband and grieving wife.
The characters in Of Mice and Men use dreams as a way to cope with the loneliness and hopelessness of their lives on the ranch. George and Lennie share the central dream of owning a small farm together one day. When they tell Candy about their dream, he joins their vision, hoping it will give him purpose and security in his old age. Crooks and Curley's wife also have dreams - Crooks of being treated as an equal, and Curley's wife of becoming a movie star - that provide temporary escape from their difficult realities. However, the novel's title suggests these dreams are unlikely to be fulfilled, and the characters' circumstances seem to ensure their dreams will remain unrealized. Dreams
Siegfried Sassoon was a British poet and soldier who served in World War I. While he won honors for his bravery in battle, he came to despise the conduct of the war by generals and politicians. He used his poetry to protest the war and satirize the glorification of death, drawing from his own experiences in the trenches. Some of his most famous poems include "The General" and "Does It Matter?". Through his poetry, Sassoon aimed to convey the grim realities and human costs of trench warfare.
Wilfred Owen was a British poet who wrote some of the best British poetry on World War I. He was born in 1893 in Oswestry, Shropshire and died in 1918. Owen initially studied to become a pastor but became disillusioned with religion and turned to poetry. He experienced the horrors of World War I firsthand and used his poetry to depict the grim realities of war. His poems became some of the most famous condemnations of war and descriptions of its psychological and physical impacts on soldiers.
things fall a part themes and character Chintan Patel
Rigid social structure ; which isolates and sequesters the OSU, those whom the Igbo society cannot contain within its , ‘system of classification ’
The further fragmentation of the igbo community, , owing to the rigid demarcation between a man’s and a woman's role in the tribe
They go wrestle, celebrate festivals , go to war, while women stay at home
The overconfidence of the tribal in his attitude toward the new religion “EVANGELCAL CHRISTIANITY ”
The lack of unity in tribal’s response to threat posed by the new order and religion
Okonkwo as a tragic hero in Things Fall ApartAteeqRana87
The presentation tells about the prerequisites for being a tragic hero and explores the presence of these aspects in central character Okonkwo in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart
Harold Bloom's book The Western Canon analyzes the books that constitute the Western literary canon. He divides the canon into four sections based on different historical periods: theocratic, aristocratic, democratic, and chaotic. Bloom believes canonicity is determined by a work's ability to be read and re-read over many years, raise universal themes, and demonstrate influence on later works. He uses interpretations of 26 representative writers to demonstrate how texts earn a place in the canon based on their "beauty and strangeness" which resists reductive interpretations. Bloom argues for preserving the aesthetic autonomy of literary works and the importance of the canon for literary education.
Okonkwo returns home to Umuofia after years in exile, but finds his clan greatly changed by colonization and Christian influence. Tensions rise as the new missionary Reverend Smith cracks down on traditional practices. This leads villagers to burn down the church, prompting their arrest. Okonkwo attends an important clan meeting but kills a messenger, then later hangs himself in despair, seeing no way for his people to resist colonization. The District Commissioner arrives to find Okonkwo dead and begins planning how to use the story in his book about conquering local tribes.
Sonnet 43 by Elizabeth Barrett Browning expresses the poet's intense love for her husband, Robert Browning. She claims her love knows no depths or limits, reaching spiritual levels. She loves him freely and purely, without selfishness. Browning uses rhetorical questions, repetition, and vivid imagery to portray the all-consuming nature of her devotion to her husband.
Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is set in 1890s Nigeria and depicts the clash between European colonialism and Igbo culture. The main character, Okonkwo, strives to be the opposite of his father through hard work and masculinity defined by aggression, anger, and violence. However, his tragic flaw leads to his downfall when he kills a clansman, violating the Week of Peace. The novel explores Igbo traditions and oral storytelling, as well as the differing perspectives of Okonkwo, his son Nwoye, and daughter Ezinma on masculinity and the arrival of European missionaries.
Chinua Achebe was a Nigerian novelist considered the father of modern African literature. His most famous novel, Things Fall Apart, published in 1958, tells the story of Okonkwo, a leader in a late 19th century Igbo village in Nigeria. The novel explores the clash between Igbo culture and the arrival of European missionaries and colonial government. It examines the breakdown of traditional Igbo social structures and religion in the face of Christian conversion and colonialism. The document provides historical context on Achebe, Igbo culture and religion, British colonization of Nigeria, and the setting of the novel in a late 19th century Igbo village.
This document provides a summary of Jonathan Swift's novel Gulliver's Travels, focusing on Gulliver's voyage to the land of Brobdingnag. It notes that the novel is divided into four parts chronicling Gulliver's voyages to different islands, with the second voyage being to Brobdingnag, where due to the inhabitants' large size, Gulliver is tiny and treated like a pet. The document also mentions that Swift uses these voyages to satirize politics and human society through exaggeration and imagination.
This document provides an overview of a workshop presentation about using adapted novels to help students discover literary works. The presentation focuses on using Jane Austen's novel "Emma" to improve students' reading abilities while also developing their other skills. A variety of activities are described that involve listening to an audiobook of "Emma", discussing characters, doing roleplays of dialogues, and making predictions about plot points to engage students and increase their enjoyment of discovering literary texts.
Mahasweta Devi's story "Draupadi" depicts the Naxalite movement in West Bengal and the oppression faced by tribal people. It follows Dopdi, a Santhal tribal woman, and her husband Dulna as they fight against landlords and the police as underground guerilla fighters. After Dulna is killed at a water source by soldiers, Dopdi continues her work of helping fugitives escape. However, she is eventually captured and brutally tortured at the police camp. The story highlights the injustice and mistreatment faced by oppressed peasants and tribal communities at the hands of the wealthy landlords and the police forces.
Canterbury Tales as a Microcosm of the Middle English SocietyRosielyn Mae Bolon
Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales provides insights into late 14th century English society through its depictions of the social classes and characters that make up its pilgrim group. The work reflects the rigid social hierarchy of the time, beginning with tales told by the Knight and Squire of the upper class and moving down through the churchmen and laity. It also satirizes the corruption of the Catholic Church through characters like the greedy, worldly Monk and deceitful Pardoner who use religion for personal gain. Additionally, the tales showcase the moral values of the period, such as the pursuit of wealth and status and violations of marriage norms. Overall, The Canterbury Tales serves as a microcosm
Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of WomanDAREENHADDAD1
Mary Wollstonecraft was an 18th century English writer and philosopher who advocated for women's rights. She is most famous for her work "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" which argues that women should receive a rational education in order to develop their minds and become independent. Currently, women are denied their full potential and taught that their primary value is in their beauty. Wollstonecraft wants to inspire a revolution where women are seen as equal to men and not just playthings or objects to please men. She believes that with education to develop reason, women could be virtuous partners in marriage and good mothers who do not merely spoil their children.
This document provides an analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet 30. It includes the full text of the sonnet, notes on its sound patterns and rhyme, and summaries of each line or group of lines. The sonnet expresses missing opportunities from the past and feeling regret over wasted time. However, it finds solace in remembering a dear friend, as thinking of the friend ends losses and sorrows.
1) The document provides a detailed summary of the plot of Anna Karenina, focusing on the relationships between Anna Karenina, Alexei Vronsky, and Alexei Karenin and how their affair impacts their lives and those around them.
2) It describes how Anna and Vronsky begin an affair which leads to Anna's isolation from society and struggles in her marriage to Karenin, who refuses to grant her a divorce.
3) By the end, Anna has descended into despair over her relationship with Vronsky and commits suicide, while Vronsky decides to go to war as a way to find meaning after Anna's death.
Biography of william faulkner by evika ventik ernantaEvika Ernanta
William Faulkner was an American writer born in 1897 in Mississippi. He wrote many acclaimed novels, short stories, screenplays and essays. Some of his most famous works include The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, and Light in August. Faulkner drew from his experiences growing up in Mississippi and incorporated the landscape and culture of the South into his writing. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1949, bringing him greater recognition though he was not widely known until late in his career. Faulkner spent most of his life in Mississippi and was strongly influenced by the state and its history.
This document provides character summaries and themes for the novel "A Grain of Wheat" by Ngugi wa Thiong'o. It describes the main characters including Mugo, who betrayed Kihika and feels guilty; Gikonyo, a businessman married to Mumbi; and Karanja, an opportunist who collaborated with the British. The themes discussed are colonialism and its legacy, the relationship between individuals and community, betrayal, guilt, and redemption.
Building a Leadership Team for District 6 Toastmasters for 2016-2017Diane Windingland
This presentation is a combo "Building a Team" Toastmasters presentation and High Performance Leadership Project Presentation on Building the District 6 Toastmasters 2106-2017 Leadership Team
This 10 page design document outlines the details of a mobile game called "Captain Cheddar" targeted at pre-teens to late teens. The game involves controlling Captain Cheddar, a piece of cheese, to fish different fish of varying point values within a time limit across multiple levels. Power ups and upgrades can be purchased. Letters are also collected throughout to spell out "CHEDDAR" for bonus points. A mini game is unlocked after level 4. The document provides information on story, gameplay, characters, controls, mechanics, enemies and cut scenes.
Siegfried Sassoon was a British poet and soldier who served in World War I. While he won honors for his bravery in battle, he came to despise the conduct of the war by generals and politicians. He used his poetry to protest the war and satirize the glorification of death, drawing from his own experiences in the trenches. Some of his most famous poems include "The General" and "Does It Matter?". Through his poetry, Sassoon aimed to convey the grim realities and human costs of trench warfare.
Wilfred Owen was a British poet who wrote some of the best British poetry on World War I. He was born in 1893 in Oswestry, Shropshire and died in 1918. Owen initially studied to become a pastor but became disillusioned with religion and turned to poetry. He experienced the horrors of World War I firsthand and used his poetry to depict the grim realities of war. His poems became some of the most famous condemnations of war and descriptions of its psychological and physical impacts on soldiers.
things fall a part themes and character Chintan Patel
Rigid social structure ; which isolates and sequesters the OSU, those whom the Igbo society cannot contain within its , ‘system of classification ’
The further fragmentation of the igbo community, , owing to the rigid demarcation between a man’s and a woman's role in the tribe
They go wrestle, celebrate festivals , go to war, while women stay at home
The overconfidence of the tribal in his attitude toward the new religion “EVANGELCAL CHRISTIANITY ”
The lack of unity in tribal’s response to threat posed by the new order and religion
Okonkwo as a tragic hero in Things Fall ApartAteeqRana87
The presentation tells about the prerequisites for being a tragic hero and explores the presence of these aspects in central character Okonkwo in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart
Harold Bloom's book The Western Canon analyzes the books that constitute the Western literary canon. He divides the canon into four sections based on different historical periods: theocratic, aristocratic, democratic, and chaotic. Bloom believes canonicity is determined by a work's ability to be read and re-read over many years, raise universal themes, and demonstrate influence on later works. He uses interpretations of 26 representative writers to demonstrate how texts earn a place in the canon based on their "beauty and strangeness" which resists reductive interpretations. Bloom argues for preserving the aesthetic autonomy of literary works and the importance of the canon for literary education.
Okonkwo returns home to Umuofia after years in exile, but finds his clan greatly changed by colonization and Christian influence. Tensions rise as the new missionary Reverend Smith cracks down on traditional practices. This leads villagers to burn down the church, prompting their arrest. Okonkwo attends an important clan meeting but kills a messenger, then later hangs himself in despair, seeing no way for his people to resist colonization. The District Commissioner arrives to find Okonkwo dead and begins planning how to use the story in his book about conquering local tribes.
Sonnet 43 by Elizabeth Barrett Browning expresses the poet's intense love for her husband, Robert Browning. She claims her love knows no depths or limits, reaching spiritual levels. She loves him freely and purely, without selfishness. Browning uses rhetorical questions, repetition, and vivid imagery to portray the all-consuming nature of her devotion to her husband.
Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is set in 1890s Nigeria and depicts the clash between European colonialism and Igbo culture. The main character, Okonkwo, strives to be the opposite of his father through hard work and masculinity defined by aggression, anger, and violence. However, his tragic flaw leads to his downfall when he kills a clansman, violating the Week of Peace. The novel explores Igbo traditions and oral storytelling, as well as the differing perspectives of Okonkwo, his son Nwoye, and daughter Ezinma on masculinity and the arrival of European missionaries.
Chinua Achebe was a Nigerian novelist considered the father of modern African literature. His most famous novel, Things Fall Apart, published in 1958, tells the story of Okonkwo, a leader in a late 19th century Igbo village in Nigeria. The novel explores the clash between Igbo culture and the arrival of European missionaries and colonial government. It examines the breakdown of traditional Igbo social structures and religion in the face of Christian conversion and colonialism. The document provides historical context on Achebe, Igbo culture and religion, British colonization of Nigeria, and the setting of the novel in a late 19th century Igbo village.
This document provides a summary of Jonathan Swift's novel Gulliver's Travels, focusing on Gulliver's voyage to the land of Brobdingnag. It notes that the novel is divided into four parts chronicling Gulliver's voyages to different islands, with the second voyage being to Brobdingnag, where due to the inhabitants' large size, Gulliver is tiny and treated like a pet. The document also mentions that Swift uses these voyages to satirize politics and human society through exaggeration and imagination.
This document provides an overview of a workshop presentation about using adapted novels to help students discover literary works. The presentation focuses on using Jane Austen's novel "Emma" to improve students' reading abilities while also developing their other skills. A variety of activities are described that involve listening to an audiobook of "Emma", discussing characters, doing roleplays of dialogues, and making predictions about plot points to engage students and increase their enjoyment of discovering literary texts.
Mahasweta Devi's story "Draupadi" depicts the Naxalite movement in West Bengal and the oppression faced by tribal people. It follows Dopdi, a Santhal tribal woman, and her husband Dulna as they fight against landlords and the police as underground guerilla fighters. After Dulna is killed at a water source by soldiers, Dopdi continues her work of helping fugitives escape. However, she is eventually captured and brutally tortured at the police camp. The story highlights the injustice and mistreatment faced by oppressed peasants and tribal communities at the hands of the wealthy landlords and the police forces.
Canterbury Tales as a Microcosm of the Middle English SocietyRosielyn Mae Bolon
Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales provides insights into late 14th century English society through its depictions of the social classes and characters that make up its pilgrim group. The work reflects the rigid social hierarchy of the time, beginning with tales told by the Knight and Squire of the upper class and moving down through the churchmen and laity. It also satirizes the corruption of the Catholic Church through characters like the greedy, worldly Monk and deceitful Pardoner who use religion for personal gain. Additionally, the tales showcase the moral values of the period, such as the pursuit of wealth and status and violations of marriage norms. Overall, The Canterbury Tales serves as a microcosm
Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of WomanDAREENHADDAD1
Mary Wollstonecraft was an 18th century English writer and philosopher who advocated for women's rights. She is most famous for her work "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" which argues that women should receive a rational education in order to develop their minds and become independent. Currently, women are denied their full potential and taught that their primary value is in their beauty. Wollstonecraft wants to inspire a revolution where women are seen as equal to men and not just playthings or objects to please men. She believes that with education to develop reason, women could be virtuous partners in marriage and good mothers who do not merely spoil their children.
This document provides an analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet 30. It includes the full text of the sonnet, notes on its sound patterns and rhyme, and summaries of each line or group of lines. The sonnet expresses missing opportunities from the past and feeling regret over wasted time. However, it finds solace in remembering a dear friend, as thinking of the friend ends losses and sorrows.
1) The document provides a detailed summary of the plot of Anna Karenina, focusing on the relationships between Anna Karenina, Alexei Vronsky, and Alexei Karenin and how their affair impacts their lives and those around them.
2) It describes how Anna and Vronsky begin an affair which leads to Anna's isolation from society and struggles in her marriage to Karenin, who refuses to grant her a divorce.
3) By the end, Anna has descended into despair over her relationship with Vronsky and commits suicide, while Vronsky decides to go to war as a way to find meaning after Anna's death.
Biography of william faulkner by evika ventik ernantaEvika Ernanta
William Faulkner was an American writer born in 1897 in Mississippi. He wrote many acclaimed novels, short stories, screenplays and essays. Some of his most famous works include The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, and Light in August. Faulkner drew from his experiences growing up in Mississippi and incorporated the landscape and culture of the South into his writing. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1949, bringing him greater recognition though he was not widely known until late in his career. Faulkner spent most of his life in Mississippi and was strongly influenced by the state and its history.
This document provides character summaries and themes for the novel "A Grain of Wheat" by Ngugi wa Thiong'o. It describes the main characters including Mugo, who betrayed Kihika and feels guilty; Gikonyo, a businessman married to Mumbi; and Karanja, an opportunist who collaborated with the British. The themes discussed are colonialism and its legacy, the relationship between individuals and community, betrayal, guilt, and redemption.
Building a Leadership Team for District 6 Toastmasters for 2016-2017Diane Windingland
This presentation is a combo "Building a Team" Toastmasters presentation and High Performance Leadership Project Presentation on Building the District 6 Toastmasters 2106-2017 Leadership Team
This 10 page design document outlines the details of a mobile game called "Captain Cheddar" targeted at pre-teens to late teens. The game involves controlling Captain Cheddar, a piece of cheese, to fish different fish of varying point values within a time limit across multiple levels. Power ups and upgrades can be purchased. Letters are also collected throughout to spell out "CHEDDAR" for bonus points. A mini game is unlocked after level 4. The document provides information on story, gameplay, characters, controls, mechanics, enemies and cut scenes.
This document provides guidance for students writing essays for a grade 10 English class. It offers various planning tools and techniques for students to use, such as essay planners, alternative planning methods, understanding command words, establishing a clear purpose, choosing an appropriate structure, writing effective introductions and conclusions, and using evidence, reasons, and examples to support arguments. It also includes activities teachers can use with students to practice these essay writing skills.
This document discusses metaphors and similes and how they can be used to provide vivid imagery. It provides examples of metaphors and similes, asking the reader to identify whether each statement is a metaphor or simile and explain what image it conjures. Specifically, it gives four examples - describing a student feeling like they won a prize, a student's rage being compared to a bull, a burglar stalking like a cat, and a teacher providing clarity by throwing light on a situation. The document aims to help the reader understand metaphors and similes by analyzing examples.
District SIX by Bonita Bennett - (Director - District 6 Museum) Cape Town Tourism
The document outlines a proposal from the District Six Museum for new methodologies to memorialize and engage with the site of District Six in Cape Town, South Africa through art, design, and community participation. The proposal includes developing interpretive markers and trails, mobile applications, audio guides, and products to enhance engagement with the scarred landscape. It would draw on the Museum's expertise in memorialization, community engagement, and interdisciplinary approaches to research and design. The goal is to preserve the memory of District Six for new generations.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>MUST READ!<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
This is a slide show, lasting around 20-25 minutes if gone through continuously. Contains things about Nelson Mandela and his part in the South African Apartheid, Carter G. Woodson (founder of Black History Month) and Martin Luther King Jr. and how he helped the USA earn equality in the country. The clip for the I have a Dream speech will be at the bottom of this description.
Best for RE lessons, but can also be helpful in History Lessons. Furthermore, it can be used as a basis of biography writing in English. But can be used freely!
To play the speech, you'll have to go to the very start of the presentation, turn up the volume and press the play button at the bar where the left and right controls are. Listen, keep listening. And I'm sorry about this whole thing. I'll remove it soon and put in a hyperlink leading to another presentation, I promise this one will have the words. But for now, you'll have to stick with this. Sorry!
Thanks anyway!
The Harlem Renaissance was an artistic movement that took place in Harlem, New York in the 1920s-1930s. African American artists, writers, musicians and thinkers flourished in this period, creating works that explored themes of racial identity and black cultural heritage. Key figures included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Jacob Lawrence, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and Billie Holiday, whose works in literature, visual art, music and jazz had a significant influence and helped redefine African American identity.
This document provides biographical information on several important historical figures:
- Alice Walker, a Pulitzer Prize-winning African American novelist and poet born in 1944 in Georgia.
- Benjamin Banneker, a free Black man born in 1731 in Maryland who was a notable scientist, surveyor, almanac author and farmer.
- Bill Russell, a former professional basketball player and civil rights activist born in 1934 in Louisiana who faced racism as a child.
- Denzel Washington, an acclaimed American actor born in 1954 in New York who has starred in numerous films.
- James Brown, an influential singer, songwriter and dancer born in 1933 in South Carolina known as the "Godfather of Soul".
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The document provides historical context about the setting of To Kill a Mockingbird, specifically discussing: 1) the American South's reliance on slavery and poor treatment of African Americans after the Civil War through Jim Crow laws and segregation; 2) the parallels between the infamous Scottsboro trials of the 1930s and the fictional trial of Tom Robinson, including false rape accusations against black men and all-white juries ignoring evidence; and 3) how Harper Lee used the novel to showcase the persistence of racism in the South and call for social change during the civil rights movement.
Chinua Achebe's novel "Things Fall Apart" (1958) depicts the late 19th century life of Okonkwo, a leader in a Nigerian village, and the arrival of European missionaries. The story focuses on the clash between Okonkwo's Igbo culture and the colonial influence of British values and Christianity, which ultimately leads to the breakdown of Okonkwo's life and Igbo traditions. Achebe uses the novel to challenge stereotypical Western narratives about African society and assert the complexities of traditional Igbo culture.
This document provides an overview of apartheid in South Africa. It defines apartheid as a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the National Party government beginning in 1948. It describes how the population was classified into racial groups and laws were enacted to restrict where people could live, work, attend school, and participate in politics based on their race. The system led to the forced removal and resettlement of millions of black South Africans. Key figures like Hendrik Verwoerd implemented apartheid policies while Nelson Mandela opposed them through non-violent resistance. International pressure and economic sanctions contributed to the end of apartheid in 1994.
The document provides background information on author Harper Lee, including that she was born in 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama and was childhood friends with writer Truman Capote. It details that Lee attended law school but quit before graduating to pursue a career in writing. Her novel To Kill a Mockingbird, published in 1960, won the Pulitzer Prize. The summary also gives historical context about the 1930s setting of the novel, including the Depression, segregation, and civil rights issues. It discusses some famous court cases and people that were influences or unfolding during the time Lee was writing.
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2. Important notice:
These slides form the basic framework for lectures.
They do not by any means cover the full content of
lecture presentations.
Additional reading, on which these lecture
presentations are based, is available on Edulink:
• Athol Fugard’s “Introduction” (1974);
• “Power, self, and other – the absurd in Boesman and
Lena,” by Craig W. McLuckie (1993).
Please ensure that you have read, and properly
understood, these articles.
3. About the playwright:
• Born 11 June 1932 in Middelburg
in the Karoo;
• Afrikaner mother, English-speaking
South African father from Irish
descent.
• Family moved to Port Elizabeth
when young Athol was three,
where he stayed for most of his
life.
• Studied philosophy and social
anthropology at UCT for three
years, left without completing
degree.
• Spent six months hitch-hiking up
Africa as far as Sudan, followed by
two years as a seaman in the Far
East.
4. • Became involved in
theatre after returning to
SA;
– Met actress, later author,
Sheila (neé Meiring) and
married in 1956;
– They founded a theater
company, the Circle
Players, in 1957, for which
they wrote most of the
material.
5. • In 1958 they move to
Johannesburg;
– Fugard finds a job as clerk in
Fordsburg Native Commissioner’s
Court;
– “During my six months in that
Court Room I saw more suffering
than I could cope with. I began to
understand how my country
functioned”.
• During this time he writes No
Good Friday, working with black
actors who had little or no stage
experience.
6. • Subsequently becomes a
stage manager for South
Africa's National Theatre
Organization and begins
writing plays in earnest.
– First real success was The
Blood Knot (1961), a play
about two South African
half-brothers, one black, the
other coloured but able to
pass for white.
• Leads to his passport being
withdrawn.
7. • Went on to gain
worldwide recognition
with many award-
winning plays such as:
– Hello and Goodbye (1965)
– Boesman and Lena (1969)
– Sizwe Banzi is Dead (1972)
– A Lesson From Aloes
(1978)
– Master Harold … and the
Boys (1982)
– My Children! My Africa!
(1989)
8. • intimate, personal portrayals
of tragic events in the lives of
two or three characters;
• often containing mixed casts
(black, white, and mixed-race
characters);
• all set against the difficult
social and political
environment of his native
South Africa.
9. • He writes in 1974:
“Like everyone else in this
country, black and white, my
horizons have shrunk, and will
continue to do so. Today’s future
barely includes tomorrow. At
times I see the situation
deteriorating still further, to the
point where even the thought of
tomorrow will be a luxury. I’m
trying to live and work in
preparation for that
eventuality.”
10. • Once apartheid was abolished, in
1994, and the long struggle for
racial equality in the troubled
country began a new chapter, his
career continued to flourish;
– With the help of five young South
African women, he assembled a
collaborative piece called My Life
(1996),
• their experiences, desires, and fears
about the new South Africa.
– followed by Valley Song (1996),
• autobiographical play that extends
well beyond political boundaries.
– And the “forgotten” novel, Tsotsi,
which forms the source of the
award-winning 2005 film.
12. Boesman and Lena: context
• Fugard first began working on
Boesman and Lena in October
1967:
– Notebook entry 2/10/67
• “Boesman – self-hatred and shame,
focused on Lena…
Love. Desertion.”
• First presented in South Africa in
1969:
– “…I had serious misgivings about
running into trouble with our
Censorship Board…I was lucky”.
13. Historical context – South Africa during the
1960’s:
1960:
• 21 March – Sharpeville massacre: Police shoot
and kill an estimated 69 people who were part of
a demonstration against pass laws, in which all
black South Africans needed a passbook to be
able to travel about their own land;
• 24 March - All public meetings more than 12
people are banned, later reduced to meetings
greater than 3 people;
• 8 April - The government bans the African
National Congress and the Pan Africanist
Congress;
• 5 October - whites vote in a referendum, to sever
South Africa’s last links with the British monarchy
and become a republic.
14. 1961:
• 15 March - South Africa withdraws from the
Commonwealth;
• 31 May - South Africa becomes a republic; C. R. Swart
becomes the first State President;
• 16 December - The ANC launches its armed struggle with
the formation of the Umkhonto we Sizwe.
1962:
• January – Nelson Mandela leaves SA for military training
with the Umkhonto we Sizwe;
• 5 August – Mandela is arrested after the CIA tipped off the
police;
• October – Lillian Ngoyi is banned for 10 years, confining her
to Orlando Township and forbidding her to attend any
gatherings;
• 13 October – Helen Joseph becomes the first person to be
placed under house arrest under the Sabotage Act;
• 6 November – the UN starts sanctions to isolate SA
politically and economically;
• A maximum security institution on Robben Island is
completed.
15. 1963:
• 7 August – UN Resolution 181 is passed, calling
for a voluntary arms embargo of SA;
• Dorothy Nyembe is arrested for furthering the
objectives of the banned ANC and is sentenced
to 3 years in prison.
1964:
• 31 January - The University Of Port Elizabeth is
established;
• Nelson Mandela’s original 5 year sentence is
commuted for life for high treason in the
Rivonia Trial.
1966:
11 February – District Six in Cape Town is
declared a "White Group Area" by the
government – forced removals ensue.
16. 1967:
• The Terrorism Act No 83 is passed – the South African
Police starts with counter-insurgency training;
• Nine months conscription for all white males start.
1968:
• 30 April - The bill establishing five universities for Blacks
comes into force
• The South African Bureau of State Security is formed,
operating independently of the South African Police, and
accountable to the Prime Minister.
1969:
• Dorothy Nyembe is convicted of defeating the end of
justice by harbouring members of Umkhonto we Sizwe
and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment in Barberton
Prison.
17. Forced removals
For example, District 6 (Cape Town) in 1966:
• Relatively cosmopolitan community
– mostly coloured residents, substantial number of coloured
Muslims, (Cape Malays), some black Xhosa residents and smaller
numbers of Afrikaans, whites, and Indians.
• 11 February 1966: government declares District Six a whites-
only area
– removals started in 1968 – relocation to featureless Cape Flats;
more than 60,000 people moved by 1982.
– All houses were bulldozed, only places of worship left standing.
• Government gave four reasons for removals:
– interracial interaction bred conflict;
– District Six a slum, fit only for clearance, not rehabilitation;
– Area crime-ridden and dangerous;
– the district was a vice den, full of immoral activities like
gambling, drinking, and prostitution.
18. • In Sophiatown, starting on 9
February 1955:
– 2 000 policemen, armed with guns,
rifles, and knobkieries forcefully
moved families to Meadowlands,
Soweto;
– Total of 60 000 people moved over
period of eight years.
• In Port Elizabeth, starting in 1962:
– The whole of the South End district
(prime real estate) forcibly
depopulated and flattened in 1965;
– relocations continued until 1975.
19.
20. Boesman and Lena: staging
ACT ONE
An empty stage.
A coloured man – Boesman – walks on…
Minimalist staging has a structural as well as a thematic
function:
• Structural
• Indeterminacy of place, both physical and social.
• Thematic
– Fugard, note 13/7/68 (p. xxii): “Sense of terrible physical and
spiritual destitution”.
– Indeterminacy of identity.
21. The emptiness is broken by
the gradual construction of
their pondokkie:
• Boesman: We’re
whiteman’s rubbish…He
throws it away, we pick it
up…Sleep in it. Eat it. We’re
made of it now.. (Act II,
p.41).
– Parallels with 'Lena's Mass’
(Act I, p. 35):
• transubstantiation perverted,
miracle corrupted.
• No hope for a ‘better’ life.
22. Staging – characters
BOESMAN, a Coloured man
LENA, a Coloured woman
OUTA, an old African
• Social stratification:
• White character(s) absent, yet looming large in dialogue, and
in context.
• Stereotypical images of people on fringes of society:
• By resorting to stereotypes, Fugard emphasizes the plight of
the downtrodden;
• ‘ciphers’ of suffering (ref. Fugard’s notes).
23. Boesman and Lena: the structure
Frontispiece reads:
BOESMAN AND LENA
A PLAY
IN TWO ACTS
24. The idea of duality informs, and is
reinforced by, the structure of the play:
Boesman and Lena
Male Female
Self Other
caught between
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oppression / /Freedom
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
White/ /Black
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coming (here, now)/ /Going (there, then)
25. NOTE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TERM
‘OPPOSITION’ AND THE TERM ‘DUALITY’:
• ‘Opposition’ = conflict;
= either/or.
• ‘Duality” = condition
of being
twofold;
= both apart
and part of
26. The first speech in the play is Lena’s:
“Here?”
• “Here” is the mud-flats of the
Eastern Cape:
– “Mud! Swartkops!” (Act I, p.3).
• It is a place between leaving and
arriving:
– Lena: I meet the memory of myself on
the old roads…Is she coming or going?
(Act I, p. 29).
• It is a liminal space where all
meaningful action has ceased:
– Boesman [after a pause]: And now?
What’s going to happen now?
Lena: Is something going to happen
now? (Act II, p.49).
27. Liminality
• From the Latin word līmen, meaning "a threshold” :
– a psychological, neurological, or metaphysical subjective
state, conscious or unconscious, of being on the
"threshold" of or between two different existential planes;
– used to refer to in-between situations and conditions that
are characterized by
• the dislocation of established structures,
• the reversal of hierarchies, and
• uncertainty regarding the continuity of tradition and future
outcomes.
• The term has passed from neuropsychology into
broad popular usage:
– liminality can be applied to a variety of concrete problems
of transformation in the historical, social, and political
world;
– Also a literary application.
28. Liminality:
– a psychological subjective state, between
two different existential planes:
• Lena: …I’m moeg! Eina! *…+
Boesman [aggressively]: I’m always happy.
(Act I, p.5).
• Fugard’s notes, 23/7/68: “Image is that which
releases an emotional and psychological
complex in an instant of time” (p. xxiii).
– Image of Boesman and Lena walking, never
realized as action, caught in freeze-frame
between one step and the next.
– McLuckie, 1993: 2; ‘walking’ for Godot.
– Continual references to walking juxtaposed
with the sense of their going nowhere;
emphasizes futility of their existence.
29. Liminality:
– a metaphysical subjective state
between two different existential
planes:
• Boesman and Lena are coloured, neither
black nor white:
– Lena [speaking to Outa]: …Not like your
dances… *and+ we don’t tickle it like the
white people. (Act II, p. 44).
– Lena’s song: Boesman is ‘n Boesman/Maar hy
dra ‘n Hotnot hoed (Act I, p. 13; Act II, p.44).
• Lena’s Mass (ref. Fugard’s notes, 23/8/68,
p. xxiv) in last lines of act one:
– An act of transubstantiation, secularized:
Lena: …old mug, hey. Bitter tea, a piece of
bread. Bitter and brown. The bread should
have bruises. This is my life.
30. Liminality:
– Characterized by the dislocation of established structures:
• Forced removal, repeated destruction of their pondokkie;
• Apartheid (Act II, p. 43).
– Characterized by the reversal of hierarchies:
• Cosmopolitan settlements like District Six and South End declared
‘whites only’ areas.
– Characterized by uncertainty regarding the future:
• Lena’s confusion regarding their past travels;
– “Look ahead my sister. To what? Boesman’s back” (Act I, p.7).
• Lena: Is something going to happen now? (Act II, p.49);
• Fugard’s notes, 26/12/68: “How do I align myself with a future, a
possibility, in which I believe but of which I have no clear image?”
– Absurd, in other words.
• “…absurdity as a condition resulting from the human power
structures that govern life, not as the condition of life itself”
(McLuckie, 1993: 7).
31. The character of Lena:
• Composite figure (ref Fugard’s notes):
– 6/7/68: A Lena on the banks of the Swartkops River…
– 13/7/68: Memory of another Coloured Woman…
• “Lena is preoccupied with uncovering her identity,
which she believes is held in her past and in an other's
recognition of her” (McLuckie, 1993: 3):
– “I’ll work it out, back and back until I reach Coega Kop” (Act
I, p. 14).
– Her attachment to Hond: “I’ll tell you what it is. Eyes, Outa.
Another pair of eyes. Something to see you” (Act I, p. 26).
– “Look back one day, Boesman. It’s me, that thing you sleep
along the roads” (Act 1, p. 8).
– She tells Outa: “You be witness to me. Watch!” (Act I, p. 24).
• To “watch” is also the function of the audience;
• Ref. Fugard’s notes, 6/7/68: “…the demand that the truth be told,
that I must not bear false witness.”
32. Lena “demand*s+ that her life be witnessed”
(Fugard, 1974: xxiii):
• “…Lena craves a witness to her existence
through Boesman” (McLuckie, 1993: 2).
• Focus on absurdity of existence in such a
liminal space;
– “I’m still out there, walking!” (Act 1, p. 7)
• Impacts on Lena’s sense of identity (Act1,
pp. 16-17):
– Lena: Help me Boesman!
Boesman: What? Find yourself?
*…+ Who are you?
Lena: Mary. I want to be Mary.
• Biblical connotations (link to Lena’s Mass);
• McLuckie, 1993: 2: “Lena…seeks a definition of
her being.”
• Lena’s words: Moer. No.
33. The character of Boesman:
Ref. Fugard’s notes:
• 2/10/67: “Boesman – self-hatred and shame, focused on
Lena…” *the other+;
• 19/7/68: “…What he really hates is himself.”
He has no sense of his place in the world, despite his claims:
• “I know my way. I know my world” (Act I, 19).
In this liminal position, “Boesman…can be said to spurn his
identity and falsely attempt to assume another to (re)gain a
sense of dignity, albeit in the discourse and practices
prevalent in the white scale of values, not his own”
(McLuckie, 1993:2).
• [Boesman starts to smash the shelter with methodical and
controlled violence.]
Lena: Hotnot bulldozer! Hey, hey! (Act II, p. 55)
34. “Boesman…fears an encounter with his self because
his false sense of identity might be brought into
question” (McLuckie, 1993: 3).
• Boesman [emphatically]: Here! Right here where I
am (Act I, p. 7).
• Lena: Mary. I want to be Mary. Who are you?
[The laugh dies on Boesman’s lips.] (Act I, p. 17).
But he, like Lena, needs his life to be witnessed:
• Boesman: I did nothing to him. You saw that.
Lena: Now you want a witness too. (Act II, p. 51).
Boesman’s words:
• Lena: You got some words tonight, Boesman.
Freedom. Truth. What’s that? Sies? (Act II, p. 51)
35. Outa as a function:
• Witness to Boesman and Lena’s
existence, but his life and death
are as unintelligible as his
words:
– Emphasis on absurdity of liminal
social status.
• Represents playwright, as well
as audience:
– No guarantee that Boesman and
Lena’s plight is fully understood;
– Personalizes their experience, yet
problematizes issues surrounding
their identity.
36. The ending of the play
At the end of the play Boesman becomes
uncharacteristically generous, giving a detailed
account of their past travels to Lena:
• Boesman: Redhouse to Missionvale…I worked on the
salt pans. Missionvale to Bethelsdorp. Back again to
Redhouse…that’s where the child died. Then to
Kleinskool. Kleinskool to Veeplaas. Veeplaas to here.
First time. After that, Redhouse…Bethelsdorp,
Korsten, Veeplaas, back here the second time. Then
Missionvale again, Veeplaas, Korsten, and then here,
now.
*…+
Lena: It doesn’t explain anything.(Act II, p. 56).
37. Yet they take up their burden and continue:
• [They look around for the last time, then turn
and walk off into the darkness.]
Ambiguous: their endless, pointless journeying
will continue, but with a newfound sense of
hope despite the absurdity of their existence:
Lena: Anyway, somebody saw a little bit. Dog
and a dead man [and the audience].
*…+
You still got a chance. Don’t lose it.
38. Theme/s
• Displacement
• Alienation IDENTITY/SELFHOOD
• Liminality (absurdity)
The play considers the tragic loss of an integrated
self in an unjust society, where absurdity is a
condition that results from the human power
structures that govern life.